THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES

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THE BIBLE AND WOMENAn Encyclopaedia of Exegesis and Cultural History

Edited by Christiana de Groot, Irmtraud Fischer, Mercedes Navarro Puerto, and Adriana Valerio

Volume 6.1: The Early Middle Ages

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THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES

Edited byFranca Ela Consolino and Judith Herrin

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Copyright © 2020 by SBL Press

All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by means of any information storage or retrieval system, except as may be expressly permit-ted by the 1976 Copyright Act or in writing from the publisher. Requests for permission should be addressed in writing to the Rights and Permissions Office, SBL Press, 825 Hous-ton Mill Road, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Consolino, Franca Ela, editor.Title: The early Middle Ages / edited by Franca Ela Consolino and Judith Herrin.Description: SBL Press, 2019. | Series: Bible and women ; Number 6.1 | Includes

bibliographical references and index.Identifiers: LCCN 2019014655 (print) | LCCN 2019017047 (ebook) | ISBN 9780884143819

(ebk.) | ISBN 9781589835757 (pbk. : alk. paper) | ISBN 9780884143802 (hbk. : alk. paper)

Subjects: Bible—Feminist criticism—Europe—History. | Women in Christianity—Europe—History. | Christian women—Religious life—History. | Church history—Middle Ages, 600–1500. | Bible and feminism—History.

Classification: LCC BS521.4 (ebook) | LCC BS521.4 .E275 2019 (print) | DDC 220.082/0902—dc23

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019014655

Atlanta

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Contents

Preface ...............................................................................................................vii

Abbreviations ....................................................................................................ix

IntroductionFranca Ela Consolino and Judith Herrin ................................................1

“Woman’s Head Is Man”: Kyriarchy and the Rhetoric of Women’s Subordination in Byzantine LiteratureStavroula Constantinou ...........................................................................13

Women and the Bible in ByzantiumRosa Maria Parrinello ..............................................................................33

Kassia the Melodist (ca. 810–ca. 865) and Her Use of the ScripturesAnna M. Silvas ..........................................................................................51

Byzantine Reception of Biblical Revelation on the Virgin MaryMary B. Cunningham ..............................................................................71

The Virgin Mary and Ancient Jewish LiteratureMartha Himmelfarb ...............................................................................103

The Heavenly Guard of the Mother of God: Mary between the Angels in Early Byzantine ArtMaria Lidova ...........................................................................................121

Early Medieval Iconography of the Virgin Mary between East and WestGiuseppa Z. Zanichelli ...........................................................................167SBL P

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Women, Wine, and the Apostasy of the Wise: Sirach 19:2 in Medieval Latin LiteratureGiuseppe Cremascoli .............................................................................205

The Women of the Old Testament in Early Medieval Poetry: Judith and the OthersFrancesco Stella ......................................................................................231

Women and the Bible in Latin Letter Collections of the Early Middle Ages (Sixth to Ninth Century)Christiane Veyrard-Cosme ...................................................................259

Women Writers and Holy Writ in the Latin Early Middle Ages: The Bible in Dhuoda and HrotsvitFranca Ela Consolino .............................................................................277

The Reception of Biblical Texts and Their Normative Effect upon Marriage, Adultery, and Divorce from the Seventh to the Eleventh CenturyInes Weber ...............................................................................................321

Biblical Figures of Women in the Qur’anUlrike Bechmann ...................................................................................345

Contributors ...................................................................................................377Primary Sources Index .................................................................................381Modern Authors Index .................................................................................394

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Preface

As we explain in the introduction, this series of twenty volumes devoted to the ways in which women have related to the Bible through the ages was set in motion many years ago by Adriana Valerio and Irmtraud Fischer, who had the ambitious vision of publishing an international edition in four languages. Kari Børresen played an important role both as a source of inspiration and as coeditor of volume 6.2, on women and the Bible in the Middle Ages (published in English in 2015), and volume 5.2, on ancient Christian authors (English edition in preparation). With her enthusiastic support we undertook to edit this volume on the early medieval period, which first appeared in its Italian edition in 2015. The German translation followed in 2019, and, finally, the English edition is now in print. A Spanish edition is also promised.

