PRI M IT IVE MAN Quarterly Bulletin

of1he

Cacholic An1hropological Conference

THE BUUIED ENEl'llA SYRING£ AND ENEMA TUB£ llf THEIIBW WORLD

NO~~c!::.~'..:at.:e ~:~:'. ,,.";;~So,~t~:m:;~Anh~,!~:~ deM'ribinga1nongolhers\l,ea pplio&1ion of narootie,,lis infeeta nt, and int o.xieantdyst<rs. Both 1yposo f [nstrume,,la,...fonnd in South Amel'ka. • TbeN' !ht Ol't!llrtt, _,. or bulbttl enema ·~·ring,,s (..,. mop) «nton in the AmaWltu N>Q;ion; d l, tributed amonit th~ ArMucanian• uf Chile,' the Q11iehna of p..,,,, 1h~ Jinro, C~ri-pun.a, O,nagua, Mauhe, Ara "'ak ( l' <>mi:roon an,1 Mor uc,a Ri,·~t;i), )l ain.or;, Mura. Caeharary, a11d archuo l~~ ,alls on 1!10 I'eruv inn ~ t (Ollachea Valley) . Tbe almplt elys!tr tuboe, u note<\ by /l."ord~n,Jdiild,oceunam onl{lbc$anC.rlosA~heotthetouth-"'""\"m United Stal.t>s.' !he lndiusor Sicarain,a, the »ella Cool~ ol Briti.«h f'A>hn nbia, Ad ,,,., of Mnrieo,• and the .Indians ot lb• Ui, trltl (U ll u~itlp1, :-.or!h~rn Mui<:<>.• l!Oir~nx,' quot-inii: !ro m tbr eigb tttuth eeotury ac,couut of ~in go, dei1Crib/,< the C:hirigu~no H-C of th~ clJ~~•=

" . . . lbeyb 1J admio iltel"flllothrn1 a la....,m<mlo rcl,.v,~ r. Thi,imtnime" \(lih1hal ,.hi<hl .. a, ableto =a t 'fari -qn ea ) i, ,·ery enrio11,._ It .,..,,..ists of 1 "nail ealabash nr hollo ... i,:,;:,urd. with~ eil'<!lllar opening at the !<>panda ,;mall

hol•alth•bollom. At the lo1<erp ar t is &ttaeb cd or pla oe<l ahollowinje,:tionUlbeor,sutall~""......,ll"n din~to thc cly,;ter pipe. In 1he top ( th&I i,i; to .._yin the lar ~c oir,,ul~, nI"'ning, o,mtam<:d in thc,mla _rg<>i.l pa rt nf th~ealat .... ~ ) 1• I"''""' [ a ' brolh _' of " " "" wnh ~ "'"""It . Af\u tl111, lie wholm!U. t )>OfiHionofatltaJantO<"nul"ie,b lo,.·s s\r,:,n,rly UPOnthcopenilll(or&p errn ~otthtc &l&l>ar;handth e foree otthe bl"t'llthea u~ thcl iqnid topu,;in to th~ ;,,t .,.tin""n f th~ p11liont. "

MC1,., ,1 ., ,n>.idcr. th i•tobe a nintemtt,,lial " fnrm l,elw.,..,,t bt twou1ajor\y pe11ot1np by Nonltu skinld . ~ueeo ftl'ii 1 Chiri -g11onn exam1,l•nnd th • Qnieh"a °""'"""'"" in M•1•m P,ru, M01uu1 ioine linPII to a, ree,.ith, ·on Kooleu 'o lde utifleatiouof ar,,h11e<1logic•I ohJ""1.• ,,,.,.:,vered by him in u,., inl<,rceni~g uea ofnotthwes\eruA,g,,oLioauenematubeo. '

