THE AYURVEDIC PHARMACOPOEIA OF INDIA

II

III

THE AYURVEDIC

PHARMACOPOEIA OF

INDIA

PART - I VOLUME - VI

GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF HEALTH AND FAMILY WELFARE

DEPARTMENT OF AYURVEDA, YOGA & NATUROPATHY, UNANI, SIDDHA AND HOMOEOPATHY,

NEW DELHI 2008

First Edition

IV

PDH.66. Part I, Vol VI 5000-2008 (DSK II)

2008, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Government of India Department of Ayurveda, Yoga Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha & Homeopathy (AYUSH) Effective from 1st January, 2009 Price : Inland Rs. 500/- Foreign US $ 100/- ISBN : 978-81-905952-1-6 Published by : THE CONTROLLER OF PUBLICATIONS CIVIL LINES, DELHI - 110054 On Behalf of : GOVERNMENT OF INDIA

DEPARTMENT OF AYURVEDA, YOGA-NATUROPATHY, UNANI, SIDDHA AND HOMOEOPATHY (AYUSH), INDIAN RED CROSS SOCIETY BUILDING, SANSAD MARG, NEW DELHI

WEBSITE : www.indianmedicine.nic.in Printed at : Cirrus Graphics Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi

V

Foreword

VI

VII

CONTENTS PAGE

LEGAL NOTICES . XIII GENERAL NOTICES . XIV PREFACE . XIX ACKNOWLEDGEMENT XXI INTRODUCTION . XXII CONTRIBUTING LABORATORIES & INSTITUTIONS . XXX MONOGRAPHS

1. dr (Lf.) Acacia pennata (L.) Willd. 1 2. mragandhi-guggulu (Lf.) Balsamodendron caudata Mauch 3 3. Araya-sraa (Tuber ) Synantherias syeatica Schott Gen.Aocja 5 4. rroa (Rz.) Maranta arundinacea L. 7 5. Asthikhal (Aerial Part) Cissus quadrangularis L. 9 6. Bhtake (Fr.) Selinum vaginatum C.B. Clarke 12 7. Bhtake (Rz.) Selinum vaginatum C.B. Clarke 14 8. Bjapatr (Wh. Pl.) Adiantum cappillus- veneris L. 16 9. Bimb (Lf.) Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt 19

10. Bimb (St.) Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt 21 11. Bhat Dugdhik (Wh.Pl.) Euphorbia hirta L. 23 12. Bhat(Wh.Pl.) Solanum anguivi Lam. 26 13. Caaka (Wh. Pl.) Cicer arietinum L. 29 14. Druharidr (Fr.) Berberis aristata DC. 32

15. Dhava (Fr.) Anogeissus latifolia Wall. 34 16. Dhava (St. Bk.) Anogeissus latifolia Wall. 36 17. Dvpntara Damanaka (Wh.Pl.) Artemisia absinthium L. 38 18. Dvpntara atvar (Rt.) Asparagus officinalis L. 41 19. Elavlukam (Rt.) Prunus avium L. 43 20. Elavlukam (St. Bk.) Prunus avium L. 45 21. Eraakarka (Fr.) Carica papaya L. 47 22. Eraakarka (Rt.) Carica papaya L. 49 23. Gandhaiph (Wh.Pl.) Pavonia odorata Willd. 51 24. Grmachatraka (Wh. Pl.) Mollugo cerviana Seringe. 54 25. Gokura (Wh. Pl.) Tribulus terrestris L. 56 26. Granthimla (Rz.) Alpinia calcarata Rosc. 59 27. Guladud (Lf.) Chrysanthemum indicum L. 61 28. Haritamajar (Wh.Pl.) Acalypha indica L. 63 29. Hastiu (Wh. Pl.) Heliotropium indicum L. 66 30. Indvara (Rz.) Monochoria vaginalis Presl. 68 31. Jalakumbh (Wh.Pl.) Pistia stratiotes L. 70 32. Jvant (Rt.) Leptadenia reticulata W.& A. 73 33. Kaakgulma (Aerial Part) Lycium barbarum L. 75 34. Karaphs (Rt.) Apium graveolens L. 78 35. Kaugulma (Wh.Pl.) Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam. 80 36. Kearja (Wh. Pl.) Wedelia calendulacea Less non Rich. 83 37. Ketak (Stilt Rt.) Pandanus odoratissimus L. f. 86 38. Kamr (Lf.) Aristolochia bracteata Retz. 88 39. Kumrvetra (Rz.) Calamus thwaitesii Becc. 90