We wish most particularly to thank Irmtraud Fischer of the Univer-sity of Graz, Austria, and Christiana de Groot of Calvin University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA, for their precise editorial work that ensured the appearance of these two editions. In addition, Sarah Bairstow provided careful translations of the Italian originals; Alyssa Gagnon assisted Profes-sor de Groot in the preparation of the American edition with a grant from Gender Studies at Calvin University; and Nicole Tilford at the Society of Biblical Literature coped with numerous interruptions to the process of getting the book through the press. We are most grateful to them all.

Many of the authors submitted their chapters nearly ten years ago and would have liked to revise and update them, but this proved to be impos-sible. We therefore remind readers that most of the references date back to the early 2010s and regret that it was not possible to take account of more recent publications. It is important to emphasize how much we appreciate our contributors’ forbearance during the many delays to this edition, and we wish it every success.

Franca Ela Consolino and Judith HerrinApril 2020

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Abbreviations

AAAHP Acta ad archaeologiam et artium historiam pertinentiaAAWG Abhandlungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften in

Göttingen, Philologisch-historische KlasseAdv. Haer. Irenaeus, Adversus HaeresesAlex. Anna Komnene, AlexiadAlleg. Isidore of Seville, Allegoriae quaedam Sacrae ScripturaeAMBSR Archaeological Monographs of the British School at

RomeAnal. hymn. Analecta hymnica medei aevi. 55 vols. Leipzig: Reisland,

1886–1922.ANF Roberts, Alexander, and James Donaldson, eds. The

Ante-Nicene Fathers: Translations of the Writings of the Fathers Down to A.D. 325. 10 vols. 1885–1887.

AntT Antiquité TardiveAOC Archives de l’Orient ChrétienApoc. Paul Apocalypse of PaulApocrypha Apocrypha: International Journal of Apocryphal Litera-

tureAppend. Hugh of Saint Victor, Appendix ad opera dogmaticArtBul Art BulletinArte praed. Alanus de Insulis, De arte praedicatoriaAscens. Dom. Hrotsvit, De ascensione DominiAScR Annali di Scienze Religioseb. Babylonian TalmudBAK Beihefte zum Archiv für KulturgeschichteBAR Biblical Archaeology ReviewBARIS Biblical Archaeology Review International SeriesBCM Bulletin of the Cleveland MuseumBel. Cat. Sallust, Bellum CatilinaeBen. Seneca, De beneficiis

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Ber. BerakhotBISIME Bollettino dell’Istituto Storico Italiano per il Medio EvoBK Bibel und KircheBN Biblische NotizenBolA Bollettino d’arteBSLT Byzantine Saints’ Lives in TranslationBW Bible and WomenByzSt Byzantine StudiesByzZ Byzantinische ZeitschriftCahA Cahiers ArchéologiquesCan. Wall. Canones WalliciCapit. episc. Capitula episcoporumCapit. Ital. episc. Capitula cum Italiae episcopis deliberateCapit. Olon. Capitulare OlonnenseCapit. Silv. Capitula SilvanectensiaCapit. Trev. Capitula TreverensiaCap. Jud. Capitula IudiciorumCARB Corso di cultura sull’arte ravennate e bizantinaCarm. CarminaCarn. Chr. Tertullian, De carne ChristiCath. Prudentius, CathemerinonCCC Civiltà Classica e CristianaCCCM Corpus Christianorum: Continuatio MediaevalisCCSA Corpus Christianorum: Series ApocryphorumCCSL Corpus Christianorum Series latinaCCT Companions to the Christian TraditionCena Cypr. Johannes Hymonides, Cena CyprianiCent. Proba, CentoneCFHB Corpus Fontium Historiae ByzantinaeCISAM Centro italiano di studi sull’alto MedioevoCM Classica et MediaevaliaComm. in Eccl. Rabanus Maurus, Commentarius in EcclesiasticumComp. in Cant. Alcuin, Compendium in Cantica CanticorumConc. For. Concilium ForoiulienseConc. Meld.-Par. Concilium Meldense-ParisienseConc. Par. Concilium ParisienseConc. Rom. Concilium RomanumConc. Suess. Concilium SuessionenseConc. Trib. Concilium Triburiense