Xordeu sl-ioldOTel"lookcdtheoecum,necofthob ulbed ,yr inge in Nortli.Amer iea. IhlJ .,..ell ', 11b,oeq11entlye.a lled atten tion to the pNSeoe< of thia lypeo f !IYrioge in North America, li•tin,r it• ooc,ir""' "" •m ong the ~:.Ostem Cn,e, Nnn<~y II011"" on,l C"'°" L..lce c ,..., (M..nitOO• ).'" •ndS..ulle aui -Ojili,.·ag rou ~ .' ' M. R. Gilmore Hsi._ lllllong the Tlakot&, Omaha, Pon,a, Winn cbog,, ou,l Ot ,~ an infu,imt of th e b.anl of the Kentucky oo!T"" l= (Gym11odad,.. dioi,,,, ) as a rtttal iuj<!diou for co,m ipa tion Gilmnrt -..y,,, " ""l'rioT tocontart.,..;th V.urop<'!Om the lnd i,rns rn•,ie their own•y ring,,&,ananiw&I Ma,lderhe ing n""'1 fo,· the bulb and ahollowcylindri~l boow,ntb~ll'lt:boowo t apre.irit thicken , tur key, l:00"", or ,~he r bird, wio• ., .. ,1 for th• tube Tll•b ulbw a,;atu.cbe<l tolh e tnbebr•i- · ,.npp in~." Spe,ek ha1 rocen\ly noted the =u •rm (ll! of the bulbtd .~n~ma 1yrin~o ~,Mng U«C 11l11>1·hll."

1k,ud~r ibM1hencc11TN'n ~nfwhat i•problob ly 1hc bulbed ,;yring,, arnon11 lb~ 11:w&I-Jn!I ot \'ancou,~ r lslo.,d. li e .ay o, " K"i!lp bott lH J)NJTidcd with • monthpitoo of clderberry are 0Ul) u.;.,,J. !or1tivi1111inj cetions orw.ttwaler. ca•fooboii,or~ -fi• l1oil.'" " 'f l,e ..,rueon lborba,;ahloool.ed.fo rt he:B. 1laC ool.1 of eoa•tol Urit i>.h f'..olambUI. enema tube. of kelp with a bone, .w.ou(hpiece for gh·in~ inj,eetions of oharl,;• oil.'" F <trth<r IIOuth , on the Ca liforni a rood, Sµa r l.mt.n hu J .,.,,r ib,,d the bulbe,J enema •yringc among th~ Luii,eiio'" "" fnllo=, " A syr in~•

wu ma,le of tht bladdt r of • deer and • p~ of ane, tl,e bladder b<i11Kinftatedandthtnp-'.wi tbl.hehan<lAw•i&et th e eon ieni.." A ~u-etnL ... ..,b of 1beii1, ratu"' bu f • iled W yield any addition• l CalitorrtUI oeeur1'1!nea - I.be Luieeilo "~

Jr.· DittribuUOl>ollhelPvi01of•,...,.li<~b,--otlhe& mplo

clyo\ort ubo (.,ymbol: llOlidblocl<_..,) &Ddbulbedoyrit>p(oolidblMk cirelo). llollo,,_.,.,..,,,i1.;,. 1ooc1eno1,oiuf......ity po0 iol.hoabot .... of , peoi~e d....;pb om. T• k .. io.-,iafl<r:S<INl....t.i&d.St..mo.l"""',,.._ .,.. ... ho.eo1~ .. 1.1 • .1..,. .... oi-;"J,C.."'h.ri,cuOD(l;J,'N <><1h-rnA,.ea • tina , •,Quich .. : 6. 'Ch-olpM6""" :G.Caripuoa;1.Mutt: 8. MauM: ~. •p.,.,,.;..,, c-! : 10, Cedun,y; 11. J;, ..., ; 12. Moi<>M; II . Omoguo; II. Choo,1; !6,A r>WU: !11.N~ ID<liuto;l1. M"J'll: IS.A1leo;lll, l odi&ba. Pni, ·i- o/llW1iti i,., Moi<o;-.,SutCatlooAp,acho;l !.Calo.-b,,.;22 . F...t.,,r, C ... ; 2."1.8ou!tnu<.O jib,ra; :M. ~o..oy HOWO!C,...; :lil,C,- J4 h r;lt~:!w.====:.·i-~~o1:: ~t::~ ~~=-:K~zi:: ~'

-zn•u mque It i, po81!iblethat thi•ia an •!•m•n t introdueed to th• lndian,through th e Sp anish mwiona, !bough [ have no e,·idenee which might decide this point Chamberlin not .. for the GOOuteof ,. . .,.tern Ut.ohthat , " A deeoctiou of th e root (of llN•1uMJ li<!i/oli•• Weinman )ia1 l>10u id tohav ebee n\Uedfor injectionbyth e rec1Umine a8"'ofo1 wore oon•tip.11.lion." Un-fortunat elyb e d-n otd .,.. r ibethetypeofinstrumen t usedto perform the inj ection."

