The Brain

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SplitMotorLobesLimbicHind

ReflexSynapseActionStructure Central

Links to Learning ObjectivesLinks to Learning Objectives

NERVOUS SYSTEM, NEURONS & NERVES

LO 2.1 Nervous system, neurons, nerves

LO 2.2 Neural communication

CENTRAL & PERIPHERAL NS

LO 2.3 Brain and spinal cord

LO 2.4 Somatic and autonomic systems

STRUCTURES OF THE BRAIN

LO 2.5 Studying the brain

LO 2.6 Bottom part of the brain

LO 2.7 Control of emotion, learning,

memory, & motivation

LO 2.8 Control of senses and movement

LO 2.9 Higher forms of thought

LO 2.10 Left and right sides of the brain

THE CHEMICAL CONNECTION

LO 2.11 Hormones & the nervous system

The Structures ofThe Brain




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Peeking Inside the BrainPeeking Inside the Brain

• Deep lesioning – electrical current used to destroy brains cells

• Electrical stimulation of the brain (ESB) – milder electrical current use to simulate neural activity in brain

2.5 How do psychologists study the brain and how it works?

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Peeking Inside the BrainPeeking Inside the Brain

EEG

CT MRI

PET

The EEG has been admitted in court as another method of lie detection, alternately referred to as “brain fingerprinting.”

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The HindbrainThe Hindbrain

• Hindbrain – located at the base of the brain, consisting of various parts functioning to sustain bodily functions.

2.6 What are the different structures of the bottom part of the brain?

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The HindbrainThe Hindbrain

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Structures Under the CortexStructures Under the Cortex

• Limbic system – located under the cortex and involved in learning, emotion, memory and motivation

2.7 What controls emotion, learning memory and motivation?

The

wrinkled

outermost

covering

of

the

brain

ortexortex

WHY is the cortex so wrinkled?

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2.8 What parts of the cortex control the different senses and movement of the body?

The Two Hemispheres

The cortex is divided into two sections called the cerebral hemispheres, which are connected by a thick, tough band of neural fibers (axons) called the corpus callosum. The corpus callosum allows the left and right hemispheres to communicate with each other”

-Page 73 (Ciccarelli & White)

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Four Lobes of the BrainFour Lobes of the Brain

• Both the left and right hemispheres can be roughly divided into four sections

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Somat

o se n s or y

Somatosensory & Motor AreasSomatosensory & Motor Areas

Motor

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Association Areas of CortexAssociation Areas of Cortex

• Association areas - areas within each lobe of the cortex responsible for the coordination and interpretation of information, as well as higher mental processing.

• Broca’s aphasia - condition resulting from damage to Broca’s area (usually in left frontal lobe), causing the affected person to be unable to speak fluently, to mispronounce words, and to speak haltingly.

• Wernicke’s aphasia - condition resulting from damage to Wernicke’s area (usually in left temporal lobe), causing the affected person to be unable to understand or produce meaningful language.

• Spatial neglect - condition produced by damage to the association areas of the right hemisphere resulting in an inability to recognize objects or body parts in the left visual field.

2.9 What parts of the cortex are responsible for higher forms of thought?

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Split Brain ResearchSplit Brain Research

• Corpus callosum sometimes severed to reduce seizures– left visual field

right hemisphere– light visual field

left hemisphere

2.10 How does the left side of the brain differ from the right?

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Hemispheres of The BrainHemispheres of The Brain





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The Endocrine GlandsThe Endocrine Glands

• Endocrine glands – secrete into bloodstream hormones that target specific organs

2.11 How do hormones interact with the NS and affect behavior?

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Lecture ActivitiesLecture Activities

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• On the next slide, you will read about three psychological scenarios. In small groups, discuss which brain areas/systems are probably being activated in these scenarios.

Shandra is a a painter. She is standing by her easel. The window is open and she can smell the jasmine flowers in her yard. She is painting with her right hand. She can hear her children playing in the background.

Melanie is a police officer. She is preparing for her rank-advancement exam. It’s late at night. She is reading through some material and viewing pictures related to brutal murder cases. She is drinking coffee and eating a sandwich.

James is a football player. He is the quarterback in a tough game and the home crowd is yelling and screaming. It’s the fourth quarter and James is tired and sweating as he goes up to hike the ball. After hiking the ball, he and his teammates execute some very complicated running and passing routes to execute a play.

http://www.apa.org/

http://www.google.com/

http://media.pearsoncmg.com/ph/hss/livepsych/start.htm

http://www.psychologicalscience.org/

http://wps.prenhall.com/hss_ciccarelli_psychology_1/0,7827,2748307-,00.html

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Complications of Contralateral Wiring

Pair up. One person will be the experimenter and the other will be the subject. Here is the procedure:

1. Subject should extend both arms in front of the body—straight out and parallel to one another.

2. Rotate hands so that palms face away from one another.3. Cross hands over and clasp (palm-to-palm). The, rotate arms

(with hands clasped) down and back towards the body and then up.

4. Experimenter should point at (but not touch) different fingers on the subjects’ hands and see how quickly the contorted subject can wiggle the correct fingers.

5. Now, reverse roles…

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Split-Brain Experiment

Sperry and Gazzaniga devised a creative experiment to test hemispheric functioning. In this experiment, visual stimuli were shown to either the LEFT or RIGHT visual fields of split-brain patients.

On the next slide, you will see a red “X.” Stare at the X until you are asked to provide a verbal response.

Trial #1(Click anywhere to begin)

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X

CONTINUETRY AGAIN

What did you see?

http://www.apa.org/





Trial #2(Click anywhere to begin)

http://www.apa.org/





X

CONTINUETRY AGAIN

What did you see?

http://www.apa.org/





I saw nothing.How do you think a split-brained patient would respond when asked to identify an object flashed to the LEFT VISUAL FIELD?

It’s a ball!Given what you now know about how the brain processes information from the two visual fields, how do you think a split-brained patient would respond when asked to identify an object flashed to the RIGHT VISUAL FIELD?

AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements

• Photos used with permission under the Creative Commons “Attribution” license from the internet domain of www.flickr.com – Arms Across the Water – username “laszlo-photo”– Bird’s Eye View – username “manitou2121”– Img_1038 – username “aaronbflickr”– the eye of a storm – username “rocketjim54”

• Tiger barb fish animation by Dave Sutton, developer of Seven Oaks Art

• Some royalty-free images from www.clipart.com• Some royalty-free images from Juice Drops 35:

futureTECH software image archive, distributed by Digital Juice, Inc.

http://www.apa.org/





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The Brain