The Catholic King The Catholic King and Queenand Queen

The Birth of the Modern State in The Birth of the Modern State in SpainSpain

Antonio Rodrigo MuñozI.E.S. Llanes (Sevilla)

Iberian Peninsula: End of XV Iberian Peninsula: End of XV Century Century

Isabel I de Castilla was born in Las Huelgas Palace ( Madrigal de las Altas Torres, Ávila) the 22nd of April, 1451

Isabel was very interested in languages. She could speak: Castillian, Catalan, Valencian, Gallegan, , Latin, and French. She was also a very religious woman.

When she was 17, she married her second cousin , the Prince Fernando de Aragón, King of Sicily. This marriage joined the kingdoms of Castilla and Aragón, but they needed a permit from the Pope, as they were cousins.

She was in love with her husband and was very often jealous of other women. Historians don’t think King Fernando was in love with her because he had a son at the time of her marriage.

The The KingKing

Fernando was very good in terms of foreign policy. He colaborated with the Pope, he took Rosellon, Cerdeña and Naples back. He conquered the North of Africa. He fought against the Turks and he made friends with the anti-French Monarchies.

He married Isabel of Castilla and they ruled both kingdoms together.

The 26th of November 1504 Queen Isabel died. Fernando ruled the country as his daughter Queen Juana had fits of madness.

He was born the He was born the 10th of May 1452 10th of May 1452 in Sos (Zaragoza). in Sos (Zaragoza). He was the first He was the first son of Aragon’s son of Aragon’s King King Juan II and and the Castillian the Castillian princess Juana princess Juana Enríquez.Enríquez.

Fernando el Católico died the 23rd of January 1516, in Madrigalejo, near Guadalupe Monastery . He was ill since 1513 and in the end of his life he could see that his Empire was bigger than the Empire he had dreamt.

The King’s deathThe King’s death

The Catholic Queen died in Medina del Campo the 26th November 1504 when she was 54. She probably suffered from diabetes.

When she was buried she was wearing Saint Francisco’s tunic. She wrote in her will that she wanted to be buried next to her husband as a proof of their love.

Queen Isabel’s Queen Isabel’s death death

Royal Family Tree Royal Family Tree

Juana EnríquezJuana Enríquez Juan II Maria II Maria Juan Juan II Isabel

King of King of Aragón of Aragón King of Castilla of Portugal

Blanca Enrique IV IV Juana Juana of of NavarraNavarra King of King of CastillaCastilla of of PortugalPortugal

Juana la Juana la Beltraneja Princess of Princess of AsturiasAsturias

Fernando el CatólicoFernando el Católico Isabel la CatólicaIsabel la Católica King of King of AragónAragón Queen of Queen of CastillaCastilla

AlfonsoAlfonso IsabelIsabel Manuel Manuel María María Juan Juan CatalinaCatalina Enrique VIII Enrique VIII

Of Portugal of of Portugal King of King of England England

JuanaJuana la loca la loca FelipeFelipe el Hermoso el Hermoso

IsabelIsabel Carlos V Carlos V

of of Portugal Portugal

BEAUTY AND BEAUTY AND MADNESSMADNESS

Felipe was the son of Maximiliano, king of Austria, Emperor of Germany , and of María, Duchess of Borgoña

Maximiliano of Austria

María of Borgoña

Mad Juana? Mad Juana? When her brother Juan died

she became the heiress to the Castillian throne

In 1496 she married Felipe el Hermoso, who was the heir to the Borgoña Ducado

The Conquer of Granada (1492)The Conquer of Granada (1492)

• In 1482, Castillian and Aragon troops joined to conquer the kingdom of In 1482, Castillian and Aragon troops joined to conquer the kingdom of Granada.Granada.

• Taking advantage of the internal musulman fights they conquered all the Taking advantage of the internal musulman fights they conquered all the kingdom untill they reached the city of Granada, which had 50,000 kingdom untill they reached the city of Granada, which had 50,000 inhabitants.inhabitants.

