The Bourbon Reforms

And the Strains of Empire

Late Colonial Mexico

Population and Demographics Premodern vs. modern social structure The importance of race and class

The Growth of an “American” Identity Conciencia de sí Culture and Symbols (Religious Syncretism)

The Peninsula Views New Spain Criollos View Themselves

The Enlightenment and Mexico Growth of Newspapers/Periodical Literature Censorship? Public Discourse

The Tertulia Other Spaces

The University of Salamanca Reforms, 1771 Uses of the Past

The “Cosmic Race” An Unwritten Constitution for the New World?

The Bourbon Reforms

Felipe V and the Spanish Bourbons Goals of the Reforms

Centralize Spanish Government Restore Finances Reorganize the Military

Ramifications for New Spain The Influence of Mercantilism “King of Spain and Emperor of America”

The Bourbons’ Conception of the State

Restructuring New Spain

Fighting American Autonomy How New Spain Became Autonomous

Creoles in Office

Reducing the Power and Autonomy of Regional Elites

Bourbon Absolutism The Visita General of José de Gálvez (1765-

1771) Creole Reactions

Colonial Reform and Colonial Backlash New Taxes and Violent Protest Gálvez Becomes Minister of the Indies, 1776 The Intendants and Subdelegados Curbing the Power of the Church

Expulsion of the Jesuits, 1767 The Effects in New Spain

The Erosion of Religious Fueros The Rise of the Military

Creole Involvement and Its Importance

Bourbon Economic & Commercial Policy Comercio libre y protegido (free trade and protected

trade) Abolition of the Cadíz monopoly, b. 1765 Outside the System: Trade with Foreign Powers Economic Effects and an Incomplete Legacy Raising Revenues to the “Proper Level”

Massive Tax Increases and Colonial Backlash The Context of European Warfare

The Consolidation of 1804 Church, Credit, and the Colonial Economy

Creole vs. Peninsular