The Canadian Code of Ethics - skcp.ca files/AGM_2007-03-24_slides.pdf · experiences, and social context influence their actions, interpretations, choices, and recommendations. Article

© Janel Gauthier, 2007 1

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CANADIAN PSYCHOLOGY’S CONTRIBUTION TO THE DEVELOPMENT

OF A UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF ETHICAL PRINCIPLES

Janel Gauthier, Ph.D.Chair of the Ad Hoc Joint Committee

for a Universal Declaration of Ethical Principles for Psychologists

General Assembly of the College of Psychologists of Saskatchewan

Saskatoon, SaskatchewanMarch 24, 2007

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The Canadian Code of Ethics for Psychologists

n The Saskatchewan College of Psychologists has adopted the Canadian Code of Ethics for Psychologists.

n One of the main features of this Code is the organization of all ethical standards around clearly identified ethical principles and values.

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The structure of the Canadian Code of Ethics

Principle 1Respect for the

dignity of persons

Valuesn Respect for general

rightsn Non-discrimination

n Informed consentn Free consentn Fair treatment/

Due processn Vulnerabilitiesn Privacyn Confidentialityn Extended resp.

Principle 2Responsible caring

Valuesn General caringn Competence/self -

knowledge

n Risk/Benefitanalysis

n Maximize benefits

n Minimize harmn Offset/Correct

harm

n Care of animalsn Extended resp.

Principle 3Integrity in

Relationships

Valuesn Accuracy/ Honestyn Objectivity/Lack of

biasn Straightforwardness

/Opennessn Avoidance of

incomplete disclosure

n Avoidance of conflict of interest

n Reliance on the Discipline

n Extended resp.

Principle 4Responsibility

to society

Values

n Development of knowledge

n Beneficial activities

n Respect for society

n Development of society

n Extended resp.

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Something to be proud of as Canadians

n The idea of articulating ethical principles as a moral framework or foundation for more specific standards of behaviour is increasingly adopted by other countries and other disciplines.

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The Canadian Code – A major Canadian contribution

q A model for reviewing or developing codes for national and international psychology organizations:o European Federation of Psychologists’ Associations (EFPA)o New Zealando Irelando Mexico

q A model for developing codes in other disciplines:o The Canadian Coaching Association o The Canadian Association for Music Therapyo The Canadian Association of Rehabilitation Professionals

q A model for the development of a universal declaration of ethical principles for psychologists.

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Today’s clientele and the Canadian Code of EthicsAs our clientele at home becomes more multicultural, we must think more clearly how to ensure that our professional services are provided with respect and beneficence.

Questionsn Does the Canadian Code of Ethics for Psychologists

provide adequate guidance to psychologists in behaving respectfully and appropriately when engaged in professional activities with multicultural clientele?

n How universal are the principles and values underlying the Canadian Code?


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Goal

qTo show that there is a meeting ground in terms of respect, caring, integrity, and the collective well-being of society. This will be done by:qExploring the commonalties in professional values

across countries, continents, and over time; and qExploring the universality of the ethical principles

most commonly used in psychology to develop codes of ethics.

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Outline

ØOverview of structure and content of the Universal Declaration of Ethical Principles for PsychologistsØWhy a universal declarationØComparative analyses and integrationØConsultation and responses of sponsorsØMeaning of the Declaration for Canadians ØQuestions – comments – discussion

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THE DEVELOPMENT OF A UNIVERSAL DECLARATION

OF ETHICAL PRINCIPLESFOR PSYCHOLOGISTS

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Universal Declaration of Ethical Principles for Psychologists

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Structure of theDraft Universal Declaration

n It has a preamble followed by 4 sections, each relating to a different ethical principle.

n Each section includes:n A statement outlining the fundamental moral values

contained in the principle

n Articles that relate directly to these moral values.