• In April of 1490, the siege of Santa Fe began, as it was the centre of In April of 1490, the siege of Santa Fe began, as it was the centre of operations. In this city, Colon signed the Capitulations, an agreement operations. In this city, Colon signed the Capitulations, an agreement about money and his discoveries.about money and his discoveries.

• The 25th of November Boabdil accepted his defeat and had to give the The 25th of November Boabdil accepted his defeat and had to give the city to the Catholic King and Queen. city to the Catholic King and Queen.

Boabdil’s surrenderBoabdil’s surrender

• In the capitulations of Granada, Boabdil agreed In the capitulations of Granada, Boabdil agreed with the Catholic king and Queen that Muslims with the Catholic king and Queen that Muslims had to be treated with respect: they could keep had to be treated with respect: they could keep their properties and their religion, their laws and their properties and their religion, their laws and their language.The King and Queen gave Boabdil their language.The King and Queen gave Boabdil some land in the Alpujarras. some land in the Alpujarras.

• Boabdil gave the keys of Granada to Fernando Boabdil gave the keys of Granada to Fernando near the Alhambra. Six thousand men entered near the Alhambra. Six thousand men entered the city, took the fortress and displayed a cross the city, took the fortress and displayed a cross and the flags of Castilla and Santiago. and the flags of Castilla and Santiago.

Broken Broken PromissesPromisses• Christians started to break their Christians started to break their

promises very soon. Boabdil was promises very soon. Boabdil was exiled to Magreb in 1493. There were exiled to Magreb in 1493. There were new taxes and Cisneros forced new taxes and Cisneros forced Muslims to change their religion, Muslims to change their religion, which caused rebellions. which caused rebellions.

• Fernando went back to Granada to Fernando went back to Granada to stop the rebellions. He then thought stop the rebellions. He then thought that with those rebellions the that with those rebellions the agreement with Boabdil was broken. agreement with Boabdil was broken.

• The 11th of February 1502 Muslims The 11th of February 1502 Muslims had to decide between religious had to decide between religious conversion or exile. Most of them conversion or exile. Most of them changed their religion. They were changed their religion. They were called “moriscos” and were later called “moriscos” and were later expelled from the country in 1609.expelled from the country in 1609.

Bishop Cisneros

The Alhambra

Spanish Inquisition Spanish Inquisition (1478-1834)(1478-1834)

Tomás de Torquemada, general InquisitorTomás de Torquemada, general Inquisitor

• The Spanish Inquisition was The Spanish Inquisition was created with the Pope’s created with the Pope’s permission to fight the permission to fight the converted Jews who were converted Jews who were starting to practice their own starting to practice their own religion.religion.

• It was imposed in all Spanish It was imposed in all Spanish kingdoms, Sicily, Cerdeña and kingdoms, Sicily, Cerdeña and in America.in America.

Inquisitional Court

La MestaLa Mesta

• The Honrado Concejo de la Mesta de The Honrado Concejo de la Mesta de PastoresPastores was created in 1273 by was created in 1273 by Alfonso X el Sabio. He organized all the shepherds in Castilla He organized all the shepherds in Castilla as a national association. They had some as a national association. They had some privileges such as: not needing to do their privileges such as: not needing to do their military service, not needing to testify in Court, military service, not needing to testify in Court, and some other rights about using the land..and some other rights about using the land..

• Before that, farmers met in assemblies or Before that, farmers met in assemblies or councils called mestas in different places two or councils called mestas in different places two or three times a year to have discussions about three times a year to have discussions about cattle, economic questions, or land.cattle, economic questions, or land.

Shepherds Shepherds against against farmers farmers • Shepherds practiced seasonal migration: In Autumn Shepherds practiced seasonal migration: In Autumn

and winter they took the cattle to Andalucía and and winter they took the cattle to Andalucía and Extremadura. In spring and summer they took the Extremadura. In spring and summer they took the cattle to the humid North of Spain.cattle to the humid North of Spain.

• The base of the economy of these cattle was the The base of the economy of these cattle was the merina sheep which has a wool of a great quality.merina sheep which has a wool of a great quality.

