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MicroMicro Hydro Power in Hydro Power in WNCWNC
Oct 27, 2007Oct 27, 2007Andrews, NCAndrews, NC
Hydro, Driven by Solar PowerHydro, Driven by Solar Power
Existing hydroelectric plants (yellow) and potential high head/low power energy sites (orange) in the conterminous United States. Purple represents areas excluded from hydropower development due to Federal statutes and policies.
Source: Water Energy Resources of the United States with Emphasis on Low Head/Low Power Resources (p. 47), U.S. Department of Energy
Hydro power in USA, Canada and the WorldHydro power in USA, Canada and the World
US Supply
Most of that global hydro power is produced by large-scale hydroelectric plants
Today, we will be talking about
microhydro•Small in scale
•Minimum environmental impact
•Site specific: you must have the resource
•Affordable.
•Consistent: Produces continuously, 24/7
We don’t need a river, just some falling water
Types of SystemsTypes of Systems
Turbines can be of many forms. Turbines can be of many forms.
Listed are a few of the major types.Listed are a few of the major types.
High head Medium head Low head
Impulse turbines Pelton Turgo
cross-flow multi-jet Pelton Turgo
cross-flow
Reaction turbines
FrancisPump-as-turbine(PAT)
propeller Kaplan
Banki
CrossflowBanki and Crossflow
Impulse – sheet of water
http://www.toshiba.co.jp/f-ene/hydro/english/products/equipment/index01_2.htm
Kaplan
http://www.waterwheelfactory.com/francis.htm
FrancisReaction Turbines
Submerged in the flow; driven by the pressure differential
Turbines are turned by water.
That turning motion drives a generator which produced electricity.
You need two things to make powerHead and Flow
Power Estimates
Gross Power Calculations
Power (watts) = Head (ft) * Flow (GPM) 10
The equation assumes a turbine efficiency of 53%. Actual efficiency varies with conditions.
Power output is proportional to the combination of head and flow
Examples
Turtle Island Mollies Branch
Turtle Island
Stream flow = 300 GPM(1/2 of flow is 150 GPM)Total Head is 140 feet
Gross Power Estimate = (140 ft * 150 GPM)/10= 2100 W
Mollies Branch
Mollies Branch has a flow of 300 GPM(1/2 of flow is 150 GPM)Total Head is 110 feet
Gross Power Estimate = (110 ft * 150 GPM)/10= 1650 W
Why is this gross power?
These are not accurate calculations because we used the gross or static head instead of the net or dynamic head.
A more accurate power calculation is made after calculating pipe friction losses.
Stay tuned................
...or Charts from ManufacturerP.M. Alternator output in watts
FEET OF NET HEAD
GAL/M 25 50 75 100 200 3003 - - - - 45 806 - - 30 45 130 180
10 - 40 75 95 210 30015 25 75 110 150 320 45020 40 100 160 240 480 60030 65 150 250 350 650 94050 130 265 420 600 1100 1500
100 230 500 750 1100 1500 -200 - 580 900 1300 - -
Measuring Head
Measuring Head 5’ stick with carpenters level Sight level Water level Pipe with pressure gauge GPS Unit Transit Topo map Altimeter
Measuring Head
5’ stick with level (3 people)
5’
Measuring Head
Sight level (2 people)
Eye level
Remember, you don’t have to follow the creek.
Measuring HeadWater level and measuring tape (2 people)
Water level
Measuring Head Transit Most accurate if you have the equipment
Measuring Head
Pipe with pressure gauge at the bottom
Could use garden hose(s) 2.31 feet = 1 psi This gauge reads 38 psi 38 psi x 2.31 feet/psi = 88 ft
of static head
Measuring Head
GPS, altimeter, topo map
Difference in elevation readings
Measuring Flow
Measuring Flow Units
GPM: gallons per minute CFM: cubic feet per minute CFS: cubic feet per second
How much to use? Don’t take the whole creek! Use minimum flow Avoid taking more than ½ of the flow
Water temp could be effected!!! Let the ecosystem thrive
Methods of Flow Assessment
5-gallon bucketSmall stream, small waterfall
Float methodLarger, flat, uniform stream
V-notch Weir Rectangular Weir Make several measurements to assess
seasonal variation
5 gallon bucket
5 gallon bucket
If the measured flow using a 5 gallon bucket and a stop watch was 5 gallons in 1.5 seconds, how many GPM would this be?