VIII

40. Kusumbha (Fr.) Carthamus tinctorius L. 92 41. Kusumbha (Lf.) Carthamus tinctorius L. 94 42. Kusumbha (Fl.) Carthamus tinctorius L. 96 43. Laghu Haritamajar (Rt.) Acalypha fruticosa Forsk. 99 44. Laghupatra-varbh (Wh.Pl.) Trianthema decandra L. 101 45. Lohitanirysa (Exd.) Dracaena cinnabari Balf. f. 104 46. Mdhav (Fl.) Hiptage benghalensis L. 106 47. Matsyapatrik (Wh.Pl.) Merremia tridentata (L.) Hall.f. 108 48. Med (Rz.) Polygonatum cirrhifolium Royle. 111 49. Ndhingu (Exd.) Gardenia gummifera L. f. 113 50. Nh (Wh.Pl.) Enicostemma axillare (Lam.) A. Raynal. 115 51. Nikocaka (Kernel) Pinus gerardiana Wall. 118 52. Panasa (Rt. Bk.) Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamk. 120 53. Papaa (Rt.) Pavetta indica L. 122 54. Parayavn (Lf.) Coleus amboinicus Lour. 124 55. Patra snuh (Latex) Euphorbia nivulia Buch.- Ham. 127 56. Pia Tagara (Rz.) Asarum europaeum L. 129 57. Pta-kacanra (Fl.) Bauhinia racemosa Lamk. 131 58. Rakta Citraka (Rt.) Plumbago indica L. 133 59. Rohtaka (St.Bk.) Tecomella undulata (Sm.) Seem. 135 60. la (Ht. Wd.) Shorea robusta Gaertn. 137 61. lapar (Wh.Pl.) Desmodium gangeticum DC. 139 62. am (Lf.) Prosopis cineraria Druce 142 63. Saurabhanimba (Lf.) Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng 145 64. itivraka (Sd.) Celosia argentea L. 148 65. iva-nl (Rt.& St.) Indigofera aspalathoides Vahl ex DC. 150 66. lemtaka (Fr.) Cordia dichotoma Forst. f. 152 67. lemtaka (St. Bk.) Cordia dichotoma Forst. f. 154 68. lpadrikanda (Tuber) Typhonium trilobatum Schott 156 69. Sphitakr (Rz.) Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott 158 70. Spkk (Wh. Pl.) Anisomeles malabarica (L.) R.Br. ex Sims 160 71. Sruvavka (Fr.) Flacourtia indica (Burm.f.) Merr. 163 72. Sthlail (Fr.) Amomum subulatum Roxb. 165 73. ukans (Rz.) Corallocarpus epigaeus Benth.ex Hook. f. 167 74. veta Vetasa (Lf.) Salix alba L. 169 75. Takkola (Fr.) Illicium verum Hook. f. 171 76. Tinduka (Fr.) Diospyros peregrina Gurke 173 77. Tryam (Rz.) Gentiana kurroo Royle 175 78. Tripak (Wh. Pl.) Coldenia procumbens L. 177 79. Tuvaraka (Sd.) Hydnocarpus pentandra (Buch.-Ham.) 180

Oken 80. and (Wh.Pl.) Glinus lotoides L. 182 81. Vajrnna (Lf.Base) Pennisetum typhoides (Burm.f.) Stapf & 185

C.E. Hubb. 82. Vluk- ka (Lf.) Gisekia pharnaceoides L. 187 83. Vanya-avagola (Lf.) Plantago lanceolata L. 189 84. Vetra (Rz.) Calamus rotang L. 191 85. Vinik (Wh.Pl.) Pergularia daemia (Forsk)) Chiov. 193 86. Vantmlaphala (Fr. Rind) Garcinia pedunculata Roxb. 196 87. Vcikakanda (Rz.) Doronicum hookeri C.B.Clarke 198 88. Drusit Taila (Cinnamomum Oil) Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume 200 89. Gandhapra Patra Taila Gaultheria fragrantissima Wall. 202

IX

90. Karpra (Natural Camphor) Cinnamomum camphora (L.) Nees & 204 Eberm. and Ocimum kilimandscharicum Guerke 91. Lavanga Taila (Clove Oil) Syzygium aromaticum Merril & Perry 206 92. Peppermint- Satva (Menthol) Mentha sps. 208 93. Sarapa Taila (Mustard Oil) Brassica campestris L. 210 94.Tailapara Taila (Eucalyptus Oil) Eucalyptus globulus Labill 212 95.Tila Taila (Sesamum Oil) Sesamum indicum L. 214 96. Yavn Satva (Thymol) Thymus vulgaris L. and Trachyspermum 216

ammi (L.) Sprague 97. Goghta (Clarified Cows Butter) 218 98. Gua (Jaggery) Saccharum officinarum L. 220

99. Jala (Potable water) - 222 100. Madhu (Honey) Apis sps. 224 101. arkar (Sugar) - 226

APPENDIX-1

1.1 Apparatus for Tests and Assays 230 1.1.1. - Nessler Cylinder 230 1.1.2. - Sieves 230 1.1.3. - Thermometers 231 1.1.4. - Ultra-Violet Lamp (For general purposes & for chromatography

work) 231 1.1.5. - Volumetric Glass Ware 231 1.1.6 - Weights and Balances 231 1.1.7 - Muslin Cloth 232

APPENDIX -2

2.1 Tests and Determinations 233 2.1.1. - Microscopic identification 233 2.1.2. - Microscopical Methods of Examining Crude Vegetable Drugs 236 2.1.3. - Types of Stomata 239 2.1.4. - Determination of Stomatal Index 240 2.1.5. - Determination of Palisade Ratio 240 2.1.6. - Determination of Vein-Islet Number 241 2.1.7. - Determination of Stomatal Number 242 2.2 Determination of Quantitative Data 242 2.2.1. - Net Content 242 2.2.2. - Foreign Matter 242 2.2.3. - Determination of Toatal Ash 242 2.2.4. - Determination of Acid Insoluble Ash 242 2.2.5. - Determination of Water Soluble Ash 243 2.2.6. - Determination of Sulphated Ash 243 2.2.7. - Determination of Alcohol Soluble Extractive 243

