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Growth in the West, 1860–1900. Miners, ranchers, cowhands, and farmers help settle the West and conflict with Native Americans. The Bolter (1904), Charles M. Russell. NEXT. Growth in the West, 1860–1900. SECTION 1. Miners, Ranchers, and Cowhands. SECTION 2. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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The Bolter (1904), Charles M. Russell.
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Growth in the West,1860–1900
Miners, ranchers, cowhands, and farmers help settle the West and conflict with Native Americans.
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SECTION 1
SECTION 2
SECTION 3
SECTION 4
Miners, Ranchers, and Cowhands
Native Americans Fight to Survive
Life in the West
Farming and Populism
Growth in the West,1860–1900
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Miners, ranchers, and cowhands settle in the West seeking economic opportunities.
Section 1
Miners, Ranchers, and Cowhands
Geography and Population of the West
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Miners, Ranchers, and Cowhands
• Frontier—unsettled, sparsely settled area, Native Americans occupy
1SECTION
• Despite Native American occupants, U.S. claims ownership, Great Plains
• Few whites settle in Great Plains, follow miners into California
• Great Plains—region from Missouri River to the Rockies
• Trains carry natural resources of the West to the East
• Bring white settlers to West, helps end Native American way of life
Map
Mining in the West
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1SECTION
• Miners rush to gold, silver strikes in Colorado, Nevada, South Dakota
• Strikes draw people from Eastern, Western U.S., other parts of world
• Boomtowns—towns that have fast economic population growth
• Mining companies use equipment to dig deep, strip land
• Mining boom over by 1890s, many boomtowns become ghost towns
• Mining work dangerous, causes deadly cave-ins, lung problems
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1SECTION
• Before 1860, small cattle herds in West, ranchers sell cattle locally
• Cowhands take cattle drives—long drives—to cow towns along railways
• Ranchers, livestock dealers make large profits
The Rise of the Cattle Industry
• Follow specific trails, first is Chisholm Trail—San Antonio to Abilene
• Railroads make transport of cattle to Eastern cities possible
Map
Vaqueros and Cowhands
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1SECTION
• First cowhands, or vaqueros (Spanish word), come from Mexico
• Help Spanish, Mexican ranchers, teach American cowhands to rope, ride
• Many cowhands are former soldiers, Mexicans, African Americans
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The “Wild West”
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1SECTION
• Cow towns have no local government, law officers
• Some women become outlaws, Belle Starr, horse thief
• Some Union, Confederate veterans bitter about war, become outlaws
• Have gambling, “con men” are common
• Vigilantes—people who take law into their own hands
• Try to protect citizens, catch criminals, punish them without trial
End of the Long Drives
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1SECTION
• Cattle industry booms for about 20 years
• By 1886, several developments bring boom to an end:- price of beef drops sharply- farmers, sheep herders use barbed wire, end
open range- many cattle die in harsh winter of 1886–1887
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The Native Americans of the Great Plains fight to maintain their way of life assettlers pour onto their lands.
Section 2
Native Americans Fight to Survive
Native American Life on the Plains
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2SECTION
• Before Europeans arrive, Plains tribes live in villages along rivers
• Plains tribes use buffalo for food, use skins for shelter, clothing
• Hunters ride far from their village seeking buffalo
Native Americans Fight to Survive
• Learn to ride horses brought by Spanish (early 1540s)
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A Clash of Cultures
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2SECTION
• U.S. government promises huge area in West for Native Americans
• First Treaty of Fort Laramie (1851):- many but not all Plains tribes sign- allow U.S. government to buy back some Native
American land- sets boundaries for tribal lands
• White settlers pressure U.S. government for more land in West
Interactive
Continued . . .
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2SECTION
• Some Cheyenne, Sioux resist treaty, fight settlers, soldiers, miners
• Second Treaty of Fort Laramie with Sioux (1868):- Sioux, Northern Cheyenne, Arapaho sign- gives tribes land in Black Hills of South Dakota
• Plains tribes react, raid white settlements
• U.S. troops kill Cheyenne men, women, children—Sand Creek Massacre
continued A Clash of Cultures
Battle of the Little Bighorn
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2SECTION
• Seeking gold, miners ignore Fort Laramie treaty, rush onto Sioux land
• Unite under Sioux chiefs; Sitting Bull, Crazy Horse
• Many Sioux warriors flee reservation during winter of 1875–1876
• Tribal leaders reject government offer to buy back land
• Reservation—land set aside for Native AmericansImage
Continued . . .
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2SECTION
• U.S. 7th cavalry sets out to return Sioux to reservation
• Custer, men wiped out, U.S. steps up military action against tribes
• Fights thousands of Sioux, Cheyenne at Battle of Little Bighorn
• Lieutenant Colonel George A. Custer commands cavalry
• Crazy Horse, Sitting Bull’s followers surrender, return to reservation
continued Battle of the Little Bighorn
Resistance in the Northwest and Southwest
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2SECTION
• U.S. government forces Nez Perce to sell land, move to Idaho
• Apache forced to settle on Arizona reservation, Geronimo refuses
• In Southwest, Navajo, Apache fight against being moved to reservations
• Chief Joseph refuses, leads followers toward Canada, caught, surrenders
• Navajo surrender to U.S. troops, take “Long Walk” to reservation
• Leads Apaches on raids of settlers’ homes, surrenders (1886), prison
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A Way of Life Ends
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2SECTION
• Plains tribes depend on dwindling buffalo for survival
• Wovoka’s vision quickly spreads among Plains peoples
• Some Plains tribes turn to Paiute prophet, Wovoka, for hope
• Hired hunters kill millions of buffalo for sport, railroads, factories
• Preaches whites will be removed, tribes will freely hunt buffalo
Continued . . .