x Abbreviations

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Conf. Ps.-Egb. Confessionale Pseudo-EgbertiCont. mundi Innocent III, De contemptu mundiConv. ConviviumCounc. Sav. Council of SavonnièresCPG Geerard, MaurCRHCBM Centre de Recherche d’Histoire et Civilisation de Byz-

ance, MonographiesCSCO Corpus scriptorum Christianorum OrientaliumCSEL Corpus scriptorum ecclesiasticorum latinorumCSHJ Chicago Studies in the History of JudaismCSMC Cahiers de Saint-Michel de CuxaCSMC Cahiers de Saint-Michel de CuxaCSS Cistercian Studies SeriesCWS Classics of Western SpiritualityD.AR.FI.CLET Dipartimento di Archeologia e Filologia Classica e loro

TradizioniDCAE Deltion Christianikes Archaiologikes EtaireiasDecr. lib. Buchard of Worms, Decretorum libriDecr. Verm. Decretum VermerienseDeriv. Osbern, DerivationesDial. Justin, Dialogus cum TryphoneDip DiptychaDisAr Diskurse der ArabistikDMTS Davis Medieval Texts and StudiesDOP Dumbarton Oaks PapersDorm. Andrew of Crete, In dormitionemDorm. Germanus of Constantinople, In dormitionemDOS Dumbarton Oaks StudiesEAMA La Collection des Etudes Augustiniennes, Série Moyen

Âge et Temps ModernesEd. Roth. Edictus RothariElem. lit. Papias, Elementarium litteraEME Early Medieval EuropeÉO Échos d’OrientEp. EpistulaeEp. extra coll. Ambrose, Epistulae extra collectionemEp. pontif. Siricius, Epistolae Romanorum pontificumESMAR Education and Society in the Middle Ages and Renais-

sance

Abbreviations xi

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xii Abbreviations

Etym. Isidore of Seville, EtymologiaeEUZ Exegese in unserer ZeitFIDEM Fédération Internationale des Instituts d’Etudes Médié-

valesFMSt Frühmittelalterliche StudienFori Jud. Fori JudicumForm. extr. Formulae extravagantesGen. Rab. Genesis RabbahGit. GittinGOTR Greek Orthodox Theological ReviewGRBS Greek, Roman and Byzantine StudiesGreg GregorianumGrim. leg. Grimvaldi legesGub. Dei Salvianus Massiliensis, De gubernatione DeiGWR Germanenrechte, Westgermanisches RechtHel. Ambrose, Helia et JejunioHist. arc. Procopius, Historia arcaneHist. eccl. Nicephoros Kallistos Xanthopoulos, Historia ecclesias-

ticaHom. Basil of Caesarea, HomiliaeHom. 2 in Dorm. John of Damascus, Homilia 2 in dormitione MariaeHom. in Praes. Germanus of Constantinople, Homilia in praesentatio-

nemHom. Matt. John Chrysostom, Homiliae in MatthaeumHom. Ps. John Chrysostom, Homiliae in PsalmosHor. Gregory of NazianzusHTR Harvard Theological ReviewICMR Islam and Christian-Muslim RelationsIcon IconographicaIL Invigilata LucernisImag. Tetr. Walafrid Strabo of Reichenau, De imagine TetriciIn. Cant. Bede, In Cantica CanticorumInst. coen. John Cassian, De institutis coenobiorumInst. laic. John of Orléans, De institutione laicaliIS International SymposiumJAC Jahrbuch für Antike und ChristentumJCH Journal of Cultural HeritageJCI Judentum, Christentum und IslamJECS Journal of Early Christian StudiesSBL P