Kr a,;heninnikov"aearlyaeeountof Kamchatkaeo nta ino a note onth e bulbedoyringe ." li e"" )._.

"Th e inhabitanto of the [,opatk.a. W!e clyotero, which prob-ably they lea~ed from th e Kuril es. They prepare thezn from a d..:,oct1ouofd 1/!'erent herbo.,oometim.,,,with fat and oometim .. without; thia they put i nto• ..._J'a bladder , fa,;teningtoitanypipe .,.·hfohtheyea.npl"</Cutt , andapply it in tlu!eo 1nmon way: .. They take th e rooU.o f the iria ayh·estril, and af ter de aning them, beat them in warm 11·ater, ancl 1pp !y thejuffie,.., hich they oquee .. out, ua elyst<,r "

The context ofKrasheninnik0>·'•aceou nt indicates the presen ee of thi• type of ayr inge in the Kur ile Wands to the south. Norden,kiold OIAIH '° tha t tl,e oyringe ia absen t in Korth ern .A,U. Turi dPOCribea tlte u,ie of the h1>lhed •yringe among the r .. pJ>il,. lhus

" f 'orotoppag e you u .. this ""mffly. You take th e legboue of a goat and oer&pe it ~•ry •rnooth, and the other e,,(i ia made or a calf'• bladc\er, and it ia driM ea...,f11lly an,\ nioely; then yon moot take oatmeal gn tel, and thi• ia put ;,, th e blftdder . And the one end of the bone you put in the bladder, andth eo therendy'ouput int hereetum . Aud youoqu eeze the .bladd er,11·hfoh i• a ton ee ndofth ebo ne, andtheu(the gruel)~into\h e lowerint .,. tine, audoo it comes out . The women folkcan use th eM1mern~hod for as toppag,,o f tbe urineopeni ng,butrneufolkcan't,and oo they u .. another method ... !n the olden day, tbere wMnogru el,•neh&othep~nt-dayfolkwoewhenon e hao •toppage;a ndao , inoldtimet, theyputwater inth e bladder

,.·1,.nn water a1>d cooked marrow ... ..-hich ia the ~ery finestkindof.,.i1>d""rf at. "

So far a• I ha>"ebe<n ahle to,leter mine, the older literatu.,.on t he Lappoi••ilenton thiooub j..:,t- thue io the.,. !oreth e J>Ol"Si-

bilitythat'ruriiss p1:akiogof a fair!yn<entlyintroducedEuro. p ... neulturec lemcnt. I have not fou11dany N'feN'nootQ c\yst e, tubn, syringn or tJ,e gi\-ing or enem,ota in northern l,;nn,si.,. -this d- no( u,ean that they do not oocur, but im!ical"" t.hat if theydoitisat leaotraN'ly

XordenskiOld •ugg .. tod I.hat the ide" of 11sing euematic in. jeetion,hadprobllblyt.e.nindcpwdentlyd"'·e lop&linhoththe Old and New Worlds. lo ~;.,.,.. of th e ~trieted northeal!t Aoiaticdi•tributionofthebulbcd•yr inge,i t isp<Mihletluolit. P""""""" her e is •~plaina ble by t ran,fer cnce from Aweriea to ·\ oiabywayoftheAleutian l.Ja111l"1 1ain." I 11&,·eb,;,nunab le W find any refen,n"" to t.h• oceurren<J<> of the ,yr inge or the gi,·ingofe ne1uatieinjoct ionsa111ongt l,e E•kimo. The perfected ruhber.lm lbed syringe, aeoording to Nordenskiold, wa,; eopied fi,..t fromthe1U1t iw,o ftheA mazonasregionb ythe Portngn-"'hointrodnc ed itintoEurop eandtotheChi n- ."