5 gallon bucket
If the measured flow using a 5 gallon bucket and a stop watch was 5 gallons in 1.5 seconds, how many GPM would this be?
GPMgal 200min1sec60
sec5.15
Float methodBig, flat, uniform creek
Float methodFlow (ft3/s) = Velocity (ft/s) x Cross Sectional Area (ft2)
Float method1. Calculate the average depth
Lay a board across the stream, measure the depth every foot, average the depths
Float method2. Calculate the cross sectional area
Area (ft2) = Average depth (ft) x Width (ft)
Float method3. Calculate velocity
Measure where you measured the area, an orange makes a good float, start well upstream, a 10’ span is good, average multiple measurements
Float method
4. Correct for Friction
Flow (ft3/s) = Velocity (ft/s) x Cross Sectional Area (ft3) x .83
Multiply x 0.830.83 to correct for friction on the bottom of the stream
Float MethodSo, if these guys measure this 3’ wide
stream and get an average depth of 8” and it takes an orange an average 5 seconds to go 10 feet, what is the flow in GPM?
•Area = 3’ x 8” x (1’/12”) = 2 ft2
•Velocity = 10 ft/5 s = 2 ft/s
•Flow = 2 ft2 x 2 ft/ s = 4 ft3/s
•4 ft3/s x 7.48 gal/1 ft3 x 60s/1 min = 1795 gpm
•Correct for friction, 1795 gpm x .83 = 1490 gpm
Weir Method
For larger flows or more accurate measurements
Small V-notch
Larger Rectangular
All you needs is depth and the table
V-notch Weir
Rectangular Weir
“the pipe”
PenstockPenstock
The IntakeDiverting clean water into the penstock
Screen
Start of Penstock
Steam Flow
The intake’s job:
Filter and Settle
Build it either:Simple and easy
to repairOr
Bullet-proof
The IntakeDiverting clean water into the penstock
Screen Start of Penstock
Steam Flow
A dirty creek
may need more
settling time
Overflow
PenstockA full pipe; delivering clean water to the turbine
Pipe can be a Considerable Cost…up to 40%
Factors to Consider: Penstock surface roughness design pressure method of jointing weight and ease of installation accessibility of the site terrain design life and maintenance weather conditions availability relative cost likelihood of structural damage
Burying Pipe Burying a pipe line removes
the biggest eyesore of a hydro scheme.
It is vital to ensure a buried penstock is properly and meticulously installed subsequent problems such
as leaks are much harder to detect and rectify.
Penstock Support SystemPVC likes to stay straight
HDPE can follow the contour of the ground
Pipe Friction Losses
Must use charts to calculate head loss due to pipe friction
Flow varies with D3
4” pipe can flow 8x more water than 2” pipe
Lets do an example
Turtle Island 140 ft static head Pipe = 3” HDPE (High Density Poly Ethylene)
What is friction loss for 1300’ pipe for a flow of 100 GPM?
What is the dynamic or net head?
Lets do an example:PIPE FRICTION LOSS
Polyethylene SDR - Pressure Rated Pipe
Pressure Loss from Friction in Feet of Head per 100 Feet of Pipe
Flow US GPM
0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 2 2.5 3
1 1.13 0.28 0.09 0.02
2 4.05 1.04 0.32 0.09 0.04
3 8.6 2.19 0.67 0.19 0.09 0.02
4 14.6 3.73 1.15 0.3 0.14 0.05
5 22.1 5.61 1.75 0.46 0.21 0.07
90 13.5 5.71 1.98
95 15 6.31 2.19
100 16.5 6.92 2.42
150 34.5 14.7 5.11
200 25 8.7
300 18.4
Lets do an example Turtle Island 140 ft head 3” HDPE (High Density Poly Ethylene) What is friction loss for 1300’ pipe for a flow of 100 GPM? What is the dynamic head?
Chart says we’ll lose 2.42’ of head per 100’ of pipe.
We have 13 x 100’ of pipe, so 13 x 2.42’ = 31.5’ of total head loss
Dynamic or Dynamic or net headnet head = 140’ – 31.5’ = = 140’ – 31.5’ = 108.5’108.5’
Nozzles
Nozzles
The flowrate from the penstock is controlled by properly sizing the nozzle(s) at the turbine.
Nozzles
What size nozzles and how many would you recommend if one wants to use about ½ of a stream with 300 GPM of measured flow with 100 ft of head (pelton wheel)?
