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The Brain
The human brain is the site of the major coordination in the nervous system.
The BrainThe Brain
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Medulla
Pituitary gland
Hypothalamus
Areas of the brain The brain is composed of Cerebral
Hemispheres, Cerebellum and MedullaMedulla
Cerebral Hemispheres
Cerebellum
medulla Controls autonomic activities including heart rate, and
ventilation rate Impulse transmitted from medulla via sympathetic or
parasympathetic branch of automatic nervous system
Medulla
Cerebral Hemispheres
Cerebellum
cerebellum Co-ordination of body movement,
balance and posture
Cerebral Hemispheres
Cerebellum
Highly Folded and so has a large SA. Patients with injuries to specific parts
of the brain can be studied to see how their functions are altered.
cerebrum/cerebral hemispheres
Medulla
Cerebral Hemispheres
Cerebellum
Different parts of the brain can be stimulated electrically to see which muscles in the body respond
Conversely different parts of the body can be stimulated to see which parts of the brain show electrical activity.
More recently MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) has been used in brain study
cerebrum/cerebral hemispheres
Areas of the cerebrum
Visual sensory area
Visual associationarea
Proprioception sensory area
Mainmotorarea
Mainsensoryarea
Complex movementmotor area
Higher functionsassociation area
Speechassociationarea
Smellsensoryarea Auditory
sensoryarea
Visual andauditoryassociationarea
Comprehensionassociationarea
Sensoryareas
Associationareas
Motorareas
The Areas can be split into 3 groups Sensory Areas
Motor Areas
Association Areas
Association Motor
Sensory
Sensory area for impulses from eyes
cerebrum/cerebral hemispheres
•Sensory areas of the cerebral hemispheres receive impulses from sense organs and transmit them to the association areas
•The association areas of the cerebral hemispheres receive impulses - interpret them in the light of similar past experiences and transmit impulses to motor areas
•The motor areas transmit impulses to the effectors
•The size of the sensory and motor areas is related to the number of receptors in that area
•The left and right cerebral hemispheres control the opposite sides of the body
Mapping of the sensory & motor areas to the body
shou
lde
r
legs
toes
ankle
MotorCortex
shou
lder
toes
genita lia
foot
SensoryCortex
Sensory & Motor Maps
The maps show that regions of the body with many sensory (or motor) neurones have corresponding large areas of the cerebrum linked to them.
So for example the lips occupy a larger region of the sensory cortex than the shoulder, because there are more sensory neurones in the lips.
Association Areas Are used to compare sensory input with
previous experiences, and make decisions These areas are involved in speech,
understanding and memory retrieval The frontal lobes are large in humans and it
is thought that they responsible for higher functions like abstract thought, personality & emotion.
Speech The left side of the brain Patients with speech problems gave 1st clues
about how the brain controls language 1981 Dr Paul Broca described a patient who
could only say the word “tan”. When the patient died Broca examined the
brain and found damage to the left cerebral hemisphere
This part of the brain is now know as Broca’s area
Broca’s Area
Broca’s area
Wernicke’s Area In 1967 Karl Wernicke noticed damage to
another region of the cortex. Werniche’s area is connected to Broca’s area
by a bundle of nerve fibres. If this was damaged the patient can
understand language but cannot repeat words. So Werniche’s area is concerned with
understanding language. Broca’s area is concerned with controlling the muscles that produce speech
Wernicke’s Area
Wernicke’s area
Visual Processing
The visual sensory area is at the back of the brain & receives sensory input from the optic nerves
The 2 hemispheres see slightly different images from the opposite of the visual field, and differences can be used to judge distance
Optic Chiasma
Summary Sensory areas – receive input from
receptors Motor areas – Origin of impulses which
bring about voluntary movements These receive/transmit impulses from
the opposite side of the body Association areas – interpret sensory
information in the light of experience
A close shave