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Summary-1860-1914
Unprecedented productive capacity New steel mills, RRs, shipyards,
chemical plants Age of the automobile, airplane,
bicycle, telephone, radio, typewriter, and electric light bulb
Age of European global empires Powerful national states with large
bureaucracies, corporate structures and organized labor
Assumption!!
Industrial, military, and financial supremacy permanent?
20th century reveals it to be temporary
Population trends
1900-401 million in 1900-20% of world’s population
1846-1932-Mass migration of Europeans to the rest of the world-50 million
Relieved social and population pressures of Europe
More went to the US than all the others combined
The 2nd Industrial revolution Emergence of Germany as major
industrial power
1st industrial revolution-textiles, steam, iron
2nd industrial revolution-steel, chemicals, electricity, iron
Solvay process of chemical production Process of alkali production allowed
recovery of more chemical by products and permitted production of sulfuric acid and laundry soap
Germany a leader
Application of electrical energy 1881-1st European power plant in GB Electricity more versatile and
transportable source of power
Petroleum
1850’s Australian inventor new lamp that burned kerosene
1885-Daimler produces internal combustion engine
American Henry Ford mass produces automobile
Europe dependent on foreign sources of crude oil-same as now
New Classes-the Middle Classes Upper Middle class-few hundred
families that possessed tremendous wealth and owned major factories
Small entrepreneurs and professionals
Petite bourgeoisie-secretaries, retail clerks, lower level government workers-spent disposable income on consumer goods
Cities
Rapid urbanization Redesign of Paris Removal of small streets and alleys Creation of public parks and major public
buildings-created government jobs Building of department stores, office complexes,
and middle class apartment buildings Mechanical trams and subway system Development of Suburbs Problems of urban sanitation and cholera New Water and sewer syetms
London-1900
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=taAxsv_ek1s
Paris-1900
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n-4R72jTb74
Old cities
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ibYdD7EvRl0
Property rights
Married women could not own property in their own names
Placed tremendous disability on married women
1882-GB passes married Woman’s Property Act
1895-France allows women to have savings accounts in their own name
1900-Germany allowed women to take jobs without husband’s permission
Family Law
Women required to “give obedience” to husbands
Most nations did not permit divorce Legal causes of divorce-cruelty or injury,
adultery-difficult and expensive to prove Double standard persisted-male versus
female adultery Fathers with legal authority over
children Both contraception and abortion illegal
Education
Less access to education University and professional education
reserved for men Educated male elites feared that
educated women posed challenges to traditional gender roles
School teaching of elementary children-haven for women
Conflict between domestic responsibility and feminism
New employment patterns
1. Large scale expansion of the variety of jobs open to women-low wages and supplemental income
2. Withdrawal of many married women from the workforce-young and unmarried women took jobs
Poverty and Prostitution
More women seeking employment than jobs
Economic vulnerability-force into prostitution
Minimal regulation and general legalization
Women from the age of late teens to 25
More in coastal town and big cities
Middle Class women
The Cult of Domesticity Middle class women did not work Wife and mother Enjoyed great domestic luxury and
comfort Praise of motherhood, domesticity,
religion, and charity Relation between religion and
domestic life Administration of charity
Britain-suffrage movements Millicent Fawcett National Union of
Women’s Suffrage Societies
Moderate group that called for responsible political activity
Emmeline Pankhurst
Radical branch of English feminists Women’s Social and Political Union Suffragettes-violent tactics of arson,
and sabotage 1909-1910-Mass marches and arrests Hunger strikes-force feeding of women Tremendous influence on American
movement 1918-british women get right to vote
Jews in the 19th Century
Jewish emancipation from the ghetto Differing degrees of citizenship in
countries Russia and Poland treated Jews as
aliens State sanctioned pogroms-riots
against Jews
1850-1880- little organized prejudice in non-Russian Europe-participated fully in economic, political, cultural, and scientific life
1858-GB abolished Christian oath Requirement of Christian oath to
serve as member of Parliament ended
Benjamin Disraeli-Born a Jew, baptized as a Christian at age of 12
Lionel Rothschild-head of London branch of banking houses-elected but would not take oath, served from 1858-1874
Anti-semitism
1870’s and 1880’s-growth of anti Semitic voices
Economic stagnation-blamed on Jewish bankers and financiers
Trade Unionism
Labor turned to trade unionism, political parties, and socialism
1871-Labor unions legalized in GB 1884-France legalized unions 1890-German unions allowed to function 1st efforts-skilled workers better wages and
conditions 2nd efforts-industrial unions (unskilled
labor)
Strikes
Employers opposed trade unions Rash of strikes before WW1 Most of Europe’s labor force still not
unionized by 20th century New collective form of association to improve
economic security Universal male suffrage brought workers into
political parties Socialism now a political force-goal unite the
working classes Socialism versus nationalism
Karl Marx and the 1st International 1864-British and French trade unionists
founded International Working Men’s Association (First international)
Marx approved effort to reform institutions within existing political and economic processes
Violence associated with Paris Commune Marxism emerges as leading form of
socialism
Germany: Social Democrats and revisionism German Social Democratic Party (SDP) 12 years of persecution under Bismarck 1880’s-SPD polled more and more votes
in Reichstag Bismarck proposes Social Welfare
legislation Health insurance, accident insurance,
plan for old age and disability pensions Represented conservative paternalistic
alternative to socialism
Revisionism
Eduard Bernstein (1850-1932) Evolutionary Socialism
Conditions not meeting Marx’ expectations 1. Standard of living was rising-
stockholding making ownership of capital more widespread
2. Franchise to working class made parliamentary democratic change possible
Takeaway!
