The base of Turkish Republic is culture!Mustafa Kemal ATATÜRK/Founder of Turkish Republic

Prof. Dr. N. Orhan BAYKAN Pamukkale University, Engineering Faculty,

Dept. of CE, Kınıklı-Denizli, TÜRKİYE

WATER STRUCTURES FROM HELLENISTIC, ROMAN

AND BYZANTINE PERIODS IN TÜRKİYE

SOME ANCIENT CITIES IN TÜRKİYE (Öziş 2007) SOME ANCIENT CITIES IN TÜRKİYE (Öziş 2007)

This presentation scopes Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantine Periods only

330 BC, Hellenistic period; 27 BC, Roman Empire Period; Dividing of Roma in 395,

Eastern Roma and after a certain period, in 575, Early Byzantine; in 867, Middle Byzantine and

after 1025 Late Byzantine Periods up the conquest of Istanbul (Constantinople) by Fatih Sultan Mehmet (Conquerer Sultan Mehmet) in 1453. ALSO BETWEEN 330 BC-1453 (1,8 MILLENIA)

HELLENISTIC ERA (Western Türkiye)

ROMAN EMPIRE

BYZANTINE EMPIRE

Ancient Civilisations Ancient Civilisations

If we look at what they hydraulically realized, we call them also:

THEY HAVE BEEN AT THE SAME TIME HYDRAULIC CIVILISATIONS TOO.

Various kinds of water structures of Various kinds of water structures of ancient world among them: ancient world among them:

Capturing; conveying; lifting; distributing;

discharing; gaining place and hygienically

making secure the city by covering the creeks;

prevent the harbors by diversion the creeks;

improving and rehabilitating of shores

may be counted.

Among the benefits by studying of ancient Among the benefits by studying of ancient water structures may be dominantly counted water structures may be dominantly counted as follows: as follows:

Support to archeologists

Sustainable protection of remains

Evaluating clues for better design, proper

selection of materials, earthquake ressisted

shape of building and…

And…And…INNOVATIVE STUDIES INNOVATIVE STUDIES CLIMATE CHANGE

To obtain information/clues about paleolitic

climate change along the near history (to collect

sediment samples from ancient water structures),

thus to understand “what happened in the past?,

climatologically and/or socially”

(and also what may happen in future?)

CALIBRATION OF EXISTING AND/OR DEVELOPING NEW METHODS

To calibrate modern hydrological methods by

applying them to ancient structures (e.g., to

galleries or tunnels) and/or to develope new

methods by examining the existing one’s on

the ancient remains.

For instance, Ancient Tunnel “Bezirgan” near to Patara ancient city/Antalya

120 ha

ANCIENTANCIENT TUNNELTUNNEL

STATISTICAL EVALUATION OF ANCIENT WATER

RESOURCES ENGINEERING STUDIES

IN TÜRKİYE DURING THE PASSED

30 YEARS

The most ancient remains in Türkiye

which we for the time being follow up

are mostly from 100-300 AD and from

Roman Empire.

22 ancient regions in Türkiye22 ancient regions in Türkiye (Umar 1999).

Presently known and/or in literature cited Presently known and/or in literature cited ancient cities in Türkiye (420) ancient cities in Türkiye (420) ((Umar 1999)

36

79 41

10

7

11

69

51

27

34

53

2

Deeply and/or most roughly investigated cities Deeply and/or most roughly investigated cities in these 22 Ancient Regions in Türkiye are 112. in these 22 Ancient Regions in Türkiye are 112.

9

39

367

110

10

INTERIM CONCLUSION If the maps above considered, it is seen that

Atmost 1/3 (=112/420=%27) of the water

structures of the ancients cities that for the

time being their traces are visible

had to be abled to study during the last 30 years.