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The framework of the Universal Declaration of Ethical Principles


dignity of all humanbeings

Valuesn Respect for the

dignity/worthiness of persons/peoples

n Non-discriminationn Informed consentn Free consentn Fair treatment/

Due processn Privacyn Confidentiality

Principle 2Competent caringfor the well- being

of others

Valuesn Caring (health and

well- being)n Maximize benefitsn Minimize harmn Offset/Correct

harmn Competence

(responsible caring)n Self -knowledge

(responsible caring)

Principle 3Integrity

Valuesn Accuracy/ Honestyn Objectivity

(understanding/ managing biases)

n Straightforwardness/openness

n Avoidance of incomplete disclosure


Principle 4Professional and

scientific responsib.to society

Valuesn Development of

knowledgen Respect for

societyn Duties to

society


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PREAMBLE

n Context of the Universal Declaration(what it speaks to)

n Objectives of the Universal Declarationn Description of the Universal Declarationn Contribution of the Declaration and its

meaning

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PRINCIPLE I – Respect for the Dignity of All Human Beings

Article 1Psychologists recognize and respect the unique worth and inheren t dignity of all human beings.

Article 2Psychologists recognize and respect the diversity among human beings.

Article 3Psychologists respect the customs and beliefs of cultures, limit ed only when a custom or a belief seriously contravenes the principle of respect for the dignity of human beings or causes serious harm to their well -being.

Article 4Psychologists uphold the value of free and informed consent.

Article 5Psychologists uphold the value of privacy of individuals, famili es, groups, and communities.

Article 6Psychologists uphold the value of confidentiality of personal information.

Article 7Psychologists uphold the value of fairness and justice in the treatment of others.

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PRINCIPLE II – Competent Caring for the Well-Being of Others

Article 8Psychologists demonstrate an active concern for the well-being of individuals, families, groups, and communities.

Article 9Psychologists uphold the value of taking care to do no harm to individuals, families, groups, and communities.

Article 10Psychologists uphold the value of maximizing benefits and minimizing potential harms to individuals, families, groups, and communities.

Article 11Psychologists uphold the value of taking responsibility for correcting or offsetting harmful effects that have occurred as a result of their activities.

Article 12Psychologists uphold the value of developing and maintaining competence.

Article 13Psychologists uphold the value of self-knowledge regarding how their own values, attitudes, experiences, and social context influence their actions, interpretations, choices, and recommendations.

Article 14Psychologists recognize and respect the ability of individuals, families, groups, and communities to make decisions for themselves and to care for themselves and each other. 16

PRINCIPLE III – Integrity

Article 15Psychologists uphold the value of truthfulness, and honest, accurate and open communications.

Article 16

Psychologists avoid incomplete disclosure of information unless complete disclosure is culturally inappropriate, or violates the confidentiality of others, or carries the potential to do serious harm to individuals, families, groups, or communities.

Article 17Psychologists uphold the value of maximizing impartiality and mi nimizing biases.

Article 18

Psychologists uphold the value of not exploiting others for pers onal, professional, or financial gain.

Article 19

Psychologists avoid conflicts of interest and declare them when such situations cannot be avoided or are inappropriate to avoid.

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PRINCIPLE IV – Professional and Scientific Responsibilities to Society

Article 20Psychologists uphold the discipline’s responsibility to increase scientific and professional knowledge in ways that promote the well -being of society and all its members, and that are consistent with the other ethical requirements of this Declaration.

Article 21Psychologists uphold the discipline’s responsibility to ensure t hat psychological knowledge is used for beneficial purposes, and to protect such k nowledge from being misused, used incompetently, or made useless by others.

Article 22Psychologists uphold the discipline’s responsibility to conduct its affairs in ways that promote the well- being of society and all its members, and that are consistent with the other ethical requirements of this Declaration.

Article 23Psychologists uphold the discipline’s responsibility to promote and maintain the highest standards of the discipline.

Article 24Psychologists uphold the discipline’s responsibility to ensure t hat members are adequately trained in their ethical responsibilities and require d competencies.

Article 25Psychologists uphold the discipline’s responsibility to develop its ethical awareness and sensitivity, and to be as self-correcting as possible. 18

Why a Universal Declaration

n There are tremendous variations in the form, content, usefulness and rate of development of codes of ethics in the world.

n The development and the proclamation of a Universal Declaration would provide a generic set of moral principles to be used as a templateby psychology organizations worldwide to develop or revise their ethical codes and standards.


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A Universal Declaration would also provide…

n A universal standard against which the psychology community worldwide can assess progress in the ethical and moral relevancy of its codes of ethics;

n A shared moral framework for representatives of the psychology community to speak with a collective voice on matters of ethical concern;

n A common basis for psychology as a discipline to evaluate alleged unethical behavior by its members.