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JFSR Journal of Feminist Studies in ReligionJML Journal of Medieval LatinJMNP Journal ministerstva narodnogo proschesheniaJÖB Jahrbuch der österreichischen ByzantinistikJRA Journal of Roman ArchaeologyJSJSup Supplements to the Journal for the Study of JudaismJSQ Jewish Studies QuarterlyJTS Journal of Theological StudiesJWAG Journal of the Walters Art GalleryKATE Kommentar zum Alten Testament mit der Einheitsüber-

setzungKEK Kritisch-exegetischer Kommentar über das Neue Testa-

mentLam. Rab. Lamentations RabbahLaud. cruc Rabanus Maurus, De laudibus crucisLaud. Dei Dracontius of Carthage, De laudibus DeiLaud. virg. Aldhelm of Malmesbury, De laude virginitatisLect Lectio difficiliorLex Baiuv. Lex BaiuvariorumLib. const. Liber constitutionumLib. dec. cap. Marbod of Rennes, Liber decem capitulorumLib. exhort. Liber exhortationisLib. man. Dhuoda, Liber manualisLiut. Leg. Liutprandi LegesLXX SeptuagintMAJ Melbourne Art JournalMDAI Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen InstitutsMEFRA Mélanges de l’École française de Rome: AntiquitéMetam. Ovid, MetamorphosesMF Mittelalter-ForschungenMGH Monumenta Germaniae HistoricaMJ Mittellateinisches JahrbuchMilM Millennio medievalMM Medieval MediterraneanMNEA Mediterranean and Non-European ArchaeologyMor. phil. Hildebert of Lavardin, Moralis philosophiaMoral. Gregory the Great, MoraliaMSB Middeleeuwse studies en bronnen

Abbreviations xiii

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MSKG Millennium-Studien zur Kultur und Geschichte des ersten Jahrtausends n.Chr

MT Masoretic TextMW Muslim WorldNat. Andrew of Crete, In nativitatemNat. Ephrem, De nativitateNat. grat. Augustine, De natura et gratia NEchtB Die Neue Echter BibelNOB Neue Orientalische BibliothekNRSV New Revised Standard VersionOC Oriens ChristianusOdes Sol. Odes of SolomonOff. Cicero, De officiisOr. Theodore the Studite, OrationesOres. trag. Dracontius of Carthage, Orestis tragoediaOS Orientalia SticcanaP&P Past and PresentPaen. Ambr. Paenitentiale AmbrosianumPaen. Cas. Paenitentiale CasinensePaen. Columb. Columban, Paenitentiale ColumbaniPaen. Finn. Paenitentiale FinnianiPaen. Flor. Paenitentiale FloriacensePaen. Hub. Paenitentiale HubertensePaen. Mart. Paenitentiale MartenianumPaen. Mers. Paenitentiale MerseburgensePaen. Oxon. Paenitentiale OxoniensePaen. Par. Paenitentiale Parisiense simplexPaen. Ps.-Egb. Paenitentiale Pseudo-EgbertiPaen. Ps.-Greg. Paenitentiale Pseudo-GregoriiPaen. Ps.-Rom. Paenitentiale Pseudo-RomanumPaen. Ps.-Theod. Paenitentiale Pseudo-TheodoriPaen. Sang. Paenitentiale Sangallense tripartitumPaen. Sil. Paenitentiale SilensePaen. Vall. Paenitentiale VallicellanumPaen. Vig. Paenitentiale VigilanumParOr Parole de l’OrientPG Migne, Jacques-Paul, ed. Patrologia graeca. 161 vols.