VERIOUS EXAMPLES OF THE HELLENISTIC, ROMAN EMPIRE AND

BYZANTINE PERIODS UP TO THE CONQUEST OF

ISTANBUL (CONSTANTINOPLE)

330 BC- 1453 AD

Bergama, İzmir/TR; lead pipe with stone connection, Hellenistic Period

HELLENISTIC PERIOD

HELLENISTIC PERIOD, SMYRNA (İzmir), STONE PIPES OF “MELEZ” SIPHONAGE;

3,3 km long under 155 m water head.

Vize, İstanbul/TR; The longest Roman waterway (242 km)

Aydın/TR; Taşkemer (stone-arch) (Tralles)

Gelemiş, Kalkan, Antalya/TR; reverse siphon (Patara), Hellenistic-Roman

Shild for wrongly described “Lykian Way”(Waterway)

Aksu, Antalya/TR; aqueduct (Aspendos)

İstanbul/TR; Bozdoğan (Valens) aqueduct

Oymapınar, Manavgat, AlanyaTR; stone caved canal (Side), Roman

Ferhat’s canal in Amasya/TR (ancient name Amasia)

Ferhat’s Canal

Araphisar, Çine, Aydın/TR; spring capture structure (Alabanda)

Aksu, Antalya/TR, mountain gallery for water (Perge), Roman

Pamukkale Denizli/TR; water balance structure (Laodiceia), 3th BC

Pamukkale, Denizli/TR; water supply gallery (Hierapolis)

Pamukkale, Denizli/TR; city reservoir (Hierapolis)

Frontal view

Internal view

Söke, Aydın/TR; baked clay pipes (Priene)

Söke, Aydın/TR; corner fountain (Priene, animation)

Eskihisar, Denizli; Nympheum (Laodiceia, animation)

Aphrodisias Geyre, Karacasu, Aydın/TR,

Public bath

Operation principle

Inside of a latrine house

LATRINE

MAGNESIA, LATRINE, (4MAGNESIA, LATRINE, (4thth-6-6thth Centuries AD) Centuries AD)

Before

After

Computer Animation

Hierapolis (Pamukkale), Denizli/TR; sewerage system (aerial view)

Manhole & Cover

Eskihisar, DenizliTR; corner water distribution element (Laodiceia)

Hisarköy, Babadağ/Denizli/TR; sewerage/rainwater cover (Attouda)

Çavdarhisar, Kütahya/TR; Flood Mitigation Structure (Aizanoi)

Qanat

Entering to Qanat

Aerial view Inside of Qanat

Çevlik, Samandağ, Antakya/TR; creek diversion (Seleucia Pierra)

Bergama/İzmir/TR; creek covering

Datça/Muğla/TR; quay structure (Knidos)

PATARA LIGHTHOUSE, Gelemiş, Kalkan, Kaş/Antalya/TR (The unique example of ancient world)

Cistern “Binbirdirek”, (234 columns, 56*64 m)

“Aspar (Çukurbostan)”, open cistern, 152*152 m

CONCLUSION SHAPING THE FUTURE CONCLUSION SHAPING THE FUTURE

Professional deep investigations and protecting studies;

Marking water supply and sewerage system to city plan, if any;

Touristical trekking activities; Evaluating the climate change; New horizons to hydrological methods.

WISH & WISH & THANKSAYING!!THANKSAYING!!!! THANK YOU ALSO

VERY MUCH FOR THE ORGANIZING COMMITTEE ME TO INVITE for PRESENTATION SUCH A CULTURAL TOPIC TO 5th WWF!

HOPING THAT THE HUMANITY WILL PREVENT, PROTECT, CONSERVE AND FIRST OF ALL CONCERN THESE ANCIENT REMAINS TO HANDOVER TO THE NEXT GENERATION !

THANK YOU THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR YOUR VERY MUCH FOR YOUR

ATTENTION AND ATTENTION AND PATIENCE !PATIENCE !

(Life is in the water)(Life is in the water)

N. Orhan BAYKAN, Pamukkale University, Denizli/TÜRKİYE 5th WORLD WATER FORUM, İstanbul/TÜRKİYE, March 16th-22nd, 2009