X

2.2.8. - Determination of Water Soluble Extractive 243 2.2.9. - Determination of Ehter Soluble Extractive (Fixed Oil Content) 243 2.2.10.- Determination of Moisture Content ( Loss on Drying) 243 2.2.11. - Determination of Water Insoluble Matter 244 2.2.12.- Determination of Volatile Oil in Drugs 244 2.2.13.- Special Processes Used in Alkaloidal Assays 245 2.2.13.a. Continuous Extraction of Drug 245 2.2.13.b. Tests for Complete Extraction of Alkaloids 245 2.2.14.- Thin- Layer Chromatography (TLC) 246 2.2.15.- Starch Estimation (Mont Gomery, 1957) [Spectrophotometric method] 248 2.2.16.- Sugar Estimation (Mont Gomery,1957) [Spectrophtometric method] 248 2.2.17.- Fatty Oil Estimation 249 2.2.18.- Test for Argemone Oil (Mustard Oil) 249 2.2.19.- Test for the Presence of Cottonseed Oil(Halphen Test) 249 2.2.20.- Test for Clove Oil- Alkali- Soluble Matter 249 2.2.21.- Test for Eucaluptus Oil 249 2.2.22.- Determination of Acidity 250 2.2.23.- Protein Estimation (Lowry et al., 1951) 251 2.2.24.- Method for Alkaloid Estimation 251 2.2.25.- Determination of Esters 251 2.3. Limit Tests 252 2.3.1. - Limit Test for Arsenic 252 2.3.2. - Limit Test for Chlorides 256 2.3.3. - Limit Test for Heavy Metals 256 2.3.4 - Limit Test for Iron 259 2.3.5. - Limit Test for Lead 259 2.3.6. - Limit Test for Sulphates 261 2.3.7. - Heavy Metals by Atomic Absorption Spectorphotometry 261 2.3.8. - Determination of Lead, Cadmium, Arsenic, Mercury and Copper 263 2.3.9. - Determination of Calcium Oxide 266 2.4. Microbial Limit Tests 2.4.1. - Total Aerobic Microbial Count 275 2.4.2. - Tests for Specified Micro-Organisms 277 2.5. Pesticide Residue 280 2.5.1. - Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Pesticide Residues 282 2.5.2. - Test for Pesticides 283 2.5.3. - Quantitative Analysis 284 2.6. Gas Chromatography 286

2.7. Test for Aflatoxins 288

XI

APPENDIX-3 3.1. Physical Tests and Determinations 290 3.1.1. - Refractive Index 290 3.1.2. - Weight per Millimetre and Specific Gravity 290 3.1.3. - Determination of pH Values 291 3.2. Determination of Melting Range and Congealing Range 291 3.2.1. - Determination of Melting Range 291 3.2.2. - Determination of Congealing Range 293 3.2.3. - Determination of Boiling Range 294

3.3. Determination of Optical Rotation and Specific Optical Rotation 296 3.4. Determination of Viscosity 297 3.5. Determination of Total Solids 298 3.6. Solubility in Water 298 3.7. Determination of Saponification Value 298 3.8. Determination of Iodine Value 299 3.9. Determination of Acid Value 300 3.10. Determination of Peroxide Value 300 3.11. Determination of Unsaponifiable Matter 301 3.12. Detection of Mineral Oil (Holdes Test) 301 3.13. Rancidity Test (Kreis number) 301 3.14. Determination of Reichert Meissl and Polenske Value 302 3.15. Determination of Alcohol Content 303

APPENDIX- 4 4.1. Reagents and Solutions 307 APPENDIX-5 5.1. Chemical Tests and Assays 336 5.1.1. - Estimation of Total Phenolic 336 5.1.2. - Estimation of Total Tannins 336 5.1.3. - Estimation of Sugars 336 5.1.3.1. - Reducing sugars 337 5.1.3.2. - Total sugars 337 5.1.3.3. - Non-reducing sugars 337 5.1.4 .- Feihes Test 338 5.1.5. - Aniline Chloride Test 338 5.1.6. - Determination of Sulphur Dioxide 338 5.1.7. - Determination of Total Reducing Sugars, Sucrose and Fructose-Glucose Ratio 340 5.2. Estimation of Curcumin by TLC Densitometer 341 5.2.1. - Determination of Aluminium 342

XII

5.2.2. - Determination of Borax 343 5.2.3. - Determination of Calcium 343 5.2.4. - Determination of Copper 343 5.2.5. - Determination of Iron 344 5.2.6. - Determination of Magnesium 345 5.2.7. - Determination of Mercury 345 5.2.8. - Determination of Silica 345 5.2.9. - Estimation of Sodium and Potassium by Flame Photometer 345 5.2.10.- Determination of Sodium Chloride 346 5.2.11.- Determination of Sulphur 346 5.2.12.- Qualitative Reactions of Some Radicals 346 APPENDIX - 6 6.1. Weights and Measures 349 6.1.1. - Metric Equivalents of Classical Weights and Measures 349 6.2. Metric system 350 APPENDIX - 7 7.1. - Classical Ayurvedic References 351 INDEX 388 DEFINITIONS 415 Monographs published in Volume I 416 Monographs published in Volume II 418 Monographs published in Volume III 420 Monographs published in Volume IV 423 Monographs published in Volume V 425

XIII

LEGAL NOTICES

In India there are laws dealing with drugs that are the subject of monographs which follow. These monographs should be read subject to the restrictions imposed by these laws wherever they are applicable. It is expedient that enquiry be made in each case in order to ensure that the provisions of the law are being complied with. In general, the Drugs & Cosmetics Act, 1940 (subsequently amended in 1964 and 1982), the Dangerous Drugs Act, 1930 and the Poisons Act, 1919 and the rules framed there under should be consulted. Under the Drugs & Cosmetics Act, the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (A.P.I.), Part-I, Vol. VI, is the book of standards for single drugs included therein and the standards prescribed in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Part-I, Vol. VI, would be official. If considered necessary these standards can be amended and the Chairman of the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia Committee authorized to issue such amendments. Whenever such amendments are issued, the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Part-I, Vol. VI, would be deemed to have been amended accordingly.