• When King Fernando III gave a big push to the When King Fernando III gave a big push to the conquest (18conquest (18thth century), the Labradors broke up the century), the Labradors broke up the fields, prohibiting the cattle from eating the green fields, prohibiting the cattle from eating the green plants. Paths were established for the cattle plants. Paths were established for the cattle between the fields that were farmed (cañadas) to between the fields that were farmed (cañadas) to facilitate cattle to travel between fields separated by facilitate cattle to travel between fields separated by farmed land. farmed land.

The Brotherhood of The Brotherhood of SaintsSaints

• This was a Court that condemned all This was a Court that condemned all crimes which were committed outside of crimes which were committed outside of the towns in low populated areas. en the towns in low populated areas. en despoblado.despoblado.

• They consisted of a group of men that They consisted of a group of men that travelled, finding and punishing those travelled, finding and punishing those people who robbed or committed others people who robbed or committed others crimes. crimes.

• They had the power to judge and punish. They had the power to judge and punish. They were feared and respected.They were feared and respected.

The Jewish ExpulsionThe Jewish Expulsion• Expelling the Jews from Expelling the Jews from

Spain was a notable event Spain was a notable event for the Jews forced to for the Jews forced to leave Spain in 1942 and leave Spain in 1942 and for Spanish society in for Spanish society in general. general. After the Decree of Expulsion in

1942, the jewish people had a great dilema as they had to choose between two possibilities:

Stay in Spain and change their religion, renounce to their beliefs and traditions. The Inquisition would watch them closely with the danger of being accused, judged, tortured or killed.

Leave Spain. They could only take with them some things and their knowledge, traditions, their language, all the origings of sefardi culture which has prevailed up to now.

Decreto de expulsión

Time of Discoveries

The World in the Middle Ages

Vikings come to America

The discoveries of Portugal

The definitive

discovery of America

The first trip around the world

The vision of the The vision of the worworldld in in the the Middle Middle AgesAges

Men in the High Middle Ages Men in the High Middle Ages couldn’t read or write so they couldn’t read or write so they used symbols to explain things used symbols to explain things and concepts.and concepts.

Men in the High Middle Ages Men in the High Middle Ages didn’t move from their own didn’t move from their own villages , they were very religious villages , they were very religious and were more worried about the and were more worried about the salvation of their souls than salvation of their souls than discovering new places.discovering new places.

In the High Middle In the High Middle Ages paper was Ages paper was unknown. They used unknown. They used pergamino, which pergamino, which was produced in very was produced in very small quantities.small quantities.

The VikingsThe VikingsVikings were Vikings were great sailors. great sailors. They came from They came from Norwey, Norwey, Denmark and Denmark and Sweden.Sweden.

They were They were feared in Europe feared in Europe because they because they were great were great sailors and sailors and excellent excellent fighters.fighters.

They usually got They usually got important important treasures from treasures from their attacks to their attacks to the European the European coasts.coasts.

Vikings come to AmericaVikings come to America

Vikings, led by Erik the Red, had Vikings, led by Erik the Red, had conquered Iceland and conquered Iceland and Groenland.Groenland.Later in the year 1,000 his son Later in the year 1,000 his son Leif Ericksson, sailed to the Leif Ericksson, sailed to the coasts of the Labrador coasts of the Labrador Penninsula and called this land Penninsula and called this land Vinland.Vinland.

Leif Ericksson arrived first in the Land of Leif Ericksson arrived first in the Land of Baffin, from there to the Labrador Baffin, from there to the Labrador Penninsula and Terranova, where he Penninsula and Terranova, where he settled down definitively.settled down definitively.

Settling down in Vinland

Marco Polo’s voyagesMarco Polo’s voyages

• Marco Polo sailed along the Venice sea with his father and his uncle to Catay (China). This voyage represents going three quarters around the world. Asia was ahead of them.

THE SILK ROUTE THE SILK ROUTE

• The silk route was a net of trading routes between Asia The silk route was a net of trading routes between Asia and Europe. It was from Chang’an (now Xi’an) in and Europe. It was from Chang’an (now Xi’an) in China, Antioquía in Siria and Constantinopla (now China, Antioquía in Siria and Constantinopla (now Istambul, Turkey) at Europe’s door.Istambul, Turkey) at Europe’s door.