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NOT to be confounded with...

n A worldwide code of ethics or a code of conduct that would be agreed upon and adhered to in all countries.

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REMINDER

n Codes of conduct define the bottom lines of professional conduct (i.e., what you must or must not do)

n Codes of ethics tend to be more aspirational, articulating standards according to underlying principles and values.

n Declaration of ethical principles reflects the principles and values that would be expected of a code of ethics or a code of conduct.

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How it began…n The need to support,

facilitate and promote the development of ethics in the world was discussed at the biennial World Forum of Psychology during the ICAP in 2002.

n Both IUPsyS and IAAP recognized at the meeting that something had to be done.

n Submission for a symposium at the IAAP Congress in Singapore (2002)

n Presentation of the paper at the IAAP Congress

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In 2002…

n The International Union of Psychological Science (IUPsyS) approved a motion to create a working group to develop a universal declaration of ethical principles for psychologists.

n The initiative was to involve the IUPsyS and the International Association of Applied Psychology (IAAP) and, hopefully, the International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology (IACCP).

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Current members

n Janel Gauthier (Canada), Chairn Rubén Ardila (Colombia)n Nasrin Jazani (Iran)n Catherine Love (New Zealand)n Elizabeth Nair (Singapore)n Kwadzi Nyanungo (Zimbabwe)n Paul B. Pederson (United States)n Tuomo Tikkanen (Finland)n Kan Zhang (China)


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Personal senior advisors

n Dr. Jean Pettifor (Calgary, Canada)n Dr. Carole Sinclair (Toronto, Canada)

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Sponsoring organizations

n International Union of Psychological Science

n International Association of Applied Psychology

n International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology

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A challenging goal

How to develop a framework for a Universal Declaration of Ethical Principles that could work for everyone?

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Developing a framework

n Comparison between codes of ethics in psychology to identify commonalties in the ethical principles used to develop them.

n Comparison across domains and throughout history to assess the universality of the ethical principles used to develop codes of ethics in psychology.

n Integration of principles and values having the greatest commonalty and universality into a framework.

n Consultation by presenting the framework at international meetings to gather comments and suggestions (e.g., symposia, focus-group discussions).

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Assessing commonaltiesn Review of some of the codes of ethics that identify

the ethical principles used to develop them:n American Psychological Association (APA)n Australian Psychological Societyn Canadian Psychological Association (CPA)n Colegio de Psicólogos de Chilen European Federation of Psychologists Associationn Federación de Psicólogos de la República Argentinan Finnish Psychological Associationn New Zealand Psychological Societyn Psychological Society of Irelandn Sociedad Colombiana de Psicologían Sociedad Mexicana de Psicologían South African Professional Board of Psychology

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Comparative analysis of codes of ethics - Sample

Ethical Principle

Respect for the dignityand rights of persons

Responsible caring

Integrity in relationships

Responsibility to society

Beneficence andnonmaleficence

Fidelity & responsibility

Justice

Competence

CPA’s (2001)

Principle I

Principle II

Principles III

Principle IV

(incl. in Princ . II)

(incl. in Princ . IV)

(incl. in Princ . I)

(incl. in Princ . II)

APA’s (2002)

Principle E

(incl. in Princ . A)

Principle C

(incl. in Princ . B)

Principle A

Principle B

Principle D

(incl. in Princ . D)

EFPA’s (1995)

Principle 1

(incl. in Princ . 3)

Principle 4

Principle 3

(incl. in Princ . 3)

Principle 3

(incl. in Princ . 1?)