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2SECTION
• Wovoka’s followers flee reservations, U.S. troops track them down
• U.S. troops massacre 300 Native Americans—Wounded Knee Massacre
• Wovoka’s followers start to surrender to troops, someone fires a shot
• Ends Native American armed resistance in the West
continued A Way of Life Ends
The Dawes Act Fails
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2SECTION
• White reformers call for better treatment of Native Americans:- feel assimilation is only way for Native
Americans to survive• Dawes Act (1887):
- encourages Native Americans to reject traditions, become farmers
- divides reservations into plots of land- sends Native American children to schools, learn
white culture
•Dawes Act does little to help Native Americans
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Section 3
Life in the WestDiverse groups of people help to shape both the reality and the myth of the West.
Women in the West
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3SECTION
• Homestead—piece of land and the house on it
• Some women run dance halls, boarding houses
• On a homestead, women rarely see neighbors, do cooking, first aid
Life in the West
• In most Western territories, women own property, control own money
• Women often work as teachers, servants, do sewing, laundry
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• Wyoming Territory gives women the vote (1869)
The Rise of Western Cities
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• Railroad brings rapid growth to Denver, Omaha, Portland, other cities
• Denver quickly becomes capital of Colorado Territory (1867)
• Gold, silver strikes cause cities to grow rapidly in the West
Chart
Mexicanos in the Southwest
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3SECTION
• Railroads spur increase of white settlers in Southwest (1880s, 1890s)
• Mexicanos—southwesterners of Spanish descent who come from Mexico
• For centuries, Southwest is home to Mexicanos
• Hispanic society survives only in New Mexico Territory
• Mexicanos lose economic, political power, land to white settlers
The Myth of the Old West
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3SECTION
• Western myth continues with novels, plays, movies:- often show whites as heroes- usually show Native Americans as villains- ignore African Americans
• Sometimes hero was a real person, plots are fictitious, exaggerated
• “Dime novels” portray West as heroic place filled with adventures
• William “Buffalo Bill” Cody brings Wild West show to the world
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The Real West
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• African Americans serve in U.S. Army, known as “buffalo soldiers”
• Native Americans, African Americans help with cattle ranching
• First cowhands are Mexican vaqueros
• Chinese immigrants help greatly in building railroads
• Native American attacks often caused by broken treaties
• U.S. government contributes greatly to white settlement
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Section 4
Farming and PopulismA wave of farmers move to the Plains in the 1800s and face many economicproblems.
U.S. Government Encourages Settlement
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4SECTION
• U.S. government passes Homestead Act (1862):- offers free land to anyone who will live on,
improve it for 5 years
• Many migrate to Kansas, call themselves Exodusters
• Reconstruction ends, African Americans face discrimination in South
Farming and Populism
• U.S. sells land to railroads, railroads resell much land to settlers
• Many Europeans immigrate to the West
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Life on the Farming Frontier
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4SECTION
• Farmers on the plains build homes out of blocks of sod
• Inventions like steel plow, reaper help farmers face challenges
• Farmers are called sodbusters, dig deep wells, face harsh weather
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The Problems of Farmers
4SECTION
• As farmers grow more food, prices for crops drop (1870s)
• Form cooperatives—organizations owned, run by members:- buy grain elevators- sell crops directly to merchants- allow farmers to keep more profits
• Farmers form Grange—group meets social needs of farm families
• Farmers have to pay more for machinery, railroad rates
• U.S. states regulate freight rates, storage charges
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The Rise of Populism
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4SECTION
• Farm groups form Populist Party, or People’s Party (1890)
• Inflation would increase crop prices, help farmers pay back loans
• Opponents want U.S. to keep gold standard to keep prices down
• Gold standard—U.S. backs every dollar with certain amount of gold
• Populist presidential candidate loses but has a good showing (1892)
• Want U.S. to adopt free silver policy to increase inflation
The Election of 1896
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4SECTION
• Nation suffers through depression, the Panic of 1893
• Populists back Democrat William Jennings Bryan for president
• Farmers in South, West vote overwhelmingly for Bryan
• Industrialists, bankers, business leaders vote for William McKinley
• Money issues matter more to voters
• McKinley wins presidential election by half million votes
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The Closing of the Frontier
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4SECTION
• Indian Territory, last remaining open land
• Indian Territory becomes Oklahoma Territory (1890), frontier ends
• Frederick Jackson Turner writes that end of frontier marks end of era
• Today many historians disagree, think U.S. remains land of opportunity
• Oklahoma land rush, settlers claim land that Native Americans once had
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