• It was called this because of its most valuable product, It was called this because of its most valuable product, silk. Only the Chinese knew how to make it.silk. Only the Chinese knew how to make it.

• Other products were : precious stones and metals, wool Other products were : precious stones and metals, wool or linen clothes, spices, glass, amber, ivory (marfil), or linen clothes, spices, glass, amber, ivory (marfil), lacquer (laca), spices (especias), glass (vidrio), coral lacquer (laca), spices (especias), glass (vidrio), coral (coral), etc.(coral), etc.

Portuguese Portuguese discoveriesdiscoveries

At the At the beginning beginning of the of the 15th 15th century century Europe Europe only had a only had a limited limited idea about idea about the rest of the rest of the world.the world.

The Portuguese led The Portuguese led the way to the way to discoveriesdiscoveries

Discoveries in Discoveries in sailing sailing techniques techniques allowed allowed Portuguese Portuguese explorers to explorers to explore the explore the unkown coasts of unkown coasts of Africa looking for Africa looking for their way to Asia.their way to Asia.

Astrolabio

Ptolomeo’s map

BrújulaSextante

Caravel

Portuguese EmpirePortuguese Empire

El Imperio El Imperio portuguésportugués

1427. Islas Azores

1488. Cabo de Buena Esperanza. Bartolomé Díaz

1535. Macao

The route of the West: The route of the West: Castille and Castille and Chistopher Columbus.Chistopher Columbus.

Christopher Columbus: the character• Most historians believe that his name Most historians believe that his name

comes from the Italian name Cristoforo comes from the Italian name Cristoforo Colombo, who was a son of Domenico Colombo, who was a son of Domenico Colombo, a weaver and then trader and Colombo, a weaver and then trader and Susana Fontanarossa. Susana Fontanarossa.

• According to this theory his literary According to this theory his literary education was poor and he had been education was poor and he had been interested in sailing since he was very interested in sailing since he was very young. Some people think he was young. Some people think he was Portuguese, Castillian, Catalan, from Portuguese, Castillian, Catalan, from Galicia or Mallorca. The only true record Galicia or Mallorca. The only true record we have about him is that in 1476 he we have about him is that in 1476 he reached the Portuguese coasts after a reached the Portuguese coasts after a naval combat between traders and naval combat between traders and pirates.pirates.

Getting ready for the voyage: La Rábida

MonasteryIn 1485 Christopher In 1485 Christopher Columbus arrived at La Columbus arrived at La Rábida Franciscan Rábida Franciscan monastery. The monks monastery. The monks introduced him to Alonso introduced him to Alonso Pinzón, local sailor very Pinzón, local sailor very well known in Palos port. well known in Palos port.

• Pinzón was excited Pinzón was excited about the project and about the project and presented it to the Duke presented it to the Duke of Medinacely. The Duke of Medinacely. The Duke gave them money and a gave them money and a reference letter for the reference letter for the Catholic Queen and the Catholic Queen and the King. King.

• King Fernando was not King Fernando was not very enthusiastic about very enthusiastic about the idea, but Isabel the idea, but Isabel considered the considered the possibility of studying possibility of studying the project. the project.

Preparing the voyage: Money

• Christopher Columbus asked for money from Queen Isabel for his project.

•Near Granada, in Santa Fe, Columbus and the Queen signed the Capitulations.

Original document

El El DescubrimientoDescubrimiento

• After a long voyage of 30 After a long voyage of 30 days, the 12th of October days, the 12th of October 1492, Juan Rodríguez 1492, Juan Rodríguez Bermejo, from the Pinta Bermejo, from the Pinta vessel shouted: vessel shouted: Land!Land!

• Christopher Columbus Christopher Columbus disembarked on the disembarked on the Guanahaní Island Guanahaní Island ( Bermuda Islands) . That ( Bermuda Islands) . That was the first contact with was the first contact with the New World.the New World.

Christopher Columbus started the Spanish expeditions. The Queen let him look for a route to get to the Indian lands though the west.