Paris, 1857–1886.Phil Philologus

xiv Abbreviations

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Abbreviations xv

PIAC Pontificio Istituto di Archeologia CristianaPL Migne, Jacques-Paul, ed. Patrologia Latina. 217 vols.

Paris, 1844–1855.Poen. lib. Rabanus Maurus, Poenitentium liberPraes. Germanos of Constantinople, In praesentationemProt. Jas. Protevangelium of JamesPRSt Perspectives in Religious StudiesPs.-Matt. Pseudo-MatthewPsych. Prudentius, PsychomachiaQFRM Quellen und Forsschungen zum Recht im MittelalterQGM Quellen zur Geistesgeschichte des MittelaltersRAug Recherches AugustiniennesReg. Benedict, RegulaReg. Gregory VII, RegistrumReg. brev. Basil, Regulae brevius tractataeReg. can. Chrodegang of Metz, Regula canonicorumRevA Revue de l’artRhet Rhetorica: A Journal of the History of RhetoricRINASA Rivista dell’Istituto Nazionale di Archeologia e Storia

dell’ArteRJK Römisches Jahrbuch für KunstgeschichteRom. Dracontius of Carthage, RomuleumRSR Recherches de science religieuseRSV Revised Standard VersionRTAM Recerches de Théologie Ancienne et MédiévaleSan. SanhedrinSat. Juvenal, SaturaeSBT Studies in Biblical TheologySBU Studia Byzantina UpsaliensiaSC Sources ChrétiennesSCH Studies in Church HistoryScol. Walter of Speyer, ScolasticusSerm. SermonesSerm. cast. Sermo de castitateSH Subsidia HagiographicaShab. ShabbatSHK Schriften des Historischen KollegsSI Scriptores IbericiSISMEL Societá internazzionale per lo Studio del Medioevo

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SL Schriften zur LiteraturwissenschaftSLH Scriptores Latini HiberniaeSO Symbolae OsloensesSobr. Milo of Saint-Amand, De sobrietateSOC Studi sull’Oriente cristianoSPBS Society for the Promotion of Byzantine StudiesSPF Studia Patristica FennicaSSAM Settimana di Studio sull’Alto MedioevoStT Studi e Testi, Biblioteca apostolica vaticanaSVTQ St Vladimir’s Theological QuarterlySWR Studies in Women and ReligionSyn. prim. Synodus primus S. PatriciiSynthronon Synthronon: Art et archéologie de la fin de l’Antiquité et

du Moyen ÂgeTanh. TanhumaTBN Themes in Biblical NarrativeTFCI Theologisches Forum Christentum-IslamTheb. Statius, ThebaidTheol. Chr. Abelard, Theologia ChristianaThH Théologie HistoriqueTM Travaux et memoiresTQ Theologische QuartalschriftTS Texts and StudiesTSAJ Texte und Studien zum antiken JudentumUB Untersuchungen zu den Bussbüchern des 7, 8, und 9.

JahrhundertsUSQR Union Seminary Quarterly ReviewUTET Unione tipografico-editrice torineseVCSup Supplements to Vigiliae ChristianaeVirg. Alcimus Avitus, De virginitate; Ephrem, De virginitate;

Venantius Fortunatus, De virginitateVita Alc. Vita AlcuiniVita Mar. Jun. Vita Mariae juniorisVita Matr. Vita MatronaeVita Rad. Baudonivia, Vita RadegundisVita sanct. abb. Bede, Vita sanctorum abbatumVita Theod. Gregory, Vita Theodorae ThessalonicaeVita Thom. Vita ThomaïsW&I Word and ImageWS Wiener Studien

xvi Abbreviations

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Abbreviations xvii

y. Jerusalem TalmudYSMT York Studies in Medieval TheologyZDP Zeitschrift für deutsche PhilologieZÖGDO Zeitschrift der österreichischen Gesellschaft für Denk-

mal und OrtsbildpelegeZRVI Zbornik Radova Vizantološkog InstitutaZSS Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte

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