Nozzles
Maximum efficient flow at various headsFrom Harris Hydro(FIGURES IN GALLONS/MIN)
FEET OF NET HEAD# of
nozzles 25 50 75 100 200 3001 17 25 30 35 50 602 35 50 60 70 100 1203 52 75 90 105 150 -4 70 100 120 140 200 -
NozzlesNOZZLE FLOW CHART – from ES & D
FLOW RATE IN U.S. GALLONS PER MINUTE
Head Feet PSI Nozzle Diameter, inches RPM
1/8 3/16 1/4 5/16 3/8 7/16 1/2 5/8 3/4 7/8 1
5 2.2 6.18 8.4 11 17.1 24.7 33.6 43.9 460
10 4.3 3.88 6.05 8.75 11.6 15.6 24.2 35 47.6 62.1 650
15 6.5 2.68 4.76 7.4 10.7 14.6 19 29.7 42.8 58.2 76 800
20 8.7 1.37 3.09 5.49 8.56 12.4 16.8 22 34.3 49.4 67.3 87.8 925
30 13 1.68 3.78 6.72 10.5 15.1 20.6 26.9 42 60.5 82.4 107 1140
40 17.3 1.94 4.37 7.76 12.1 17.5 23.8 31.1 48.5 69.9 95.1 124 1310
50 21.7 2.17 4.88 8.68 13.6 19.5 26.6 34.7 54.3 78.1 106 139 1470
60 26 2.38 5.35 9.51 14.8 21.4 29.1 38 59.4 85.6 117 152 1600
80 34.6 2.75 6.18 11 17.1 24.7 33.6 43.9 68.6 98.8 135 176 1850
100 43.3 3.07 6.91 12.3 19.2 27.6 37.6 49.1 76.7 111 150 196 2070
120 52 3.36 7.56 13.4 21 30.3 41.2 53.8 84.1 121 165 215 2270
150 65 3.76 8.95 15 23.5 33.8 46 60.1 93.9 135 184 241 2540
200 86.6 4.34 9.77 17.4 27.1 39.1 53.2 69.4 109 156 213 278 2930
250 108 4.86 10.9 19.9 30.3 43.6 59.4 77.6 121 175 238 311 3270
300 130 5.32 12 21.3 33.2 47.8 65.1 85.1 133 191 261 340 3591
400 173 6.14 13.8 24.5 38.3 55.2 75.2 98.2 154 221 301 393 4140
300 gpm/2 = 150 gpm usable flow
150 gpm/4 = 37.5 gpm per nozzle(4) 7/16” nozzles should do it(4) 7/16” nozzles should do it
Micro Turbines
Harris Hydro Efficient, durable, battery
charging pelton turbine with an adjustable permanent magnet generator.
20-600 feet of head 2-250 GPM of flow
1 nozzle $1800 2 nozzle $1950 4 nozzle $2150
Energy Systems & Design Stream Engine Brushless, permanent magnet
alternator which is adjustable Capable of outputs over 1 kilowatt Heads from 6 to 300 feet. Equipped with a rugged bronze turgo
wheel, universal nozzles (adaptable to sizing from 1/8 to1 inch), and a digital multimeter which is used to measure output current.
www.microhydropower.com
2 Nozzle Bronze $23954 Nozzle Bronze $2545High Voltage Option $200 High Current Option $100
Energy Systems & Design Low Head Propeller Turbine Uses the same generator as the
Stream Engine, however the water turbine component uses a low head propeller design.
heads of 2 feet up to 10 feet. At the maximum head, the output
is 1 kW.
www.microhydropower.com
Water Baby Operates much the same as the
Stream Engine but requires very little water (pelton wheel)
Will operate on as little as 3 gpm but requires at least 100 feet of head.
At a head of 100 feet and a flow of 3 gpm the output is 25 watts; at 24 gpm the output is 250 watts.
Baby Generator, 1 Nozzle(12/24 volt) $1395
Extra Nozzles (installed) $120 ea
High Voltage (48/120 volt) $100
LH1000 with Draft Tube $1995
High Voltage Option $200 extraHigh Current Option $100 extra
Hydro Induction Power
Good for long wire runs, 60' - 500' head, 10 - 600 gpm
The units produce 3-Phase 120V, 240V, or 480V 'wild' (unregulated) AC, which is then stepped down to battery voltage.