German trade union members did not want revolution, but wanted to be patriotic Germans as well as good socialists.
SDP becomes impt institution s in Imperial Germany-Growth of welfare state
Russia: Industrial development and Bolshevism1890s-Russia enters the Industrial ageCount Sergei Witte-Minister of FinanceFinance arrangement with French for
Russian modernization and developmentFavored Heavy industries1900-3 million factory workersPoor living and working conditionsPeasant conditions worsened-lived and
farmed in mirs
Lenin
Repressive policies of Russian Czar Russian socialists lived in exile Russian Marxist-Gregory Plekhanov-
exile in Switzerland Chief disciple-Lenin Brother executed in 1887 Arrested in 1895-sent to Siberia 1900-Switzerland Debates among Russian socialists
Ideology-Lenin
What is to be done? (1902) Rejected the concept of mass
democratic party composed of workers
Called for small tightly organized elite of revolutionaries that were highly dedicated
Instrument of change would not be proletariat but cadre of revolutionaries
Bolsheviks versus Mensheviks 1903-London Congress of Russian
Social Democratic party Lenin and his supporters-Bolsheviks-
majority faction
Moderates Social democrats-Mensheviks-minority faction-wanted to model the SDP in Germany
The Revolution of 1905
Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905 Demonstrations at the Winter Palace in
St. Petersburg Troops open fire killing 40 people Mass demonstrations lead to deaths of
hundreds Bloody Sunday a turning point in
Russian history-No longer trusted the Czar
Open mutiny and rise of Worker soviets
Czar Nicholas II backtracks… October Manifesto-promised Russia a
constitutional government Announces creation of Duma Czar undermined the Duma and
stripped it of its powers
Assassination of Rasputin
Everything began in the wee hours of December 30, when Rasputin arrived at Yusopov's palace and was shown to the basement apartment. There, Yusupov offered him tea, cakes and alcohol laced with the cyanide. This is where the sources first diverge. The story told by Yusupov is that Rasputin consumed both poisoned cake and wine but failed to succumb to the poison. He merely began to complain of a heavy head and a burning stomach.
.
The story continues
Yusopov returned to the basement with a revolver and fired a single bullet into Rasputin's stomach at close range. Rasputin fell over, presumably dead. The story told by the conspirators, however, insists the bullet was not enough. Rasputin lay in the basement for nearly an hour, but then something happened.
All of a sudden, I saw the left eye open ... A few seconds later his right eyelid began to quiver, then opened. I then saw both eyes - the green eyes of a viper - staring at me with an expression of diabolical hatred. [...] Then a terrible thing happened: with a sudden violent effort Rasputin leapt to his feet, foaming at the mouth. A wild roar echoed through the vaulted rooms, and his hands convulsively thrashed the air. He rushed at me, trying to get at my throat, and sank his fingers into my shoulder like steel claws. His eyes were bursting from their sockets, blood oozed from his lips. "
And more
After attacking Yusupov, Rasputin pushed past him and fled out of the building. The conspirators fired shots at the fleeing man. This time Rasputin was shot first through the back and then through the head at a distance.
Hard to kill legend
At this point, in a fit of anger, Yusupov reportedly grabbed a club and began to attack Rasputin's body with it. This is the "beating" that Rasputin supposedly survived, if you assume that the headshot was not actually fatal. That he may still have been alive at this point is hard to believe given the primary documentation, but some web sites and casual history books insist that he was, because it is vital to the Rasputin legend.
Drowning
According to those sources, when the conspirators dumped Rasputin in the Malaya Nevka river he was still breathing, and it was the icy water that finally did him in. As evidence, some have long claimed that the autopsy discovered a large amount water in Rasputin's lungs, proof that he was still breathing. Others claim that when his body was found his hands were held up in a way that suggested he had been making the sign of the cross, clear evidence that he lived on after being dumped in the river.