Brain Presentation Jiseung Kang, Isa Lopez, Crystal Carrillo

Functions of the Brain ● Thinking or Cognition● Perception or sensing● Emotion or feeling● Behaviour● Physical or Somatic ● Signaling

Development of the brain

● First developed after 3 weeks of conception.● Fore, Mid and Hind brain for at one end of neural tube at 5 weeks● Cerebrum begins to form at 13 weeks● Cerebellum appears

Division of the brain ● Three parts of the brain

o Forebraino Midbraino Hindbrain

Forebrain ● Also known as

prosencephalon● Nerves

o Olfactory (Sensory) - Smell

o Optic nerve (Sensory) - Vision

Midbrain● Also known as mesencephalon● Midbrain connects forebrain and

hindbrain ● Nerves

o Oculomotor (Primarily motor) - Eye movement upward, downward and inward

o Trochlear (Primarily motor) - Movement of eyes

Hindbrain● Also known as rhomnencephalon● It contains medulla oblongata, pons, cerebellum● Nerves

o Vestibulocochlear (Sensory) - Hearing and Equilibrium

o Abducens (Primarily motor) - Eye movement o Accessory (Primarily motor) - Head movemento Hypoglossal (Primarily motor) - Tongueo Trigeminal (Mixed) - Somatosensory information from

face to heado Facial (Mixed) - Taste, Face expression o Glossopharyngeal (Mixed) - Taste, Swallowing o Vagus (Mixed) - Speech, Swallowing

Cerebrum

● Function- In charge of thinking and action○ Largest part of human brain○ Interprets Impulses○ Initiates voluntary muscle movements○ Stores info as memory○ Retrieves info for reasoning

Four Lobes of Cerebrum● Frontal Lobe: reasoning, planning, parts of

speech, movement, emotions, & problem solving

● Parietal Lobe: movement, orientation, recognition, & perception of stimuli

● Occipital Lobe: visual processing● Temporal Lobe: perception & recognition of

auditory stimuli, memory, & speech

Cerebellum● Little brain- regulation and coordination of

movement, posture and balance

● Cerebral Ventricles○ Two lateral ventricles:

■ Location- Extend anteriorly and posteriorly in cerebral hemispheres

■ Function: Protects brain from trauma

● Contains CSF

Cerebral Ventricles Cont.● Third Ventricle

o Location- Midline of brain underneath corpus callosum

o Connected to fourth ventricle via cerebral aqueduct

● Fourth Ventricleo Location- In brainstem just in front of

cerebellumo Continuous with central canal of

spinal cordo Choroid plexuso CNSo CSF

Brainstem

●Brainstem: located underneath the limbic system, responsible for vital life functions like breathing,

heartbeats, & blood pressure. “Simplest” part of human brain made of three part

○ Midbrain: rostral part of brain stem that includes the tectum and tegmentum. Functions include; vision, hearing, eye movement, and body movement.

○ Pons: part of the metencephalon in the hindbrain, involved in motor control and sensory analysis

○ Medulla Oblongata: biggest part of Brainstem, between pons and spinal cord in charge of breathing and heart rate

Limbic System

●Limbic System “emotional brain”: buried within the cerebrum. Consists of;

o Thalamus: sensory and motor functionso Hypothalamus: homeostasis, emotion, thirst,

hunger, circadian rhythms, & control of autonomic nervous system and controls the pituitary.

o Amygdala: memory, emotion, & fearo Hippocampus: Learning and memory,

converts short term memory into permanent memory and recalling relationships.

Layers of the meninges ● Function : Protect Brain, Spinal Cord, Nerve roots ● Dura Mater - composed of tough, white dense connective tissue

○ the outermost layer○ Attached to inner surface of skull○ Subdural hematomas

● Arachnoid Mater - Webbing of fibers and collage,○ The middle layer ○ subarachnoid space○ Lack of blood vessels ○ Cerebrospinal fluid

● Pia Mater ○ Innermost layer○ Attached to surface of brain and spinal cord by astrocytes ○ Supplies blood to the brain ○ Production of cerebrospinal fluid

Reflex ● Definition: involuntary and relatively

stereotyped response to a specific sensory stimulus.

● Spinal reflexes are the sensory stimuli arise from receptors in muscles, joints and skin, and in which the neural circuitry responsible for the motor response is entirely contained within the spinal cord.

Reflex● Brain stem reflexes: such as gagging and vestibulo-ocular reflex ● knee jerk reflex: stretch reflex. ● Spinal reflex: the stretch reflex, simplest reflex known

Works cited

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"Overview of the Cranial Nerves." - Cranial Nerve Disorders. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Apr. 2015.