The Bonds of Empire

Focus Questions How did the Glorious Revolution shape relations

between England and its North American colonies?

What factors contributed most significantly to the growth and prosperity of the British mainland colonies?

  What factors explain the relative strengths of the

British, French, and Spanish empires in North America?

What were the most significant results of the Enlightenment and Great Awakening in the British colonies?

p. 89

Royal Centralization, 1660-1688

Kings centralized power Little use for representative government Direct political control over colonies

Dominion of New England Consolidated NE colonies into one unit Tensions arise between colonies and

Britain Massachusetts hates Dominion

The Glorious Revolution, 1688-1689 Protestants Mary (James’ daughter) and

husband William of Orange invade Britain Catholic James overthrown, flees to France English Bill of Rights-1689

“limited monarchy” Dominion abolished

King William III tries to control New England Tolerance of other Protestants required Demise of the New England Way

A Generation of War, 1689-1713 King William’s War

Extension of European War to North America Invasion of New France

Queen Anne’s War England and France (War of the Spanish

Succession) Spanish invade Carolina Acadia captured by British, renamed Nova

Scotia

Colonial Economies and Societies, 1660-1750

Mercantilist Empires in America

Mercantilism National power measured in wealth, esp. gold Maximize exports (exchange for gold) Not rely on other nations Colonies would provide raw materials Home country manufactures goods, colonist markets War , if necessary, to gain raw materials, expand

markets, block rivals Navigation Acts

Certain commodities must go through England Molasses Act-taxed foreign molasses Protective tariffs on foreign goods Encouraged colonies to diversify economies

Population Growth and Diversity England held demographic edge

250,000 in English colonies by 1700 15,000 French and 4,500 Spanish

1,170,000 in English colonies by 1750 60,000 French and 19,000 Spanish

English had better farmland, weather, healthier economies English accepted most Protestant groups, even non-English

Scots-Irish and Germans Anti-Catholic sentiment remained high Small Jewish communities developed

Fig. 4-1, p. 96

Rural White Men and Women Farmers typically had just enough land for

themselves Adult children would rent other land Farms were typically mortgaged Not paid off until reaching late fifties

Wives and daughters did household and close-in work on farm Married women, with few exceptions, did not

own property Widows owned 8-10% of all property

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Colonial Farmers and the Environment Rapid expansion east of Appalachians Trees had to be cleared

Game drove away Didn’t rotate crops

Used manure, except with tobacco

Map 4-1, p. 97

The Urban Paradox Cities key to prosperity

Only 4% of population by 1740 Few significant cities: Philadelphia, New

York, Boston, Charleston Poverty rose in cities

Women especially affected Changing labor patterns

Move from apprentices and journeymen tradesmen to shorter term labor

Wealth concentrated in small number of families

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Slavery

Owners spent just enough to keep slaves alive 40% of what was spent to maintain indentured

servants Some food provided, forage or raise other food

Creoles, American-born slaves Some slaves learned trades or worked in houses

Task system allowed some slaves time to grow own crops and earn some money

Gang system-work from dawn to dusk, sometimes longer

Slaves could be rented out Black majority in South Carolina

Restrictions on slaves

African Origins ofSlaves Shipped by British 1692–1807

Map 4-2, p. 98

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Stono Rebellion (1739) Slave uprising in SC Suppressed brutally Strict slave codes enacted

The Rise of Colonial Elites Small number became very wealthy

Greater gentry 2% of population Owned 15% of all property

Lesser Gentry Next 8% of population Owned 25% of property

Imitated refinements of upper class in Europe

Some would go on grand tour to Europe

04CO, p. 86

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Competing for a Continent, 1713-1750 French seek to strengthen hold in Mississippi

Valley New Orleans established in 1718 Difficult life for all in Louisiana

France tries to counter British in Ohio Valley French post of Detroit established English would offer better prices for goods

French, in general, treated Indians better, but could be brutal

French traders went into Rocky Mountains Bought buffalo hides and Indian slaves

Great Plains and Great Basin Indians adopt horse and gun

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HURON (WYANDOTTE) WOMAN

Map 4-3, p. 110

Native Americans and British Expansion Depopulation and dislocation of natives Conflict came early to Carolina

Tuscarora War (1711-1713) Yamasee War (1715-1716) Covenant Chain

Iroquois help English conquer other Indians

Iroquois become most powerful Indian group

British Expansion in the South: GeorgiaGen. James OglethorpeUnique experimentMilitary and philanthropic motives

Counter Spanish presence in Florida Limited land holding Excluded Africans initially Excluded Catholics Prohibited rum Strictly regulated trade with natives

Poor tradesmen and artisans England and Scotland

Religious refugees Germany and Switzerland

Lowest percentage of English

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Statue of James OglethorpeSavannah, Georgia

Congregation Mickve IsraelFounded 1733

Spain’s Borderlands Spain controlled much of SE and SW by

1750 Spread thin, sparsely populated Depended on support of Natives

Americans

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The Return of War, 1739-1748 King George’s War (1740-1748)

War between Britain and Spain War of the Austrian Succession in Europe New Englanders attack New France

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Colonial Politics Colonial assemblies a major force

Lower house elected by people Upper house appointed by governor

Trial of Peter Zenger Encouraged broad political participation

and discussion

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The Enlightenment Well educated population Enlightenment combined human reason

with skepticism Benjamin Franklin

Embodied Enlightenment in America Science and public benefit

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The Great Awakening Surge of Protestant revivalism, beginning in

1739 Jonathan Edwards

Congregationalist minister “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”

George Whitefield Revival tour

Unprecedented split in Protestantism New Lights vs. Old Lights New colleges formed Added to prominence of women in religion

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