The heavy-duty brushless alternator is housed on the Harris Housing
Uses the Harris bronze Pelton Wheel for flows up to 200 gpm and the bronze Turgo Runner for flows of 200 to 600 gpm.
www.hipowerhydro.com
HV 600 with 2 Nozzles $2500 HV 600 with 4 Nozzles $2600 HV 1200 with 4 Nozzles $3000 HV 1800 with 4 Nozzles $3500 HV 3600 with 4 Nozzles $5000 Turgo option $600
Hydro Induction Power Now offer a new LOW VOLTAGE
(12V/24V), brushless unit (48V coming in 2006).
It can generate either 12V or 24V with pressures from 20psi to 150psi (46' - 400'). Above this pressure, it will generate 48V.
Lots of accessories
www.homehydro.com
12/24V Hydro with 1 Nozzle: $1350 12/24V Hydro with 2 Nozzles:$1400 12/24V Hydro with 3 Nozzles:$1450 12/24V Hydro with 4 Nozzles:$1500
Upgrade from Harris Hydro: $500 Turgo option $600
Powerpal Low head model A simple AC single-phase, brushless
permanent magnet alternator is attached to a propeller turbine.
Electricity passes along a wire and into a house, where an electronic load controller stabilizes the voltage to 110V or 220V to protect electrical appliances during use.
Many models available (see chart, next slide)
www.powerpal.com
MHG-200LH MHG-500LH MHG-1000LH
Water head (ft) 4.92 4.92 4.92
Water flow (gpm) 555 1110 2061
Output Power 200W 500W 1000W
The 200 watt unit needs 550 gallons per minute
Powerpal High head model The Same AC single-phase,
brushless PMt alternator that is used for the Low Head Series is used here and attached to a Turgo Turbine.
Also comes with an electronic load controller (ELC)
www.powerpal.com
MHG-200HH
MHG-500HH
Water head (ft) 16.4 19.68 22.96 26.24 29.52 32.8 36.08
Water flow (gpm) 100 101 117 125 133 141 144
Output Power 160w 200w 275w 325w 390w 460w 520w
Canyon Hydro Serious engineering
1854084
1013335
362415
121665
KWgpm
Canyon 2435
15340
8277
3197
1139
KWgpm
Canyon 751
300
200
100
50
100 KW Canyon Crossflow
www.canyonhydro.com
Alternative Power & Machine
Economy models Permanent magnet units Accessories Exercise Bicycle Type Battery
Chargers, etc. Niche: Ease of maintenance
and adjustment
www.apmhydro.com
Make your own
www.otherpower.com
Otherwww.ampair.com....it’s a wind and hydro turbine $1300
The Jack Rabbit, just drop it into the river
$1295www.bali-i.com/hydro/jackrabbit-prod.htm
Turbine Housing
Many options. Main point: allow the water to fall away from the turbine runner and not bounce back onto the runner
and to divert the water back to the stream.
BOS…….Balance of System
What is the BOS? DC only system (small
cabin) Charge controller Batteries
Conventional AC system (house) Charge controller Batteries Inverter
Model List Price ($US) C35 $119.00 C40 $159.00 C60 $199.00
ie. Xantrex “C” Series Charge Controller•12, 24, 48 VDC•automatically directs extra power to a dedicated load such as an electric water heater and ensures batteries are never over-charged.
Model # is rated DC current
www.xantrex.com
Diversion Load, aka Dump Load
Usually a resistive load like a heater At least as large as the full turbine
output and within the current limit of the charge controller
Small hydro system = small amounts of heat
Use waste heat for water heating, air heating…
Usually not enough heat for domestic use (1kW = 3412 BTU)
Head lights as dump load for wind turbine
Outback Inverters
Xantrex Inverters
Batteryless Grid-Tie Options
Systems available for PV and wind Still a special system for Microhydro Contact Hydro Induction Power
www.hipowerhydro.com
AC Systems Larger systems can be
AC, no battery If the continuous output of
a system is high enough to meet your needs for surging capacity, no battery/inverter subsystem is required, and AC can be generated directly.