Principle 2


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Comparative analysis of codes of ethics - Sample

Ethical Principle

Respect for the dignityand rights of persons

Responsible caring

Integrity in relationships

Responsibility to society

Beneficence andnonmaleficence

Fidelity & responsibility

Justice

Competence

Mexico (‘02)

Principle A

Principle B

Principle C

Principle D


(incl. in Princ . D)



Argentina (‘99)

Principle A

nil

Principle D

Principle E

nil

Principle C


Principle B

Columbia (‘01)

Capitulo 7

Capitulo 9

Capitulo 4

Capitulo 6

(incl. in Cap. 9)

Capitulo 5

(incl. in Cap. 7)

Capitulo 3

Chile (‘03)

Articulo 1

nil

Articulo 4

Articulo 6

nil

Articulo 3

(incl. in Art. 1)

Articulo 2

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Distilling a generic set of ethical principlesØ Respect for the dignity and rights of

persons/peoplesØ Caring for others and concerns for

their welfareØ CompetenceØ IntegrityØ Responsibility to society (professional,

scientific)

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Assessing universality

n Review of internationally accepted documents such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights to delineate the moral imperatives that underlie them.

n Review of codes of ethics in other disciplines to identify the ethical principles used to develop them (e.g., sports, martial arts).

n Review historical documents to identify roots of “modern” ethical principles.

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Comparing codes of ethics and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights

The Universal Declaration recognizes...n Right to be treated as a person

n Right to be appreciated primarily as a person

n Right to non -discrimination

n Right to justice

n Right to freedom

n Right to education, health and well -being

Codes of Ethics recognize...

n As fundamental the principle of respect for the dignity of person

n That all persons have a right to have their innate worth as human beings appreciated.

n As fundamental the right not to be discriminated because of culture, nationality, ethnicity, colour, race, etc.

n That all persons have a right to fair treatment and due process

n As fundamental the right to self-determination and autonomy

n As fundamental the principle of caring for others and being concerned for their welfare

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Comparing codes of ethics and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (cont’d)

The Universal Declaration recognizes...

n Right to protection, security and social order

n Right to privacy

n Right to free and full consent

n Duties to the community

n Respect for fundamental human rights and freedoms

Codes of Ethics recognize...n As fundamental the right to informed

consent and the principle of responsible and competent caring

n As fundamental the right to privacy and confidentiality

n As fundamental the right to free and full consent

n As fundamental the principle of professional and scientific responsibility to society

n As fundamental the principle of respects for human rights

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Sports and Martial Arts

n The Code of Ethics of the Canadian Professional Coaches Association

n United States Olympic Committee Coaching Ethics Code

n The Code of Ethics of the National Coaching Association (UK)

n The Code of Ethics of the United States Martial Arts Federation

n The Code of Bushido


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Comparative analysis of codes of ethics across domainsPsychology

n Respect for the dignity and rights of persons

n Integrity

n Responsibility to society

n Competence

n Caring for others -concerns for their

welfare

Coaching

n Respect for the dignity of participants

n Responsible coaching

n Integrity

n Competence

n Concerns for others’ welfare

n Social responsibility

Martial Arts/Bushido

n Humilityn Justice

n Couragen Benevolencen Self -controln Respect/sensitivity

toward others n Truthfulnessn Honourn Loyalty

n Devotion to others

Emerging frameworkPrinciple 1

Respect for thedignity and rights of

persons/peoples

n Respect for the dignity/worthiness of persons/peoples

n Non-discrimination

n Informed consent

n Free consent

n Fair treatment/ Due process

n Privacyn Confidentiality

Principle 2Caring for othersand concerns for

their welfare

n Caring (health and well-being)

n Maximize benefits

n Minimize harmn Offset/Correct

harm

Principle 3Competence

n Competence (responsible caring)

n Self -knowledge (responsible caring)


n Accuracy/ Honesty

n Objectivity (understand/managing of biases





scientific respons .to society

n Development of knowledge

n Respect for society

n Duties to society

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Revised frameworkPrinciple 1

Respect for thedignity of all human

beings

Valuesn Respect for the

dignity/worthiness of persons/peoples

n Non-discriminationn Informed consentn Free consentn Fair treatment/

Due processn Privacyn Confidentiality

Principle 2Competent caringfor the well- being

of others

Valuesn Caring (health and

well- being)n Maximize benefitsn Minimize harmn Offset/Correct

harmn Competence

(responsible caring)n Self -knowledge

(responsible caring)


Valuesn Accuracy/ Honestyn Objectivity

(understanding/ managing biases)





scientific responsib.to society

Valuesn Development of

knowledgen Respect for

societyn Duties to

society

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Tracing the historical roots of ethical principles in framework

n“Seek the good of all living creatures.”

n“Speak only the truth.”

