The Brookings Institution · 4/15/2004 · April 15-16, 2004 The Rise of New Immigrant Gateways ... 9 Detroit 96,503 33.8 10 Milwaukee 88,991 31.2 . BROOKINGS INSTITUTION CENTER

BROOKINGS INSTITUTIONCENTER ON URBAN AND METROPOLITAN POLICY

Center on Urban and Metropolitan PolicyAudrey Singer, Visiting Fellow

The Brookings Institution

Financial Access for Immigrants: Learning from Diverse PerspectivesApril 15-16, 2004

The Rise of New Immigrant Gateways


Immigration Headlines from Census 2000

More immigrants entered the United States in the 1990s than in any previous decade

Immigrants are settling in many new places with little history of immigration

The challenges of incorporating immigrants will be a growing issue in many places in the United States


The nation’s primary Gateway States are shifting


1 Los Angeles 3,449,444 36.22 New York 3,139,647 33.73 Chicago 1,425,978 17.24 Miami 1,147,765 50.95 Houston 854,669 20.56 Orange County 849,899 29.97 Washington DC 832,016 16.98 Riverside-San Bernardino 612,359 18.89 San Diego 606,254 21.510 Dallas 591,169 16.8

PERCENTNUMBER

Largest Immigrant Populations:Metropolitan Areas

Source: US Census Bureau

Top Ten Immigrant Populations by Metropolitan Area, 2000


The share of the U.S. population that is foreign-born is lower at the end of the 20th century than at the start

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 20000%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

14%

16%Foreign Born Population (millions)Percentage of Total Population

Number of foreign-born and share of population, United States,1900-2000


Foreign Born Population

Share Foreign

Born1 New York 2,871,032 35.9 2 Los Angeles 1,512,720 40.9 3 Chicago 628,903 21.7 4 Houston 516,105 26.4 5 San Jose 329,757 36.8 6 San Diego 314,227 25.7 7 Dallas 290,436 24.4 8 San Francisco 285,541 36.8 9 Phoenix 257,325 19.5

10 Miami 215,739 59.5

1900 2000

Few cities maintained their status as gateways throughout the 20th century

Foreign Born Population

Share Foreign

Born1 New York 1,270,080 37.0 2 Chicago 587,112 34.6 3 Philadelphia 295,340 22.8 4 Boston 197,129 35.1 5 Cleveland 124,631 32.6 6 San Francisco 116,885 34.1 7 St. Louis 111,356 19.4 8 Buffalo 104,252 29.6 9 Detroit 96,503 33.8

10 Milwaukee 88,991 31.2


13%

34%

3%50%

EuropeAsiaLatin AmericaAfrica

1900-1920 1980-2000

86%4%

10%

Source countries have reversed—from primarily European to primarily non-European


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Year

Perc

ent

BuffaloClevelandDetroitMilwaukeePittsburghSt. Louis

Former Gateways attracted large numbers of immigrants in the early 1900s but no longer do


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Year

Perc

ent

Boston Chicago New YorkSan Francisco

Continuous Gateways are long-established and continuing destinations for immigrants


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Years

Perc

ent

HoustonLos AngelesMiami

Post-World War II Gateways began attracting immigrants during the second half of the 20th century


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Year

Perc

ent

DallasWashington DCAtlantaFt. Worth

Emerging Gateways experienced rapid immigrant growth over the past 20 years


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Year

Perc

ent

San Jose Portland

Seattle Phoenix

Denver Tampa

Re-emerging Gateways waned as destinations in the middle part of the century, but have rebounded recently


Three factors help classify metropolitan gateways for immigration

SIZE of the metropolitan area and of the foreign-born population

PERCENT foreign-born population and RATE of GROWTH

DOMINANCE, PERSISTANCE, and HISTORY of the settlement of the foreign born


Former (8)BaltimoreBuffaloClevelandDetroitMilwaukeePhiladelphiaPittsburghSt. Louis

Continuous (9)BostonChicago Jersey CityNewarkNew York

Bergen-Passaic NJMiddlesex-Somerset NJNassau-Suffolk, NY

San Francisco

Post-WWII (7)Fort Lauderdale HoustonLos Angeles

Orange CountyRiverside-San Bernardino

San DiegoMiami

Emerging (7)Atlanta DallasFort WorthLas VegasOrlandoWashington, DCWest Palm Beach

Re-Emerging (9)DenverMinneapolis-St. PaulOaklandPhiladelphiaPhoenixPortlandSacramentoSan JoseSeattleTampa