XIV

GENERAL NOTICES Title - The title of the book is Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Wherever the abbreviation A.P.I. is used, it may be presumed to stand for the same and the supplements thereto. Name of the Drugs - The name given on the top of each monograph of the drug is in Sanskrit as mentioned in the Ayurvedic classics and/or in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India, Part-I and Part-II will be considered official. These names have been arranged in English alphabetical order. The Latin name (taxonomical nomenclature) of each drug as found in authentic scientific literature has been provided in the monograph in the introductory paragraph. The official name will be the main title of the drug and its scientific name will also be considered as legal name. Introductory Para - Each monograph begins with an introductory paragraph indicating the part, scientific name of the drug in Latin with short description about its habit, distribution and method of collection, if any. Synonyms - Synonyms of each drug appearing in each monograph in Sanskrit, English, Hindi, Urdu and other Indian regional languages have been mentioned as found in the classical texts, Ayurvedic Formulary of India, Part-I and Part-II as procured from the experts, scholars of Ayurveda and officials in the field from different states. Italics - Italic type has been used for scientific name of the drug appearing in the introductory paragraph of each monograph as also for chemicals and reagents, substances or processes described in Appendix. Odour and Taste - Wherever a specific odour has been found it has been mentioned but the description as odourless or no odour has in many cases been avoided in the description, as large numbers of drugs have got no specific odour. The odour is examined by directly smelling 25 g of the powdered drug contained in a package or freshly powdered. If the odour is discernible the sample is rapidly transferred to an open container and re-examined after 15 minutes. If the odour persists to be discernible, it is described as having odour.

The Taste of a drug is examined by taking a small quantity of 85 mesh powder by a tip of moist glass rod and applying it on tongue previously rinsed with water. This may not be done in case if poisonous drugs, indicated in monograph.

Mesh Number - Wherever the powdering of the drug has been required the sieve Mesh Number 85 has been used. This will not apply for drugs containing much oily substance. Weights and Measures - The metric system of weights and measures is employed. Weights are given in multiples or fractions of a gramme (g) or of a milligram (mg). Fluid measures are given in multiples or fractions of millilitre (ml).

When the term drop is used, the measurement is to be made by means of a tube, which delivers in 20 drops 1 gram of distilled water at 15oC.

XV

Metric measures are required by the Pharmacopoeia to be graduated at 20oC and all measurements involved in the analytical operations of the Pharmacopoeia are intended, unless otherwise stated to be made at that temperature.

Identity, Purity and Strength - Under the heading Identification tests are provided as an aid to identification and are described in their respective monographs.

The term Foreign Matter is used to designate any matter, which does not form part of the drug as defined in the monograph. Vegetable drugs used as such or in formulations, should be duly identified and authenticated and be free from insects, pests, fungi, micro-organisms, pesticides, and other animal matter including animal excreta, be within the permitted and specified limits for lead, arsenic and heavy metals, and show no abnormal odour, colour, sliminess, mould or other evidence of deterioration.

The quantitative tests e.g. total ash, acid-insoluble ash, water-soluble ash, alcohol-

soluble extractive, water- soluble extractive, ether-soluble extractive, moisture content, volatile oil content and assays are the methods upon which the standards of Pharmacopoeia depend. The methods for assays are described in their respective monographs and for other quantitative tests, methods are not repeated in the text of monographs but only the corresponding reference of appropriate appendix is given. The analyst is not precluded from employing an alternate method in any instance if he is satisfied that the method, which he uses, will give the same result as the Pharmacopoeial Method. In suitable instances the methods of microanalysis, if of equivalent accuracy, may be substituted for the tests and assays described. However, in the event of doubt or dispute the methods of analysis of the Pharmacopoeia are alone authoritative. Standards - For statutory purpose, statements appearing in the API, Part-I, Vol. VI, under Description, those of definition of the part and source plants, and Identity, Purity and Strength, shall constitute standards. Thin Layer Chromatography (T.L.C.) - Under this head, wherever given, the number of spots and Rf values of the spots with their colour have been mentioned as a guide for identification of the drug and not as Pharmacopoeial requirement. However, the analyst may use any other solvent system and detecting reagent in any instance if he is satisfied that the method which he uses, even by applying known reference standards, will give better result to establish the identity of any particular chemical constituent reported to be present in the drug. Quantities to be Weighed for Assays and Tests - In all description quantity of the substance to be taken for testing is indicated. The amount stated is approximate but the quantity actually used must be accurately weighed and must not deviate by more than 10 per cent from the one stated. Constant Weight - the term Constant Weight when it refers to drying or ignition means that two consecutive weighings do not differ by more than 1.0 mg per g of the substance taken for the determination, the second weighing following an additional hour of drying on further ignition. Constituents - Under this head only the names of important chemical constituents, groups of constituents reported in research publications have been mentioned as a guide and not as pharmacopoeial requirement.