Nordenski0ld has,ugg..,.tod th at the simple enema tube i•re· !&Wtothe•uc!..i.ngluheusedbythemedicinemanwhoextraclli dioeasefro ,nth e •ickbyeither• uckingorb lowing." Birket. Smith " wouldl ink the dr inl:ing tub ewiththetu bulartobaee o pip,, the latter deriv ed from the former by th e medicine man through the extens ion of the act of oueking and blowing by means of atubr. Norderu,kiOld •nl(l(ests that the•uc kingtube, tubular tobacco pipe and enema tube are all a"""'ioted eom. ponent•of th • oomplex of ionn tlous attribut ab le lo the me.Ji. cine man. l am not wholly satisfied with thi, explanation of lh< origin of thes, illlplemenlli and teehniqu..,., [t ..,. m• far cryfromth ea ucking tube used bythellill ivedootor i11curi11g loth e aet ofsmokinR tobacco iu a cylindrica l pipe . On• might. """ellinclu deinthishypothetiealoompluof tiil00iat et!im·"'1 · tion• •uch instrument•,.. the oimp!e tubular bone whi>tl e of cane or bone, the pon11-pipe, the blowRnn. p,ashooter, fla~eolet, etc. In other wordis, merely suck ing or blowing on \Ublllar objeeud-notn""""""ri lyirnplyordemonstra tethatthe~ · are a""""iatedi11t.hc<11rne im·entionn l cumplex. Indeed, it is a long si.pfro m lhe, implebon et ube bywh ich enematic injeetio ns"re performffl by rnouth p..-nre. lo (be more complex typ e of syring e in which th e bulb U<fillednndth e liqnid lseje.,t~ by oqu-.ing the hull, . 1'he Cltiriguano inst,ince - m• to be a tramit iona l type,h aving anon-co mpre811ihlego urcl hu lband the

oont.oining the fluid, or up"nO ing th< liquid from the month through a otnigh l tube. ,\ third poo,iibilit y, which h<>T<!YeT _ m, ne,·erto ha,·• bo<n ul!M, would be aoyringe builton the pistonprin~ipl < likeonrhypodennien~ J ....

Thed i,trib11tion map•how , ,..Yeral major atta ! blooU whe"' ao ingl< for111(<ilheroitupl<straighttnbe,o,bnlbed11yr inge) predominat...........,neeptandapp lieatormig htbecl.-das an ' ' adb,.io n" ..;thin ""' tricted regions. Th• Am.uotl&li region u..o the bulbed typo uelusiv ely, while to the north thro ugh Yiddle Amer ica as far"" t.lte American Southw"'t the oimple e!~ter pipo is domin&nt. The eastern United Sta!Nsltows Ule bulbed•yri~wi thout exception. 011t.ide• uehmajor a.....,, orooneomra tion , th<00<n rrene,ioapor adie1ud uupred ict1ble. Thee.,;p!&nationofth""'P<'ipb enll°""urr,,neN(i nth e "'""" ofbl, ingmargi naltooo nti nuou, distr ibutionsofsingletypn) m11,t be ldtoP< n,fo rit isthere thatourdata~intobein , complete.Rlankareasdoootl<ign ifyaboio>n- •matubaior bulbNI oyringe,, a re not obtnn i,·e ~ult11ral featu..,.; it may not o,:,i:,or to the ethnograph er to inqu ire for their p.-ne<; and their a!'<'.'h&eologicalp ....,rvuion&nd identifkationpr-ntob-,·ion, difficulti .. . J '11lipeet that the ~ctual prat tic,, of gi~ing euematieinje,,tionoiomuchmon, .,..jde,;pr, adtl1&ntl1emap iodi-c&tN-forther ,lata aremuchtobed .. ired

lt iso f additiona li nt<,... t tonote thatthereiswidenria tion inth e typoof liquidordeeoe1ionusedforg iYingclyoten--pu-•nmablyiom01;teas,,s th..., aretran,f enenccs andadaptationo from the Joeal pharm • oofl<i&. ~'or uampl e, on the Northw .. t Coast ( ik llaCoo la, K"·okintl ) elrst ers a reofflsh-oi l;into.1ic ant la,·e,~01• of pari ca a re found on the Upper Amuon; etc. In other word", thcred°""Mt - mtoha,· e bo<naoi"llle,definit e andnn ified"en , ma comple:r"which ,p,.,..d ua whole. Th-local dilfer,,nti otiooo, t('fr"ther with the wide distribution, point to the giYing of enem&taa sa n old cultural element ohattd by North and Sout h American tribe@.. Howewr, ,lecootio,,s of herbo •re guile widely u-i and ha,·e the moot genent l distribution; thu,clysten1ofinfo,ion,ofvar ioW1plantswould..,mtobe tbe ,implNland moot probably theorigin a! tyfl<11""'l--.pee i.,.I-Ultiono in the dir,ction of, , .g., fu,l,-oil or nan,oticaud in10:<i-ca ot ely,tero r,,mh ing in Y&riou , pla ... as the tr oit became & "'tt!edand integratedeleme oL

