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The Cardiovascular System
Q - How many liters of blood does the adult human body contain?
A.5 litersB.10 litersC.15 liters
A – A. 5 liters5.3 quarts7-8% of a person’s body
weight
Q - How long does a red blood cell survive in the bloodstream?
A. 120 daysB. 1 yearC. Forever
A – A. 120 daysAs red blood cells age, they
are removed by microphages in the liver and spleen
Q – What is hemoglobin?A. A chemical that stimulates the
production of blood cellsB. A molecule specially designed to hold
waste products and remove them from the body
C. A molecule specially designed to hold oxygen and carry it to cells that need it
A – C. A molecule specially designed to hold oxygen and carry it to cells that need itHemoglobin is a protein that carries the
oxygen throughout the body
Q – What is a hematocrit?A. The measure of red blood cells in
the blood.B. A hormone that stimulates
production of blood cells.C. The nucleus of a red blood cell.
A – A. The measure of red blood cells in the blood. The ratio of cells in normal blood is
600 red blood cells for each white blood cell and 40 platelets.
Q – How does blood get its red color?A. From proteins located in the bone
marrow. B. From the waste products in the blood.C. From the iron in hemoglobin.
A – C. From the iron in hemoglobin.Each molecule of hemoglobin contains
four iron atoms, and each iron atom can bind with one molecule of oxygen.
Q – What is the function of white blood cells?A. To carry oxygen from the lungs.B. To fight infection.C. To create clots.
A – B. To fight infectionWhite blood cells help fight infection
in the body.
Q – What does it mean when there’s an increase of white blood cells in the body?A. There’s an infection somewhere in the
body.B. Your body just finished fighting an
infection.C. There’s no oxygen in the blood.
A – A. There’s an infection somewhere in the body.A normal adult body has 4,000 to
10,000 white blood cells per microliter of blood
Q – What substance makes up the majority of plasma?A. ProteinsB. WaterC. Electrolytes
A – B. WaterPlasma is 90% waterThe other 10% dissolved into plasma are
materials such as proteins, electrolytes, carbohydrates, cholesterol, hormones, and vitamins.
Q - If you are a universal donor, what blood type do you have?
A. Type AB. Type ABC. Type O
A – C. Type OPeople with Type O blood are universal donors,
because anyone can get a type O blood transfusionSomeone with Type AB blood is a universal
recipient because this blood has no antibodies that could react with donated blood
More than a third of the US population has Type O+
Q – How does blood enter the heart?A. Pulmonary arteryB. Superior vena cava & inferior vena
cavaC. Mitral valve
A – B. Superior vena cava and inferior vena cavaNo blood gets into the heart
without passing through the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava first.
Q – How many gallons of blood does the heart pump in a day?
A. 20 gallonsB. 200 gallonsC. 2,000 gallons
A – C. 2,000 gallons2,000 gallons = 7,571 liters
Q – How many times does your heart beat each day?
A. 1,000 timesB. 10,000 timesC. 100,000 times
A – C. 100,000 timesThe heart beats 100,000 times daily
to supply every cell in the body with freshly oxygenated blood
The Cardiovascular SystemThe Cardiovascular SystemMajor functions of this system:
delivers oxygen
removes carbon dioxide & other waste products
Simply the job of the cardiovascular system is transportation.
Roughly the size of a clenched fist.
Hollow and cone–shaped
Weighs less then one pound
Beats about 100,000 times in ONE day and about 35 million times in a year.
Heart Anatomy
Heart Anatomy
Where is the heart located?
•Superior surface of diaphragm
•Enclosed within the mediastinum
•Flanked on either side by the lungs
•Anterior to the vertebral column, posterior to the sternum
Orientation of the Heart
Apex – Bottom pointed part of heart. Points toward the left hip and rests on the diaphragm. Around the 5th intercostal space
*Maximal impulse, where heart sounds are loudest
Base – Posterosuperior aspect of the heart. Points toward the right shoulder and lies beneath the second rib.
Heart wall
The heart walls are composed of three layers:
1.Epicardium – Covers the outer surface of the heart (squamous epithelial cells)
2. Myocardium – Forms most of the heart wall, this is the layer that contracts
3. Endocardium – Heart’s inner layer; bundles of smooth muscle
Chambers of the heart- The heart has four hollow chambers.
- Two atria (singular: atrium); pump blood into the ventricles
-Two ventricles ; serve as the pumping chambers of the heart
Heart valvesThe heart is equipped with four valves. The valves allow forward
flow of blood through the heart and prevent backward flow
from the atria through the ventricles out the great arteries leaving the heart.
Aortic Valve
Tricuspid Valve
Bicuspid (mitral) Valve
Pulmonary Valve
Bicuspid and Tricuspid Valves (AV valves)Bicuspid or Mitral valve (left AV valve)
- Consists of two flaps
Tricuspid Valve
-Is the right AV valve
-Has three flaps
Semilunar valvesBetween the ventricle & an artery
1. Pulmonic2. Aortic
http://video.about.com/heartdisease/How-the-Valves-Work.htm
Each set of valves operates at a different time.
1. The AV valves are open during heart relaxation and closed when the ventricles are contracting.
2. The semilunar valves are closed during heart relaxation and are forced open when the ventricles contract.
Posterior View
Heart Valves and Heart Sounds
• Placement of a stethoscope varies depending on which heart sounds and valves are of interest.
• Closure of the AV valves create the 1st heart sound (‘lub’).
• Closure of the semilunar valves create the 2nd heart sound (‘dub’).
Blood Vessels (Tubes)
The three major types of vessels are arteries,capillaries, and veins:
1. Arteries carry blood away from the heart 2. Veins carry blood toward the heart
**longest veins in the body are the great saphenous veins (leg and thigh)
3. Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels. They carry blood to and from all the small places in the body.
** Arterioles and venules are also vessels
http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/circulatory-system/MM00636
Circulatory System Blood flows through a network of blood vessels that extend
between the heart and peripheral tissues The vascular system has 2 distinct circulations:1. Pulmonary circulation – short loop that runs from the heart
to the lungs and back to the heart.2. Systemic circulation – routes blood through a long loop to
all parts of the body and returns to the heart. Each circuit begins and ends at the heart, and blood travels
through these circuits in sequence Blood returning to the heart from the systemic circuit must
complete the pulmonary circuit before reentering the systemic circuit
Pulmonary circuit - from heart
to lungs
back to heart
Systemic circuit- from heart
to body
back to heart
Systemic and Pulmonary Circulations
http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/circulatory-system/MM00636
Circulation – Roles of atria and ventriclesThe right atrium receives blood from the systemic circuit
and passes it to the right ventricle.The right ventricle then pumps blood into the pulmonary
circuit.The left atrium collects blood from the pulmonary circuit
and empties it into the left ventricle.The left ventricle then pumps blood into the systemic circuit.When the heart beats, first the atria contract, and then the
ventricles contract.The two ventricles contract at the same time and eject equal
volumes of blood into the pulmonary and systemic circuits.
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101-5 Pulmonary Circuit
6-10 Systemic Circuit
Circulation CycleVena cavaRight atriumRight ventriclePulmonary arteriesLungsPulmonary veinsLeft atriumLeft ventricleAortaBody