XVI

Percentage of Solutions - In defining standards, the expression per cent (%), is used, according to circumstances, with one of the four meanings given below.

Per cent w/w (percentage weight in weight) expresses the number of grammes of active substance, in 100 grammes of product.

Per cent w/v (Percentage weight in volume) expresses the number of grammes of

active substance in 100 millilitres of product.

Per cent v/v (percentage volume in volume) expresses the number of millilitres of active substance in 100 millilitres of product.

Per cent v/w (percentage volume in weight) expresses the number of millilitres of

active substance in 100 grammes of product.

Percentage of alcohol - All statements of percentage of alcohol (C2H5OH) refer to

percentage by volume at 15.56 oC.

Temperature - Unless otherwise specified all temperatures refer to centigrade (celsius), thermometric scale. Solutions - Unless otherwise specified in the individual monograph, all solutions are prepared with purified water. Reagents and Solutions - The chemicals and reagents required for the test in Pharmacopoeia are described in Appendices. Solubility - When stating the solubilities of Chemical substances the term Soluble is necessarily sometimes used in a general sense irrespective of concomitant chemical changes.

Statements of solubilities, which are expressed as a precise relation of weights of dissolved substance of volume of solvent, at a stated temperature, are intended to apply at that temperature. Statements of approximate solubilities for which no figures are given, are intended to apply at ordinary room temperature.

Pharmacopoeial chemicals when dissolved may show slight physical impurities, such

as fragment of filter papers, fibres, and dust particles, unless excluded by definite tests in the individual monographs.

When the expression parts is used in defining the solubility of a substance, it is to

be understood to mean that 1 gramme of a solid or 1 millilitre of a liquid is soluble in that number of millilitres of the solvent represented by the stated number of parts.

When the exact solubility of pharmacopoeial substance is not known, a descriptive

term is used to indicate its solubility. The following table indicates the meaning of such terms :-

XVII

Descriptive terms Relative quantities of solvent Very soluble Less than 1 part. Freely soluble From 1 to 10 parts. Soluble From 10 to 30 parts. Sparingly soluble From 30 to 100 parts. Slightly soluble From 100 to 1000 parts. Very slightly soluble From 1000 to 10,000 parts. Practically insoluble More than 10,000 parts. Therapeutic Uses and Important Formulations Therapeutic uses and important formulations mentioned in this Pharmacopoeia are, as provided in the recognized Ayurvedic classics and in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India, Part I and Part-II.

Doses The doses mentioned in each monograph are in metric system of weights, which are the approximate conversions from classical weights mentioned in Ayurvedic texts. A conversion table is appended giving classical weights of Ayurvedic System of Medicine with their metric equivalents. Doses mentioned in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (A.P.I.) are intended merely for general guidance and represent, unless otherwise stated, the average range of quantities per dose which is generally regarded suitable by clinicians for adults only when administered orally. It is to be noted that the relation between doses in metric and Ayurvedic systems set forth in the text is of approximate equivalence. These quantities are for convenience of prescriber and sufficiently accurate for pharmaceutical purposes.

XVIII

Abbreviations of Technical Terms The abbreviations commonly employed are as follows: m . . . . . . . Metre l . . . . . . . Litre mm. . . . . . . . Millimetre cm. . . . . . . . Centimetre . . . . . . . Micron (0.001 mm) Kg. . . . . . . . Kilogram g. . . . . . . . Gramme mg. . . . . . . . Milligram ml. . . . . . . . Millilitre IN. . . . . . . . Normal solution 0.5 N . . . . . . . Half-normal solution 0.1 N . . . . . . . Decinormal solution 1M. . . . . . . . Molar solution Fam. . . . . . . . Family PS. . . . . . . . Primary Standards TS. . . . . . . . Transverse Section

Abbreviations Used for Languages Sansk. . . . . . . . Sanskrit Assam. . . . . . . . Assamese Beng. . . . . . . . Bengali Eng. . . . . . . . English Guj. . . . . . . . Gujrati Hin. . . . . . . . Hindi Kan. . . . . . . . Kannada Kash. . . . . . . . Kashmiri Mal. . . . . . . . Malayalam Mar. . . . . . . . Marathi Ori. . . . . . . . Oriya Puj. . . . . . . . Punjabi Tam. . . . . . . . Tamil Tel. . . . . . . . Telgu

XIX

PREFACE

The first and second part of the Ayurvedic Formulary of India comprising of 444 and

191 formulations respectively cover more than 351 single drugs of plant origin. This is part

of nearly 500 priority single drugs of plant origin to come with in the ambit of the Ayurvedic

Pharmacopoeia of India. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Part-I, Vol-I, Vol-II, Vol

III, Vol IV and V comprises 80, 78, 100, 68 and 72 monographs of Ayurvedic single drugs of

plant origin which go into one or more formulations included in the Ayurvedic Formulary of

India, Part-I and Part-II. As a continuing activity monographs on 96 single drugs of plant

origin and four monographs each on Gua (Jaggery), Goghta (Clarified Cows Butter), Jala

(Potable water), Madhu (Honey) and arkar (Sugar) used as Vehicle or adjuvant, making

compilation of Vol VI of the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India Part-I comprising of these

101 monographs. In compiling the monograph, each monograph bears the title of the drug in

Sanskrit as given in Ayurvedic Formulary of India. This is followed by definition of the drug

giving botanical identity by using scientific binomial nomenclature with authority and very

brief information about its source, occurrence, distribution and precautions to be taken during

collection, if any. List of synonyms in Sanskrit and also in other Indian regional languages.

