THE BEAUTIFUL EARTH!THE BEAUTIFUL EARTH!(5.2, G.3, G.4)(5.2, G.3, G.4)By: Monica GapudBy: Monica Gapud

5.2 The Greenhouse Effect5.2 The Greenhouse Effect Carbon is constantly recycledCarbon is constantly recycled

• PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis• Combustion of forestsCombustion of forests• Cellular respCellular resp• Fossil fuelsFossil fuels

The Carbon CycleThe Carbon Cycle

The Enhanced Greenhouse The Enhanced Greenhouse EffectEffect

1.1. Sunlight enters atmosphere Sunlight enters atmosphere b/c gases are transparent to b/c gases are transparent to lightlight

2.2. Sunlight reflects off Earth’s Sunlight reflects off Earth’s surface & back outsurface & back out

3.3. Some of light energy Some of light energy heat heat energy & warms the Earthenergy & warms the Earth

4.4. Greenhouse gases retain Greenhouse gases retain some heat & trap it in the some heat & trap it in the atmosphereatmosphere

5.5. Earth’s natural g. house Earth’s natural g. house effect = atmosphere is effect = atmosphere is warmer than spacewarmer than space

What are the greenhouse What are the greenhouse gasses?gasses?

CarbonCarbon MethaneMethane

• Cattle ranching, waste disposal in landfills, Cattle ranching, waste disposal in landfills, production & distrib. of natural gasproduction & distrib. of natural gas

Oxides of nitrogenOxides of nitrogen• Produced by human activities; burning fossil Produced by human activities; burning fossil

fuels, organic/commercial fertilizers, industrial fuels, organic/commercial fertilizers, industrial processes (prod. of nitric acid)processes (prod. of nitric acid)

Low concentration = prevents too much Low concentration = prevents too much heat retentionheat retention

Effects of Global Effects of Global Warming…?Warming…?

Increase in Increase in photosynthetic ratesphotosynthetic rates

Changes in climates, Changes in climates, ecosystemsecosystems

Extinction of certain Extinction of certain speciesspecies

Melting glaciersMelting glaciers Rise in sea level= Rise in sea level=

flooding of coastal flooding of coastal areasareas

The Precautionary PrincipleThe Precautionary Principle An ethical theory which An ethical theory which

says that action should says that action should be taken to prevent be taken to prevent harm even if there’s harm even if there’s not sufficient data to not sufficient data to prove that the activity prove that the activity will have severe will have severe negative consequencesnegative consequences

Draw the Carbon Cycle !Draw the Carbon Cycle !

G.3 Impact of Humans of G.3 Impact of Humans of EcosystemsEcosystems

Biological diversity;Biological diversity;• Richness - # of diff organisms in a Richness - # of diff organisms in a

part. areapart. area• Evenness – how the quantity of Evenness – how the quantity of

each diff. organism compares with each diff. organism compares with the otherthe other

Simpson diversity index – Simpson diversity index – measures the amount of measures the amount of diversity in a part. areadiversity in a part. area • D = diversity indexD = diversity index• N = total # of org. in eco.N = total # of org. in eco.• n = # of individ. of each n = # of individ. of each

speciesspecies

Remember the equation?

Time to Calculate !Time to Calculate ! Did the forest of Did the forest of

jungle have more jungle have more diversity?diversity?• Forest: D=4.29Forest: D=4.29• Jungle: D=6.14Jungle: D=6.14

THE JUNGLE HAS THE JUNGLE HAS MORE DIVERSITY MORE DIVERSITY because of its higher because of its higher # of species# of species

Why Conserve Biodiversity?Why Conserve Biodiversity? EconomicEconomic EcologicalEcological EthicalEthical AestheticAesthetic

Arguments Against Arguments Against ConservationConservation

Alien species disrupts Alien species disrupts communities and out-communities and out-compete native compete native species reducing species reducing biodiversity.biodiversity.

Examples?Examples?• KudzuKudzu• Zebra MusselsZebra Mussels• Prickly Pear Prickly Pear

Impact of Alien SpeciesImpact of Alien Species Interspecific competition: out-Interspecific competition: out-

competing other speciescompeting other species Predation: eating another speciesPredation: eating another species Species extinction: out-compete Species extinction: out-compete

extinction of native speciesextinction of native species

Biological control- idea of using a Biological control- idea of using a natural predator to control unwanted or natural predator to control unwanted or invasive speciesinvasive species• Purple loosestrifePurple loosestrife• Red fire antsRed fire ants

Biomagnification- process by which Biomagnification- process by which chemical substances become more chemical substances become more concetrated at each trophic levelconcetrated at each trophic level• DDTDDT

Effects of UV RaysEffects of UV Rays Non-lethal skin cancerNon-lethal skin cancer Lethal skin cancerLethal skin cancer Mutation of DNAMutation of DNA SunburnSunburn CataractsCataracts Reduced biological Reduced biological

productivityproductivity

Ozone layerOzone layer• ““protective sunscreen for planet”protective sunscreen for planet”• Absorbs UV radiationAbsorbs UV radiation• Formed in stratosphere when O2 breaks Formed in stratosphere when O2 breaks

apart & reacts with another oxygen mol. to apart & reacts with another oxygen mol. to form ozoneform ozone

CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons)CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons)• Thinning of ozone layerThinning of ozone layer

G.4 Conservation of G.4 Conservation of BiodiversityBiodiversity

Indicator species- sensitive to enviro. Indicator species- sensitive to enviro. changechange• Lichens; sensitive to pollutionLichens; sensitive to pollution• Macroinvertabrates; presence or absence can Macroinvertabrates; presence or absence can

be used to judge water qualitybe used to judge water quality Biotic indexBiotic index

Nature ReservesNature Reserves• Determinations of sizeDeterminations of size• Edge effectEdge effect• CorridorsCorridors

Management of Conserv. AreasManagement of Conserv. Areas• RestorationRestoration• Recovery of threatened speciesRecovery of threatened species• Removal of introduced speciesRemoval of introduced species• Legal protection against development or Legal protection against development or

pollutionpollution• Funding & prioritizingFunding & prioritizing

In Situ Conservation In Situ Conservation MethodsMethods

Placing endangered species in the Placing endangered species in the situation where they belongsituation where they belong

Goals?Goals?• Protect species by maintaining habitatProtect species by maintaining habitat• Defends target species from predatorsDefends target species from predators• Removes invasive speciesRemoves invasive species• Large area= maintain large pop.Large area= maintain large pop.• Large pop= maintain genetic diversityLarge pop= maintain genetic diversity

Ex Situ Conservation Ex Situ Conservation MethodMethod

Last resortLast resort Captive breedingCaptive breeding

• Increase reprod. output to ensure survival of Increase reprod. output to ensure survival of offspringoffspring

Artificial inseminationArtificial insemination Embryo transferEmbryo transfer CryogenicsCryogenics Human raised youngHuman raised young Keeping a pedigreeKeeping a pedigree

• HOWEVER, spread of disease & disadv. in wildHOWEVER, spread of disease & disadv. in wild Botanical gardensBotanical gardens Seed banksSeed banks