Five types of metropolitan immigrant gateways in 2000


Former (8)BaltimoreBuffaloClevelandDetroitMilwaukeePhiladelphiaPittsburghSt. Louis

Continuous (9)BostonChicago Jersey CityNewarkNew York

Bergen Passaic NJMiddlesex-Somerset NJNassau-Suffolk, NY

San Francisco

Post-WWII (7)Fort Lauderdale HoustonLos Angeles

Orange CountyRiverside-San Bernardino

San DiegoMiami

Emerging (7)Atlanta DallasFort WorthLas VegasOrlandoWashington, DCWest Palm Beach

Re-Emerging (9)DenverMinneapolis-St. PaulOaklandPhiladelphiaPhoenixPortlandSacramentoSan JoseSeattleTampa

Pre-emerging (5)AustinCharlotteGreensboro-Winston SalemRaleigh-DurhamSalt Lake City

Five types of metropolitan immigrant gateways in 2000 (plus one more)


-

1,000,000

2,000,000

3,000,000

4,000,000

5,000,000

6,000,000

7,000,000

8,000,000

Former Continuous Post WWII Emerging Re-emerging

1970

1980

1990

2000

Continuous and Post-WWII Gateways still dominate, but Emerging and Re-Emerging are growing faster


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Former Continuous Post WWII Emerging Re-Emerging Pre-Emerging

Per

cent

% Change in Total Population % Change in Population without Foreign-Born

Population growth in Continuous and Post-WWII Gateways depends more on immigration than in Emerging Gateways


Characteristics vary by gateway type…

Suburban settlement patterns

National origins

English language proficiency


The share of overall population that is foreign-born tends to be higher in central cities than in suburbs…

34%21%36%New York36%34%40%Los Angeles51%41%60%Miami

17%15%22%Chicago

METROSUBURBSCITY


9.8

6.9

4.9

12.9

7.7

5.0

2000

1990

1980

Suburbs

Cities

…but growth during the 1980s and 1990s was greater in suburban areas, yielding more immigrants in absolute terms

Foreign Born in Cities and Suburbs, 45 metro areas (in millions)


Share of Foreign-Born Population That Live in the Suburbs by Gateway Type, 1970-2000

30.0

35.0

40.0

45.0

50.0

55.0

60.0

65.0

70.0

75.0

80.0

85.0

1970 1980 1990 2000

Perc

ent

Emerging

Former

Post-WWII

Re-emerging

Pre-emerging

Continuous

Immigrants in Emerging Gateways are more likely to live in the suburbs


UNITED STATESTotal Foreign Born = 31,107,889

Mexico30%

Remaining Foreign Born

57%

India3%

China3%Vietnam

3%

Philippines4%

The five largest country of origin groups in the U.S. include Mexico and four Asian countries


National origins also vary by gateway type…


CHICAGOTotal Foreign Born = 1,425,978

Remaining Foreign Born

37%

Korea2%

Philippines4% India

5%

Mexico42%

Poland10%

LOS ANGELESTotal Foreign Born = 3,449,444

El Salvador

7%

Mexico45%

Philippines

6%

Guatemala4%

Korea4%

Remaining Foreign

Born37%

PITTSBURGHTotal Foreign Born = 62,286

Italy13%

India10%

Germany7%

China5%

United Kingdom

6%

Remaining Foreign

Born59%

WASHINGTONTotal Foreign Born = 832,016

Korea6%

El Salvador13%

India5%

Vietnam4%

Mexico4%

Remaining Foreign

Born67%


82.6

73.6

65.3

70.7

72.5

65.8

34.2

27.5

29.3

34.7

26.4

17.4

0 25 50 75 100

Former

Continuous

Post W.W.II

Emerging

Re-Emerging

Pre-Emerging

Does not speak Englishwell

Speaks English "well"

English language skills are most limited in Post-WWII and Pre-Emerging Gateways


Six Implications for Local Leaders

Understand local immigration dynamics

Bring cultural and language sensitivity to service delivery

Build English language capacity

Provide workforce support

Create linkages to mainstream institutions

Encourage civic engagement


For more information:

www.brookings.edu/urban

Documents

The Brookings Institution · 4/15/2004 · April 15-16, 2004 The Rise of New Immigrant Gateways ... 9 Detroit 96,503 33.8 10 Milwaukee 88,991 31.2 . BROOKINGS INSTITUTION CENTER