The monograph further records macroscopic and microscopic description of the drug

highlighting diagnostic features for identification and authentication even if the drug is in

powdered state. The monograph further gives under Identity, Purity and Strength, certain

physico chemical parameters such as limits of foreign matter, moisture content, total ash,

acid insoluble ash, alcohol soluble extractive, water soluble extractive, volatile content (if

any) followed by thin layer chromatographic fingerprint profile. Wherever feasible, an Assay

of active/marker chemical constituent or a group of chemical constituents such as total

alkaloids or volatile oil etc have been given. There is always range of variations in data on

chemical constituents and certain physico chemical parameters due to geographical, climatic

and ontogenetic variability. Therefore, variations in results of such data pose difficulty in

fixing narrow range. The data has been given on the basis of average results of 3 samples

from different laboratories. Under the constituents major chemical constituents as reported in

the literature have been given.

Under each monograph, classical attributes of each drug according to the doctrine of

Rasa, Gua, Vrya, Vipka and Karma have been kept intact. These are considered a

XX

reasonable basis and convenient reference point for a clinical classification. Such parameters

are not possible to measures by modern scientific methods thus not mandatory.

The legal notices and general notices have been provided for pharmaceutical and

regulatory purposes. The Appendices include details of the apparatus, reagents, chemicals,

solution tests, methods of preparation of samples for microscopic or chromatographic

examination.

The committee hopes that the publication of Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Part-

I Vol-VI containing 101 monographs would add to the requirements under the Drugs and

Cosmetic Act. The regular monitoring of the manufactured and marketed Ayurvedic drugs,

on the basis of the standards prescribed here in would bear evidence of the usefulness of

these volumes and help ensure their quality and status revision for the future.

The Committee urges the Government of India to recommend the adoption of these

monographs for the purposes of identity, purity and strength of drugs for use in their

Government, Semi-Government and Government aided institutions and voluntary public

organizations. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Part-I, Vol. VI, 2008 would be added

to Rule 168 of the Drugs and Cosmetics Act and be notified by Government as standards to

be complied with by the manufacturers for sale or distribution of Ayurvedic drugs.

Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Part-I, Vol. I, II, III, IV and V are already included in the

First Schedule of Drugs & Cosmetics act 1940.

Prof. S.S.Handa Dr. S.K.Sharma Dr. G.S.Lavekar Chairman Vice-Chairman Member Secretary

XXI

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeial committee duly acknowledges the contributions

made by the staff of the participating institutions associate with the APC project work for

developing quality standards of single drugs of plant origin.

The committee expresses gratitudes of the Secretary, Department of AYUSH. Ms.

Anita Das and Shri Shiv Basant for providing constant support for completion of this work

and its further continuation and also sincerely thanks to Dr. M.M. Padhi, Deputy Director

[Tech.]; Shri. Vasantha Kumar, Asst. Director [Chem.] Dr. Pramila Pant, Research Officer

[Chem.], Dr. Bishnupriya Dhar, Research Officer [Phar.], Dr. M.N. Rangne, Dr. Chhote Lal,

Dr. AKS Bhadoria and Dr. Nikhil Jirankalgikar S.R.F. (Ayu.), Dr. Rajesh Singh S.R.F.

[Ayu.], Dr. Sandhya Rani S.R.F. [Ayu.], Mr. Chinmay Rath S.R.F. [Bot.] and other

associated officers of PLIM viz., Dr. Rajeev Kr. Sharma, Senior Scientific Officer

(Pharmacognosy), Shri N.S. Mahara, R.O. (Phg.), Dr. Jai Prakash, R.O. (Chem.), Shri V. C.

Srivastava, Sr. Research Assistant (Chem.), Shri B.B. Prasad, R.A. (Botany), Shri S.K. Gaur,

R.A. (Chem.), Shri C. Arunachalam, R.A. (Botany), Shri R.K. Pawar, R.A. (Chem.), Shri

Rajendra Singh, Lab. Asstt. (Chem.) and Shri Sanjeev Gupta, Lab. Asstt. (Botany) for their

constant efforts in bringing out this volume. Thanks to Mr. Ashish, Ms. Meenakshi, Ms.

Deepti, D.E.O., who took pains in typing and arranging all the technical data into a final

shape.

XXII

INTRODUCTION

The Ayurvedic system of medicine has been prevalent in India since the Vedic period, and still remains the mainstay of medical relief to over 60 per cent of the population of the nation. In earlier times the practitioners of Ayurveda (Vaidya) were themselves collecting herbs and other ingredients and preparing medicines. For the purpose of acquiring raw materials Vaidyas now depend on commercial organizations trading in crude herbal drugs. Likewise, with passage of time a number of Ayurvedic Pharmaceutical units have come up for the manufacture of Ayurvedic drugs and formulations on commercial scale. Under the circumstances and responding to opinions of the scientific community after independence, the Govt. of India began a series of measures to introduce a quality control system, from 1964 onwards similar to that existing already under the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940, for western medicine. The Government of India introduced an amendment in 1964 to the Drug and Cosmetics Act 1940, to control to a limited measure the Ayurvedic, Siddha and Unani drugs.