To .mmm~Mu, the fai, ty couti nuou.a Northea.st Aoia.North America. l;k,uth .Aw•riea tli,,tributi on ""~~ an hi"" ' ;col uuity ufth e NewW or ld °""u,.,...dceoof ri , iug, enematiciuj •d iun,by ,ncatlii o! the el)111U pip • ond/ or b11lb,,d enema •r• ;ni,:o." Wheth er Kur~,i~tic oe('llrN!nce6 will co~,e lo lig-ht "' "'";,,, to i,...,._,,_ !f tl0<yd o, it .,.;u h<, 1hom ... 11$Qf Mlving the further probkm ai to,. ·hc1ber1b eaei l>*lrw1Wnl.o• n<lt•d >niqu"" in tl,o 0 1,1 nnd Now Wo»l<l••rnhi,toM c• lll' related."

'N utJ<o.JoulJ, t:. Mod-.....,.ul h,dion '-"It"'" th""'V, ,o~Mtiono .. J 1"" .... Com]l&l'W, ~« hllop . """-8 : IM-lllli.M, map . 1'13(1.

•S ioc•, ~'-" ho• • l'""' •...t !he 1.rr,,,,,of..., .... 1u,,.. ond ,y lmJ<~ l '""'ll""""'r"l "' to !l..,.. ;Jh....,,, ;.,. ., Norden,ki61d (,..~o« l),fil;,.t. W, 21. l f ; R<•h,W .• An inln>o:h•r!<n]",.ody of 1hearlo . ,~ t1 1D<i.,u,lom1 ,iU.. Clu~J ,.liom,B.IV-A R.18,W a""i"" "'" · 191~ {~«.<. po, . iJ<I)

•No« 1;o - c ,..;nd o, }l .l'1utt..medicim.leo qu.olooindioo .\rt. uc1Wos r«o mioendan.Anthropo,31 : ~1 . 1936.{p .:.SS)

•.& .J, , .!I..L.ITho cua,1-.,;, -.,, LhDDlnr;,,n f nnrt"""' M"""" "" f°"' 1150. Jl., ru- Awui......., _'fo . 2, lk -.k•ley , l!l!:2, p . 1$l) .A(' l"'""' 'lr un ow.,.. of.'"" ~ orth .'Unen<o~ ""'" """"" o.J Liu, ....,m.o tut,.. Lh'""'h< it lil,;el~ th•tt1<A ,..,be • OOoonbemM<..,,,., ,...,.,.,..,. """""""'!",i m.,; 1y ~·;t1, South Ame,ica . .... ••have-,,, i.,,,.,, rn, , U... .,.,. ,.,. be «ll..: ,ic,,,.i • q,<ci.~, Son1h.\.....;.antraitMNorde 11Mi61dondBeol<thoo111>t

'<l•l t.,,.,.. .. , Antunio. '11,o .......,.J ~nf tb..••"'""'i"°n t •nd ;..i,,,.1,, o/ .\, oc~;.,. . . . l' ol. , , r.-Jun , ll'"JOI. (T ro .. l. h)' J. St<,·on, ). p. 1:11- ·w u,. ,i..~ ,i.o..,hl u.., 1;..,... ..., uir"dE, ·..,,.. ,;,,. ,i..,-,,, , do ""'

:.;~:,"':;·~~.:~ .. ~~.~ !'!<l~: ~~·-~):1 '~.::. O!ld lboO.,.ra liott o-«t<I ."