n“Devote self to doing good for the patient.”n“Do not desert or injure your patient.”n“Act with a view to the acquisition of knowledge.”

n“No person hated by the king” to be treated.*nPermission to enter house needednHousehold events to be kept confidential

AyurvedicInstruction (India, circa 300 – 500 BC)

nJudgments and punishment re physicians is responsibility of courts

nPunishment if someone is harmed or dies

nDifferent fees depending on social status (worth).*

Code of Hammurabi(Babylon, circa 1795 – 1750 BC)

Principle 4Responsibility to

society


Principle 2Competent

caring


dignityDoc/Code

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n“Do not say of good – it is bad; nor of bad – it is good.”

n“Do not attempt to kill by means of a potion of herbs.”

n“Do not divulge the secret of a man who has trusted you.”

Hebrew Oath of Asapah the Physician(Unknown, circa 200 – 600 AD)

n“Stand free from any voluntary criminal action.”

n“Conceal most things from the patient” (to avoid patient becoming worse).*nNo sexual involvement, whether with free man or slave

nTry to be of benefit, but at least do no harmnStay within limits of competence

nRules apply to all patients, whether free man or slaven“Do not divulge…in the belief that all such things should be kept secret.”

Hippocratic Oath (Greece, circa 400 BC)


society



caring


dignityDoc/Code

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n“Treat…all Brahimins , orphans, people who come from a distance…as if they are your own friends.”n“Enter family dwelling only after giving notice and with their permission.”n“Never give out to others the practices of the patient’s home.”

Ayurvedic Oath of Initiation (India, circa 400 AD)


society



caring


dignityDoc/Code


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n“Do not allow thirst for profit, ambition for reknown and admiration, interfere with my profession.”

n“In the sufferer, let me see only the human being.”

Daily Jewish Prayer of a Physician(Egypt, circa 1150 AD)

n“A physician is to treat his patients out of good and spiritual motives, not for the sake of gain.”

n“A physician should never use or prescribe a harmful drug.”n“A physician must study medical books constantly and never grow tired of research.”

Haly Abbas’ Advice to a Physician(Persia, circa 950 AD)


society



caring


dignityDoc/Code

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n“You should not exhibit avarice and you must not strain to become famous.”

n“You should be delighted if the patient receives medicine from another physician and is cured.”

n“You should rescue even such patients as you dislike or hate.”

Seventeen Rules of Enjuin (Japan, circa 1500 AD)


society



caring


dignityDoc/Code

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n“Medicine should be given free to the poor. Extra financial help should be extended to destitute patients if possible.”

n“Practice medicine with honesty.”n“Practice medicine with integrity. Do not replace precious herbal materials provided by the family with inferior ones.”n“If the case improves, drugs may be sent, but physicians should not visit them again for lewd reward.”

n“Remedies should be prepared according to the pharmaceutical formulae, but may be altered to suit the patient’s condition.”n“A physician or surgeon must study all the ancient books ceaselessly so that he will not make any mistakes.”

n“Physicians should respond to any calls of patients, high or low, rich or poor. He should treat them all equally.”n“Prostitutes should be treated just like patients from a good family.”n“Mocking should not be indulged, for this brings loss of dignity.”n“The secret diseases of female patients should not be revealed to anybody.”

Five Commandments and Ten Requirements (China, 1616 AD)


society



caring


dignityDoc/Code

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n“A physician must not hold his students or his patients under his obligation.”

n“A physician should never recommend any kind of fatal, harmful, or enfeebling drug.”

n“A physician must not regard others with contempt.”n“A physician must protect the patient’s secrets and not betray them.”

A Physician’s Ethical Duties(Persia, 1770 AD)

n“The public ought no longer to allow statute books to exhibit the anomaly of exacting knowledge from physicians under liability to heavy penalties.”*

n“Should not fail to give to the friends of the patient timely notice of danger, and even to the patient himself if absolutely necessary.”

n“Consultations should be promoted in difficult or protracted cases.”

n“None of the privacies of personal and domestic life should ever be divulged except when imperatively required to do so.”