The Act was accordingly amended in 1964, to ensure only a limited control over the production and sale of Ayurvedic medicines namely:-

i. The manufacture should be carried out under prescribed hygienic conditions, under the supervision of a person having prescribed qualifications;

ii. The raw materials used in the preparation of drugs should be genuine and

properly identified; and

iii. The formula or the true list of all the ingredients contained in the drugs should be displayed on the label of every container.

To start with, development of standards for the identity, purity and strength of single drugs and those of formulations at a later stage, assumed importance for the effective enforcement of the provision of the Act. If the raw materials to be used in a medicine and stage-by-stage processes of manufacturers are standardised, the final product namely, the compound formulation could be expected to conform to uniform standards. The requirement that the list of ingredients be displayed on the label will enable analysts to verify label claims. It will also ensure that the manufacture do not make false claim. Arrangements to evolve and lay down physical, chemical and biological standards, wherever even necessary, to identify the drugs and ascertain their quality and to detect adulterations are an urgent necessity of the profession. Setting up of Drug Standardisation Units, Research Centres, Drug Testing Institutes and Central Drug Laboratories for Ayurvedic Medicines both at national and regional level for this purpose are therefore, essential. The several Committees appointed by the Government of India to assess and evaluate the status and practice of Ayurvedic Medicine have stressed the importance of preparing an Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia, which is precisely a book of standards.

Having regard to all these considerations, the Central Council of Ayurvedic Research

recommended the constitution of Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia Committee consisting of experts on Ayurveda and other sciences. The Government of India accepted the recommendations of

XXIII

the Central Council of Ayurvedic Research and constituted the First Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia Committee, vide their letter No. 14-8/62-ISM, dated the 20th September, 1962 for a period of three years with effect from the date of its first meeting under the Chairmanship of Col. Sir R.N. Chopra with the following member :- 1. Col. Sir Ram Nath Chopra, Drugs Research Laboratory, Srinagar Chairman 2. Vaidya B.V. Gokhale, 29/14-15, Erandavane, Deccan Gymkhana, Poona-4 Member 3. Vaidya D.A. Kulkarni, Principal, Post Graduate, Training Centre in Ayurveda, Jamnagar Member 4. Kaviraj B.N. Sircar, 779-780, Nicholson Road, Kashmere Gate, Delhi-6 Member 5. Shri A.N. Namjoshi, Navyug Mansion, 19-A, Sleater Road, Bombay-7 Member 6. Dr.B.B.Gaitonde, Profossor of Pharmacology, Grant Medical College, Bombay Member 7. Dr. C.G. Pendse, Director, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi Member 8. Dr. G.K. Karandikar, Dean, Medical College, Aurangabad Member 9. Dr. G.S. Pande, Honorary Director, Indian Drug Research Association, 955-Sadashiv Peth, Lakshmi Road, Poona-2 Member 10. Dr. M.V. Venkataraghava, Chellakoti, Nungabakkum, Madras-34 Member 11. Ayurvedachara Kaladi K. Parameswaran Pillai, Laksmivilasam Vaidyasala, Vanchiyur, Trivandrum Member 12. Dr. V. Narayanaswamy, 70, Tana Street, Vepeiy, Madras-7 Member 13. Vaidya P.V.Dhamankar Shastri, Pardeshi Lane, Panvel, District Kolaba, Member Bombay 14. S.K. Borkar, Drug Controller (India), Directorate General of Health Services, Member Government of India, New Delhi 15. Shri Bapalal G.Vaidya, Principal, O.H. Nazar Ayurveda Mahavidyalaya, Member Surat 16. Kumari Savita Satakopan, Drugs Control Laboratory, Near Polytechnic, National Highway 8, Baroda Member

XXIV

17. Vaidya Vasudev M. Dwivedi, Director of Ayurveda, Government of Gujrat, Ahmedabad Member 18. Shri P.V. Bhatt, M.Sc., Chemist, The Ayurvedic Rasashala, Deccan Gymkhana, Poona. Member 19. Vaidya Ram Sushil Singh, Assistant Director of Ayurveda, Director of Medical Services (Ayurveda), Govt. of U.P. Member 20. Dr.Y. Kondal Rao, Secretary, Indian Medical Practitioners Cooperative Pharmacy & Stores Limited, Adyar, Madras-20

Member 21. Dr. V. Srinivasan, M.Sc., M.B.B.S., Ph.D., Director, Sarabhai Chemicals Research Institute, Shahibag, Ahmedabad-4 Member 22. Dr. C. Dwarakanath, Adviser in Indian System of Medicine, Ministry of Health, New Delhi Member Secretary

The Committee was assigned the following functions :-

1. To prepare an official Formulary in two parts :-

(a) Single drugs, of whose identity and therapeutic value there is no doubt; and

(b) Compound preparations, which are frequently used in Ayurvedic practice throughout the country.

2. To provide standards for drug and medicines of therapeutic usefulness or

pharmaceutical necessity commonly used in Ayurvedic practice. 3. To lay down tests for identity, quality and purity.