Storing Renewable Energy: Batteries
“Chemical engines used to push electrons around”
Battery Bank Sizing
A battery based alternative energy system will not be effective if it is not
sized correctly
Battery Bank Sizing Battery storage for PV and Wind systems
typically require 3 or more days of battery storage
Hydro systems run all the time Batteries in a hydro system typically need to
store energy for less than a day Often, the battery is sized to provide
sufficient current to the inverter rather than an amount of storage
Life Expectancy and cost
At least 5 years Often over 10 years or
1500 deep cycles Shipping is expensive Cost is about $200 per
6V battery
Rest Voltage vs. State of Charge
Hydrometer
Measures density of liquid with respect to water
The electrolyte has greater specific gravity at greater states of charge
Careful opening cells, contamination of the electrolyte solution is possible
Temperature Batteries get sluggish
at cold temperatures Usable capacity drops
radically below 40° F Self Discharge
happens rapidly above 120° F
Keep them between 55° F 100° F
Rates of Charge and Discharge
Recommended rates are C/10 – C/20 Using a C/5 rate will cause much more electrical
energy to be loss as heat This heat can damage battery plates Example –
440 Ampere-hour batteryHow many amps added for a C/10How many amps added for a C/20
Equalizing Charge
After time individual cells vary in their state of charge
If difference is greater than .05 volts – equalize
Controlled overcharge at C/20 rate for 7 hours
Battery Care
Don’t discharge beyond 80% C/10 – C/20 rate Keep batteries at room temperature Use distilled water Size batteries properly Equalize every few months Keep batteries and connections clean
Connecting Cells
Amperage and voltage in battery can be increased by arranging the cells in two ways Series
One path for electrons to follow Connect + to –’ Increases voltage
Parallel Multiple paths for electrons to follow Connect (+ to +) and (- to -) Increases amperage
Wire Sizing
Wire Sizing for DC Applications
Voltage drop is caused by a conductors electrical resistance
This voltage drop can be used to calculate power loss
VDI Voltage drop Index
Easier method for determining wire size What you need to know
Amps (Watts/volts)Feet (one-way distance)Acceptable % volt drop Voltage
How to Use Formula and Chart
Example: 1 KW, 24 volt system, 50 feet, 3% drop
Amps = 1000 watts/ 24 volts = 41.67 amps
VDI = 41.67 amps * 50 feet = 28.9 3% * 24 volts
VDI Chart
24V VDI = 28.92 AWG wire
That’s pretty big wire
What if we make it a 48 volt system?
How to Use Formula and Chart
Example: 1 KW, 48 volt system, 50 feet, 3% drop
Amps = 1000 watts/ 48 volts = 20.8 amps
VDI = 20.8 amps * 50 feet = 7.23 3% * 48 volts
VDI Chart
48V VDI = 7.28 AWG wire
That’s better (smaller, less $,
same losses).
Load Assessment
Hydro Load Assessment How do you know how
much energy you need?Electric billAverage US household
uses 850 kWhrs/month = 28 kWhrs/day
Also need capacity: what is the largest load to run?
Do a load assessment!!
Load Assessment A house on RE must use less electricity
Use less energy! produce the Negawatt!Efficient appliances
CF lighting Newer models (EnergyStar)
Divert heating loads to solar, gas, etc…
Load Assessment You’ll need for each appliance…
Power consumption In Watts Rating will be stamped on appliance
Number of hours/day appliance is on
Simple example: a 15 W CF bulb is on for an average of 5 hrs/day
day: (15 W)(5 hrs/day) = 75 Whrs/daymonth: (75 Whrs/day)(30 days) = 2,250 Whrs
= 2.25 kWhrs
Incentives and Regulations
NC Renewable Energy Tax Credits
35% for all technologies Can take tax credit over 5 years No more than half of tax liability No refund based on tax credit
Credit Limits $1,400 residential solar domestic hot water$3,500 residential active space heating, combined solar hot water and space heating, passive space heating$10,500 residential biomass, wind, hydroelectric and photovoltaic or solar thermal electric
NC GreenPower ProgramTo improve the quality of the environment by encouraging
the development of renewable energy resources through consumers’ voluntary purchase of green power.
Premium paid if approved by the Low Impact Hydropower Institute (LIHI)
www.ncgreenpower.org
Other State Incentives
www.dsireusa.org
Regulations
The US Army Corps of Engineers has jurisdiction over virtually all waterways in the United States. Any discharge of dredged or fill material
into all waters of the United States, which includes rearranging rocks within a streambed, would require notification of the Corps per Section
404 of the Clean Water Act.
Contact the local Army Corps of Engineers office about your proposed project beforeyou begin construction. They will help decide whether or
not a permit is required.
Local Installers
Wrap up: Site Assessment
Head Flow Pipe Length Wire Run Goals
MicroMicro Hydro Power in Hydro Power in WNCWNC
QuestionsQuestions
