The Civil War

Section 1The Call to Arms

1. How did two border states bolster northern confidence? Kentucky and Delaware supported the Union.

2. What Virginia event helped the North? The western counties of Virginia refuse to secede and become West Virginia.

3. What four things did the North have much more of than the South had? Factories, railroad track, farmland people.

4. What were three parts of the Northern strategy? Blockade southern seaports, cut the south in two by gaining control of the Mississippi River, invade Virginia and seize Richmond.

5. Who was the Union general in the First Battle of Bull Run? Irvin Mc Dowell

The North

Irvin McDowell

1. How did two border states bolster southern confidence? Maryland and Missouri supported the South, and northern troops had to be used to subdue them.

2. Which generals left the U.S. Army to join the Confederate Army? Robert E Lee, Joseph Johnston, Albert Johnston

3. What were two advantages the South had? The Confederates would be fighting on their own territory, and the local people would help them, they would be lead by some of the nation’s best officers

4. What was the South’s strategy? To defend its lead until the North got tired of fighting and seek aid from European Nations

5. Why was the South hopeful that Britain would support it? Because Britain was a major trading partner that needed Southern cotton.

The South

Robert E Lee

1. What effect did the war have on American families? It broke families apart

2. What were the camp conditions for soldiers? Often miserable and diseased, no clean water.

3. What were the conditions for prisoners of war in the North and the South? Over crowded prison camps, food shortages, high death rate

Hardships of Both Sides

Section 2 Early Years of the War

New rifles and cannons were more accurate and had greater range than previous weapons.

Ironclads were a great improvement over older wooden warships.

New Technology

Event: Forts Henry and Donelson, February 1862

Military Leader: Union: Grant

Outcome: The Union takes control of two water routes

into the western Confederacy.

Event: Use of ironclads Outcome:

Ironclads are used by the South against the blockade and by the North to hold the Mississippi River

Event: Battle of Shiloh, April 1862 Military Leader:

Union: GrantConfederacy: A. S. Johnston

Outcome:Union takes control of major railroad

center and part of the Mississippi River

Event: New Orleans, April 1862 Military Leader:

Union: FarragutOutcome:

The North controls almost all of the Mississippi River.

Event: Outside Richmond, Virginia, May and June 1862

Military Leader:Union: McClellan

Outcome:Richmond is not taken

Event: Battle of Antietam, September 1862Military Leader:

Union: McClellanConfederacy: Lee

Outcome:Lee is forced to stop his invasion of the

North

Emancipation ProclamationReading Notes

The Emancipation Proclamation

What was the defining act in Lincoln's Presidency?

Banning of slavery in all federal territories and in Washington D.C.

Withdrawing federal protection of slavery on the high seas

Relieving federal officials of their duty to return fugitive slaves to their masters under the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850

What was the platform of the Republican Party?

Stated that slaves who made it to Union lines would be freed, but soldiers could not go to plantations and entice slaves to leave

What did the First Confiscation Act do?

William Seward

Who urged Lincoln to wait to issue the Emancipation Proclamation?

He did want the Emancipation Proclamation to seem like a last measure or a cry for help

Why did he urge Lincoln to wait?

“If I could save the Union without freeing any slave, I would do it. And if I could save it by freeing all the slaves, I would do it, and if I could save it by freeing some and leaving others alone, I would do that.”

What was Lincoln's response to Horace Greeley?

The Battle of AntietamThe ‘victory’ was the win Lincoln had been

waiting for to release the proclamation

What battle turned back the first major invasion of the North? And how did effect the issuing of the Emancipation Proclamation?

It gave the rebel states until the end of the year to lay down their weapons and rejoin the Union or he would free all the slaves in the south on January 1

(Basically this was an ultimatum to the South)

What did Lincoln's "preliminary" Emancipation Proclamation do?

January 1, 1863

When did the Emancipation Proclamation go into effect?

It authorized the enlistment of free blacks for the armed service in the Union Army (20% of the army)

Lifted the ban on enticement (put into place in the Confiscation Acts) (weakening the south)

Put pressure on the slave holding border states loyal to the Union

MOST IMPORTANTLY: it gave the war an added meaning: it was now a war to end slavery (Britain would not side with slavery)

What did the Emancipation Proclamation accomplish?