He didn’t get to Indian lands, but he discovered a continent.

The voyage across The voyage across the Atlanticthe Atlantic

www.colon2006valladolid.es/

Christopher Columbus’s Christopher Columbus’s VoyagesVoyages

Christopher Columbus’s Christopher Columbus’s voyagesvoyages

ExploratioExploration n voyages voyages in the in the CaribbeaCaribbean sea.n sea.

On his last voyage, he was very ill because he

suffered from arthritis. He was 50 but he looked

much older. He came back to Spain definitively the

7th November 1504. He asked the king for his

recognition, but the king didn’t listen to him. Very

tired and disappointed, he retired to a Franciscan

convent and wrote his will. He died the 20th of May

1506.

Christopher Columbus’s death

Searching the Searching the Impossible: the first Impossible: the first voyage round the worldvoyage round the world

Magallanes’s project was based on a correct idea: Columbus’s theory was right: the world was a sphere, but he was wrong in one thing: he thought the world was much smaller than what it really is.He wanted to find a way through south America to get to the Molucas. The Portuguese king didn’t like this project and that is why he went to the Spanish king for help.

Fernando de Magallanes was a Portuguese sailor that started the Spanish expedition around the world.

Treaties between Spain and PortugalTreaties between Spain and Portugal

On On September 4th 1479 peace wasSeptember 4th 1479 peace was decided between decided between Spain and Portugal ( Alcáçovas Treaty). Portugal had Spain and Portugal ( Alcáçovas Treaty). Portugal had Madeira, las Azores, Cabo Verde and Guinea, while Madeira, las Azores, Cabo Verde and Guinea, while Spain had the Canary Islands. The problem was that Spain had the Canary Islands. The problem was that The Spanish couldn’t sail the South of the islands, while The Spanish couldn’t sail the South of the islands, while the Portuguese could get to India sailing around the the Portuguese could get to India sailing around the South of Africa. ( America was discovered 13 years South of Africa. ( America was discovered 13 years later). later).

The most important expedition in History

LA EXPEDICIÓN DE MAGALLANES ENCUENTRA EL ESTRECHOEste estrecho, como pudimos verlo enseguida, tiene de largo 440 millas ó 110 leguas marítimas de cuatro millas cada una; tiene media legua de ancho, a veces más y a veces menos, y va a desembocar a otro mar que llamamos Mar Pacífico. Este estrecho está limitado por montañas muy elevadas y cubiertas de nieve, y es también muy profundo, de suerte que no pudimos echar en él el ancla sino muy cerca de tierra y en veinticinco a treinta brazas de agua. (...) y viendo que este canal no estaba cerrado, comenzaron a recorrerle y se encontraron en otra bahía al través de la cual continuaron su derrota hasta hallarse en otra angostura, de donde pasaron a una nueva bahía todavía mayor que las precedentes. (...) El miércoles 28 de noviembre (...) en el (...) mar Pacífico, en el cual navegamos durante tres meses y veinte días sin probar ningún alimento fresco.Antonio Pigafetta, Relación del primer viaje alrededor del mundo

The expedition started in August 1519. Magallanes led it. There were five vessels and approximately 250 men on board.

The expedition continued. Elcano, a Spanish sailor, led it: He reached Molucas Islands and then he sailed back through the “Portuguese route” (dangerous for a Spanish expedition) across the Indian Ocean and the around Africa. Finally he reached Spain in September. Five vessels started the expedition and only one, The Victoria, completed the voyage around the world. Only 18 men went back.

The Voyage across the

Pacific Ocean

http://http://olmo.pntic.mec.es/olmo.pntic.mec.es/jtac0001/historia/jtac0001/historia/exploradores/exploradores/circunnavega.htmcircunnavega.htm##

When they were sailing the ocean ( they named it Pacific) they thought the voyage to Asia was going to be short. The expedition travelled for three months across the Pacific in very difficult conditions as they had very little food and they never saw land. Lots of the sailors fell ill because they didn’t eat fresh food and died. In desperate conditions the expedition reached the Isle of Guam in January 1521 and later sailed towards Asia again.