American Medical Association Code of Ethics (1847 AD) (First)


society


Principle 2Competent caring


dignityDoc/Code

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n“The experiment should be such as to yield fruitful results for the good of society.”

n“Experiment should be conducted so as to avoid all unnecessary physical and mental suffering and injury.”n“Proper preparations should be made to protect the subject against even remote possibilities of injury, disability or death.”n“Be prepared to terminate the experiment at any stage if likely to result in injury of death.”

n“The voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutely essential.” (detailed definition of informed voluntary consent)

Nuremberg Code of Ethics in Medical Research (1948)


society




dignityDoc/Code

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n“The duty and responsibility for ascertaining the quality of the consent rests upon each individual who initiates, directs, or engages in the experiment. It is a personal duty and responsibility which may not be delegated to another with impunity.”

n“Should be conducted only by scientifically qualified persons. The highest degree of skill and care should be required.”n“Adequate risk/benefit analysis must be done.”

Nuremberg Code of Ethics in Medical Research (1948)

(continued)


society




dignityDoc/Code

Source: Sinclair (2005)


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Conclusion

Even where there are differences in the emphasis on individualism and collectivism, science and traditional healing, secular and religious authority, and on authoritarian and democratic governance, there is a meeting ground in terms of respect, caring, integrity, and the collective well-being of society.

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ReferencesGauthier, J. (2003). Toward a universal declaration of ethical

principles for psychologists. In J.B. Overmier & J.A. Overmier(Eds.). Psychology: IUPsyS Global Resource, Hove, UK: Psychology Press.

Gauthier, J. (2005). Toward a universal declaration of ethical principles for psychologists: A progress report. In M.J. Stevens & D. Wedding (Eds.). Psychology: IUPsyS Global Resource, Hove, UK: Psychology Press.

Gauthier, J. (2007). Universal Declaration of ethical principles for psychologists. In J. Hall & E. Altmaier (Eds.), International Perspectives on Accountability in Professional Psychology. London: Oxford University Press.

Sinclair, C. (2005). The Eastern roots of ethical principles and values. In M..J. Stevens & D. Wedding (Eds.). Psychology: IUPsyS Global Resource, Hove, UK: Psychology Press.

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Consultationsn International Congress of Applied Psychology (Singapore,

2002)n European Congress of Psychology (Vienna, 2003)n International Congress on Licensure, Certification and

Credentialing of Psychologists (Montreal, 2004)n International Congress of Psychology (Beijing, 2004)n InteramericanCongress of Psychology (Buenos Aires, 2005)n European Congress of Psychology (Granada, 2005)n International Congress of Applied Psychology (Athens, 2006)n Middle East and North Africa Regional Conference of

Psychology (Amman, 2007)n European Congress of Psychology (Prague, 2007)

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Focus-group discussions

n Developing a universal declaration is feasible, but difficult.

n It will require broad consultations.n The moral principles will have to be articulated in

such a way that they can be operationalized differently around different cultures and needs, but still honored.

n Respect must include both individuals and peoples, and must not be used to oppress peoples.

n Competence and serving the needs of people must be relative to culture.

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It is understood that…

n To be of worldwide value, a Universal Declaration will have to be:n Relevant to local communities and

indigenous values.n Sensitive to natural and cultural

differences.

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Responses of sponsoring organizations

n International Union of Psychological Science – General Assembly

n International Association of Applied Psychology – Board of Directors

n International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology – Executive Council


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Activities planned for 2006-2008

n To refine the draft of the Universal Declarationin the light of the many consultations since its release.

n To seek feedback to determine the cultural appropriateness of the definitions, concepts and language used in any newly revised document.

n To submit the final draft to IUPsys, IAAP, and IACCP for approval at the International Congress of Psychology in Berlin in 2008.

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Final comments

n The task will continue to be a challenge. However, as a discipline, we can succeed:n Much has been accomplished since 2002.n The project enjoys strong and enthusiastic

support from all parts of the world.n Audiences have been cooperative and have

provided useful feedback.n The members of the Ad Hoc Joint Committee

are experienced and eager to contribute.

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Contact

Prof. Janel Gauthier, Ph.D.School of Psychology

Laval UniversityQuébec, QC

G1K [email protected]

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59Questions or comments?

Documents

The Canadian Code of Ethics - skcp.ca files/AGM_2007-03-24_slides.pdf · experiences, and social context influence their actions, interpretations, choices, and recommendations. Article