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The Camera and Exposure

Exerpts copied from Photography by Upton and London

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SLR vs. Range Finder Cameras

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SLR Single Lens Reflex

What You See is What You GetIn the SLR camera both the image previewedand the image captured are identical

The SRL camera has only one optical path,and it is into the lens

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It is inside the SRL camerawhere the image is diverted

between the preview andcaptured modes. A hinged

mirror is the divertingmechanism. In the preview

mode, the mirror reflects thelight up into a prism and out

the preview window

When the shutter is activated

the mirror "pops up", and thelight is diverted into the

image recording-medium

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Basic Camera Operations

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Keeping Your Lens Clean

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Dont touch the Shutter Blades

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Camera Cleaning Tools

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Exposure is a term that is used toexpress how much light impacts the

film

f-stop (aperture) and Shutter Speedare Exposure Combinations

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Aperture: Size of Lens Opening

Controls the brightness of

the light that reaches film

like the pupil of an eye

Size indicated by f-stop

Largest admits most light

Each stop after admits halfthe light of previous one

i.e. f/4 half as much as f/2.8

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Aperturef/2.8 f/4 f/5.6 f/8 f/11 f/16 f/22

Aperture/F-stop

Bigger f-stop number, the

smaller the lens opening andthe less light that is let in.

As the number gets bigger

(4, 5.6, 8), the aperture size

gets smaller and the amountof light admitted decreases.

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Depth of FieldDepth of field is a phrase that defines a measure of distance that spans a distanceahead of and behind a subject focused on; and, within that distance the image isfairly sharp. The distance ahead of and behind the subject is not equal. Generally

the distance ahead of the subject is 1/3 of the depth of field range. This is illustratedin Figure 5.1. The depth of field is shown in color. The red line represents the

subject and at the bottom is the camera location.

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Aperture and Depth of Field:Shallow

f/2 and lens

focused onboy (b) in

middle about

seven feet

away from

photographer

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Aperture and Depth of Field:

Deep/Wide

f/16 and lens

focused on boy

(b) in middle

about seven

feet away fromphotographer

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Three ways to control Depth of Field:

1.Smaller the aperture size (i.e. f/16, f/22), the greater

the depth of field.

2.Farther you are from the subject (mountain,

landscape), greater the depth of field.

3.Wider the lends, greater the depth of field

(i.e. 27mm, 35mm lens).Conversely:

1.Bigger the aperture size (i.e. f/2.8), the smaller

the depth of field.2.The closer you are to the subject (portrait, object

on desk), smaller the depth of field.

3.The longer the lens, the more shallow the depth

of field (i.e. 85-300mm telephoto or zoom).

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Video Clip depth of field

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uzedefUXARE

SNODART.COM Depth of Field

http://vimeo.com/1136116

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uzedefUXAREhttp://vimeo.com/1136116http://vimeo.com/1136116http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uzedefUXARE

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Shutter Speed

The amount of time the shutter remains open

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Shutter Speed:Length of time light reaches film

The faster the shutter speed, the more likely a

moving subject will be sharp. i.e. 1/125 or 1/250

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Shutter Speed: Slow

Both the subject and the

camera were moving

panning 1/8, 1/15, 1/30

Camera is steady (possibly on

tripod) during this slow

exposure, i.e. 1/15

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Light and the Shutter Speed:

To expose film correctly, so that your picture

is neither too light nor too dark, you need to

control the amount of light that reaches thefilm.

In manual operation, you control both theshutter speed and the aperture (f/stop)

opening.

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Shutter Speed

Small aperture,

slow shutter

f/16 1/8

Medium aperture,

medium shutter

speed

f/4 1/30

Larger aperture,

fast shutter speed

f/2 1/500

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Equivalent Exposures

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Some example images using

minimum depth of field:

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Keith Carter

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Keith Carter

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Keith Carter

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Keith Carter

http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_BvIF2NCZBqs/R1lMFulq8pI/AAAAAAAAAZ8/_sw1s7Lax-E/s1600-h/Keith+Carter,+Boy+and+Hawk,+2005.jpg

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Some example images using

maximum depth of field:

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Linda Butler

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Linda Butler

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Linda Butler

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Linda Butler

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Some example images usingslow shutter:

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Ralph Eugene Meatyard

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Ralph Eugene Meatyard

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Ralph Eugene Meatyard

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Ralph Eugene Meatyard

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Ralph Eugene Meatyard

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Ralph Eugene Meatyard

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Hiroshi Sugimoto

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Alhambra

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Byrd Theatre, Richmond, VA

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Cinerama Dome

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La Paloma

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Paramount

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Union City Drive

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Rubidoux