• t:r,,n.,ti o i..;.,«;._ ...,,.,"""' ,J f.,. Lb. ).l,.,.,.<>l \ ·,,,,. ,.,,. )"! ] h•v• b•<nuns blo lu.t.:l, mnilto lh< .,,.1bo<lol,r1 olic.ti<oo. h R,,y,,, ll.! •. TI,o t.:u,1,o.t,o1.<n,r o/ tbcMoyo. ll <hUo,1-.... ..,.,.,. k ~-.l'ubl i""Yo" i . Tulo1>0un!~,n11, ,1 ea1 (w. 12,m .

•M 01, ou,,A. t~ ,.i,,.,. ., 1,,,; ,;i;,. ,.,.d .. l r,d;eo1 Chi,W,.,,o. Uni, . Nt<i...,,lc1, 'r,,.uouon. R,,,,i,io,a.t l...Uu,,o do e"'~ ,l : 2il.l,,,4W, lil:)() (/)l<. 487-tSB).

• ,·unn.-n , H. l'o .. dar'""""' n'o/• ~ - ,aroh ,lu.i«.t ho :;;-t"hC....,,..,.,,dilknupootli..,J!lOJ.l1'1W . Stoclholnt. UIM. (pp. 150-

• rr, 1i. .... , 11. 1. n,,.1., 1bed •""""- ""~ ilt !>urlh .\umi , .. . .\m "

~~\:1oc!..7!.:.!!.'':;. .. ._, a bulh ... d a oollu,, b inl(' > hooe ,..

"°""""""', f u-o/pla,,labytbeCbipe,.•I,w;liono A .... . eli...ol . Ano . .. i-,. M, Jll'JS. (pp. 331.m; o <loo, bw;ldt,, ,.;lh • ::'ne1"::,':,'~~~""~(u .. ,.,,.nLD11;,,.i-nbed. Jt,.M.._i r .. bo<h

nGi h,..,.., M. R. U-o/p lantoby1belnd io .. ol t he M ...... riRi,·•• ""lioo. llm. olA,,.,.,,.,etl ,nol, .-\nn. ,.,-33, l9HI. (1,.8!1)

"!li>«k.1' .G.C o .. ..-bom<di<iDN*M<\,rati,.r-ll<:<o.l'ubJ.ollhe l'hilooolphi> on<~I -_,., l 'ol . I. Tw,o.y.fiflh '" ni,·ona,y ,tud-;... !'hilodolpbia. 1!1.17. (p .1!12)

"lloM.I' . Ethnol(voftho Ka·&ltiuU. Ao>tt . mua. olna, . hi>I. Mem-.,;"' Vol.8. Pao1.2. lllll!l. (p.ffi) .

" l\o,u,t'.TI,oBi>]ula.Jlrit . -. fo,U.,.,t,·.--.to/•...,.,. 1891:_. , 9,18!'12. (p. <1!3)

" 8porir.,,,.n. P.8 .'Tht <Ultu"'o/lhe],ai.....,Jndia,..,Un iv.o/ C. lil PubJ.inAme, .ar<h . 0"'1 •tl ,nol.S :l S1-:Z:U. 1008.(p .21l )

>tU,.n,t,e,-~n, R. V. 'Tht <tOno-bow,y ol <be Go.ute India.., o/ Utoh. ,1..,., . , nthrop ....... Mem. Vol. 2, Pao1.5.19 1l. (p. 380).

"K""""o .iru,i.t.o,.S.P.'Ththiatttyo/Karn""ho.tka, aD<lthtKuril-.i hlo.ndo.#ilh thtoountnH&dj..,.nt.(Tran.l . byJaD>«Griev e).Gk>u<eol<t. 17M. (r9 . 2111-'llll). •fo,,oimilo,bo.o1full«-•t.-ste1i...o. w . a-hr.;bu-.1·0GdomL&ndeKo.m...,ho.tko,!'Hnkfuo1.undJ..,;p,;,,. m·, .•

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: ~':..'.s!i!~K fol Dno.t.i .. ,.:.• :~o!:!.::;.. in _'i<><th AmH ~i:~:::3~~= :::~ ]:~ :::::·:: : i: .... :y oo .. o1.>.in MpO<t,,ol di!,..ioo.. Anol;, jo<t.,.y , ,,,,...,.,1yddl .... oiU...- ;n o,o,1to/«>111<>l-i.• , it1nqrarry..;thi~fromitooriginolpoi.oto/

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