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The Blood
Functions of the Blood Transport of gases, nutrients and
waste products Transport of processed molecules Transport of regulatory molecules Regulation of your ph and osmosis Maintenance of body temperature Protection against foreign substances Clot formation
Composition of Blood
Blood is Connective Tissue
Formed elements 45% Plasma 55%
Plasma
Pale yellow in color 91% water,7%proteins, 2% other ions,
nutrients gases and waste products The plasma proteins include albumin globulins fibrinogen
Formed Elements
95% are Red Blood Cells 5% are White Blood Cells and
Platelets Made through the process of
hematopoiesis derived from a single stem cell.
Red Blood Cell (RBC)
Biconcave Disk (shape important for function)
Loss their nuclei and most organelles
Live for 120 days in men and 110 in females
Contains hemoglobin( a red pigmented protein )
Main function to transport Oxygen
Hemoglobin
Oxygen Transport is accomplished through Hemoglobin (98.5% of Oxygen transport)
The Hemoglobin Structure Each protein (globin) is bound to one
heme Each Heme contains one iron atom When exposed to Oxygen one
Oxygen binds to the iron of each heme
Life History of a Red Blood Cell Low Oxygen Erythropoietin (kidney) Bone Marrow (Increased red cells) Increase Oxygen 120 Days Taken up by liver and spleen In liver broken down to heme and iron, amino acids Fe recycled by bone marrow Heme becomes bilirubin excreted out intestines
Fig11.4 and 11.5
Clinical Pearls: Anemia
Anemia is a common blood disorder, which occurs when the level of red blood cells (RBCs) in the body becomes too low.
What is the Physiologic Problem that will result?
Causes of Anemia
excessive destruction of RBCs blood loss inadequate production of RBCs Among many other causes, anemiaanemia can result from inherited disorders, nutritional problems (such as an iron or vitamin deficiency), infections, some kinds of cancer, or exposure to a drug or toxin.
Blood Grouping
Antigen/ Antibody Antigens are molecules that stimulate an immune response are on the surface of the red blood cells
Antibodies are proteins that recognize and neutralize the
immune response are present in the plasma.
Blood Grouping
The Antigens are categorized into blood groups
The ABO and RH blood groups are the
most important
The ABO Blood Group
Type A -Has type A antigens on the RBC Its Plasma Contains Anti-B antibodies Type B- Has type B antigens on the RBC Its Plasma Contains Anti- A antibodies Type AB-Has both types (A&B) on the RBC Its Plasma Has neither Antibody Type O – Has neither A or B on the RBC Its Plasma Contains both Anti A and
Anti B
http://go.hrw.com/resources/go_mk/sc/schst/HSTLVOCA.PDF
Antigens and Antibodies
Blood Type Antigens Antibodies
The Blood Transfusion Transfusion- is the transfer of blood or blood
components from one individual to another.
Donor- is the person who gives the blood
Recipient- is the person who receives the blood
Transfusion Reaction- When antibodies in the plasma of the recipient bind to antigens on the red blood cells of the donor, “molecular bridges” are formed that connect the red blood cells causing them to agglutinate and rupture the blood cells
Agglutination
“ Matchmaker, Matchmaker”
Rh (rhesus) Antigens Also on surface of the RBC Anti RH antibodies also circulate in blood Can be Rh- or Rh+ The ABO blood group and Rh are designated together A+ or A- B+ or B- AB+ or AB- O+ or O-
Important Implications during Pregnancy
Carbon Dioxide and OxygenTransport
70% of the carbon dioxide transported as HCO3
CO2 picked up by the red blood cells and converted by carbonic anhydrase
CO2+ H20------H + HCO3
Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)
Granulocytes Neutrophil Basophil Eosinophil Agranuloytes Lymphocyte Monocyte
Neutrophil Description- nucleus with four lobes connected by thin
filaments granules stain a light pink reddish purple
Function- Phagocyte “eats” microorganisms and other substances
Basophil
Description- Nucleus with two indistinct lobes,
cytoplasm granules stain blue
Function Releases histamine, which
promotes inflammation, and heparin (prevents clot formation)
Eosinophil
Description Nucleus often bilobed, cytoplasmic
granules stain orange-red or bright red
Function- Releases chemicals that reduce inflammation; attacks certain worm parasites
Agranulocytes
Lymphocyte Description round nucleus, cytoplasm forms a thin
ring around the nucleus- more cytoplasm to nucleus ratio
Function produces antibodies and other chemicals
responsible for destroying microorganisms , contributes to allergic reactions, graft rejection, tumor control, and regulation of the immune system
Monocyte Description Nucleus is round, kidney or horseshoe
shaped contains more cytoplasm than it does lymphocytes
Function- leave the blood and will enter
tissue , enlarge and become Macrophages which phaogcytize bacteria
and other debris
Clinical Focus
Leukemia- is a cancer in which abnormal production of one or more
of the white blood cell types occur Cells are immature and abnormal so
they lack their normal immunologic functions and people are more susceptible to infections
Platelets Also known as Thrombocytes Description- minute fragments of cells each
consisting of a small amount cytoplasm surrounded by a cell membrane Function- prevent blood loss a) by forming platelet plugs which seal
holes on small vesselsFormation of clots to seal larger vessels
Preventing Blood Loss
Vascular Spasm
Platelet Plugs
Blood clotting mechanisms
Control of Clot Formation
Natural – Fibrinolysis Medical - Anticoagulants