½ a million

By the end of the war, how many slaves had been emancipated?

West Virginia, Maryland, Tennessee, Louisiana, Arkansas, and Missouri

Which states had abolished slavery?

A reluctant emancipator- a president who for a long time was unwilling to transform a war for the Union into a war to abolish slavery

A political genius- he bided his time until public opinion caught up to his views

Neither of the above- Lincoln the politician and the man were too complex

What are the three historical views of Lincoln's and his reasons for issuing the Emancipation Proclamation?

Section 3The Emancipation Proclamation

Lincoln’s main war goal was to restore or preserve the Union. He did not free slaves at the beginning of the war in order to avoid causing border states to secede.

Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863. However, it only freed slaves in states fighting the Union, so very few enslaved people were immediately freed. Most Union soldiers supported the proclamation because it weakened the South.

The Emancipation Proclamation caused the Civil War to become a war to end slavery. It also kept Britain from recognizing the South’s independance.

Emancipating the Enslaved

More than half of African American volunteers serving in the Union army were former slaves.

Confederates did not treat captured African American soldiers as prisoners of war; they faced slavery or death.

Noncombat positions held by free African Americans in the Union army: Cooks wagon drivers Hospital aides

Ways enslaved African Americans hurt the Confederate war effort: Provided information to the

Union Refused to work

African Americans Help the Union

Section 4The Civil War and American Life

DivisionsIn the North, some

people:Opposed the

Emancipation Proclamation

believed the South had the right to secede

Blamed Lincoln for forcing the South into war

Northern Democrats opposed to the war were called Copperheads

Areas of the South less supportive of war:Poor backcountry

regions with few enslaved people

Opposition to the war was strongest in Georgia and North Carolina

Divisions were also created by strong support for states’ rights

Ways people disrupted the war effort:encouraged soldiers to desertHelped prisoners of war escapeTried to prevent men from volunteeringHeld peace protests

Both sides dealt with disruptions in some areas by suspending habeas corpus

Disruptions

Let’s Think:What is habeas corpus?

Desertion was a problem for both sides. Many soldiers left their units to plant or harvest crops

Each side established a draft, a system of required military service. Anger at exceptions to this requirement caused riots in many places.

Draft Laws

New York Draft Riots

Congress levied the first income tax to pay for the war.

The Union printed large amounts of paper money, causing the cost of goods to increase.

Union blockades of the South caused shortages that made goods expensive.

Economic Strains

Women’s contributions to the war effort on both sides:disguised themselves as men to join the armyBecame spiesTook over businesses and farmsWorked in factories

Barriers for women fell, especially in the field of nursing.

Women in the Civil War

Section 5Decisive Battles

General: Ambrose Burnside

Battle(s): Fredericksburg

Result: the Union suffered almost 13,000 casualties

General: Joseph HookerBattle(s): ChancellorsvilleResult: Union force was smashed,

Stonewall Jackson died

General: George MeadeBattle(s): GettysburgResult: Union victory that forced Lee out of the

North and cost Lee nearly a third of his soldiers, who could not be replaced.

General: Ulysses GrantBattle(s): VicksburgResult: City is captured by the Union, and

the South loses all major strongholds on the Mississippi River

General: Ulysses GrantBattle(s): PetersburgResult: Lee’s army is trapped

General: William ShermanBattle(s): AtlantaResult: the city of Atlanta is captured

General: William ShermanBattle(s): “March to the Sea”Result: The South’s people and land are

devastated by total war

General: Ulysses S GrantBattle(s): RichmondResult: Confederate national capital is taken

and Lee is forced to surrender his army.

Lincoln looked ahead to victory in a speech in 1863 called the Gettysburg Address.

The capture of Atlanta gave Lincoln a victory in the Presidential Election

Number of Union soldiers killed in the Civil War: 360,000

Number of Confederate soldiers killed in the Civil War: 260,000

Key results of the Civil War:It reunited the UnionIt put an end to slavery.

The End of the War