4. To ensure as far as possible uniformity, physical properties and active constituents;

and

5. To provide all other information regarding the distinguishing characteristics, methods of preparation, dosage, method of administration with various anupanas or vehicles and their toxicity.

As a first step in this direction the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia Committee started

preparing the official Formulary of Ayurveda in two parts as mentioned under the assigned functions of the Committee. Since the work of preparation of Ayurvedic Formulary could not be completed after the expiry of first three years, the Government of India extended the term of the Committee by another three years vide their notification No. F. 20-1/66-RISM, dated 14th January, 1966 and a gain for a further period of three years vide their notification No. F. 1-1/69-APC, dated 9th January, 1969.

During the years that followed, Ayurvedic Formulary, Part I and II and Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Part I, Volume I - V were published, the former containing the

XXV

compound formulations from classical Ayurvedic texts prescribed in Schedule - I to the Drug and Cosmetics Act, and the later, laying down standards for single drugs of plant origin. Amendment to the provisions introduced in 1982 further strengthen the ASU system by defining misbranded, adulterated and spurious drugs in the ASU system.

Subsequently under the 10th Five Year Plan a project was initiated by the Department to develop Method of Preparation, Standard Operative Procedures, Pharmacopoeial Standards and Shelf Life of Compound formulations of Ayurveda appearing in Ayurvedic Formulary of India, Parts I & II.

The work of the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia Committee was transferred along with

some technical staff to Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha, New Delhi as a secretariat for APC vide letter no. X-19011/6/94-APC (AYUSH),dated 29th March, 2006.

Prof. A.N. Namjoshi (1972, 1981, 1988 and 1994) and Vaidya I. Sanjeeva Rao (1998)

and Dr. P.D. Sethi (2001) were Chairmen of reconstituted Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia Committee during the specified periods.

The present Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia Committee (APC) was reconstituted under the

Deptt. of AYUSH vide letter No.X-19011/6/94-APC (AYUSH) dated 9st March, 2006 consisting of following members.

Ms. Savita Satakopan, M.Sc.

(Former Drug Analyst), Government of Gujarat, 7/4, Padmam Flats, Seventh Street, Nanganallur, Chennai 600 061.

Chairperson

(9th May 2005 to

22nd June 2006)

Prof. S.S. Handa, M. Pharma, Ph.D., (Former Director, RRL, Jammu), 522-A, Block C, Sushant Lok, Phase-I, Gurgaon, Haryana 122 001.

Chairman (23rd June, 2006 to onwards)

Dr. S.K. Sharma, M.D. (Ayu.), Ph.D. Advisor (Ayurveda), Department of AYUSH, Red Cross Society Building, New Delhi 110 001.

Vice-Chairman

OFFICIAL MEMBERS 1. Dr. G.S. Lavekar, AVP; Ph.D.

Director, Central Council for Research in Ayurveda & Siddha, 61-65, Institutional Area, D-Block, Janakpuri, New Delhi 110 058.

Member-Secretary (Ex-officio)

XXVI

2. Dr. D.R. Lohar, M.Sc.; Ph.D. Director, Pharmacopoeial Laboratory for Indian Medicine, Central Govt. Offices Complex, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad 201 002.

Member (Ex-officio)

3. Managing Director, Indian Medicines Pharmaceutical Corporation Ltd., Mohan, Via Ram Nagar, Distt.- Almora, Uttranchal.

Member (Ex-officio)

4. Drugs Controller General (India), Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Nirman Bhawan, New Delhi 110 011.

Member (Ex-officio)

NON-OFFICIAL MEMBERS Phytochemistry & Chemistry Sub-Committee 1. Prof. V.K. Kapoor, M. Pharm., Ph.D.

(Former Dean and Chairman, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh) 1473, Pushpac Complex, 49B, Chandigarh - 160 047.

Chairman

2. Dr. P.D. Sethi, M. Pharm., Ph.D., (Former Director, Central Indian Pharmacopoeial Laboratory) B-140, Shivalik Enclave, New Delhi 110 017.

Member

3. Shri J.K. Dhing, M.Sc. Former Chief Manager (Exploration), Hindustan Copper Ltd., SF-8, Sector-5, (Gayatri Nagar) Hiran Magri, Udaipur 313 002. (Rajasthan).

Member

Pharmacognosy Sub-Committee 1. Ms. S. Satakopan, M.Sc.

(Former Drug Analyst), Government of Gujarat, 7/4, Padmam Flats, Seventh Street, Nanganallur, Chennai 600 061.

Chairman

2. Dr. (Mrs.) Shanta Mehrotra, M.Sc., Ph.D., Emeritus Scientist,

Member

XXVII

National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, P.B. No.-436, Lucknow 226 001 (U.P.).

3. Prof. M.A. Iyengar, M. Pharma, Ph.D, Former Professor and Head of Pharmacognosy, 14, HIG, HUDCO, Manipal 576 104

Member

4. Dr. J. Mohanasundraram, M.D., Former Professor of Pharmacology & Deputy Director of Medical Education, Chennai.

Member

Formulary Sub-Committee (Rasa Shastra / Bhaishajya Kalpana Ayurvedic Pharmacy) 1. Prof. S.K. Dixit, A.B.M.S.; D.Ay.M; Ph.D.

(Former Head, Deptt. of Rasa Shastra, BHU), B-3/402, Shivala, Varanasi 221 005 (UP.).

Chairman

2. Dr. B.L. Gaur, Ph.D.; Vice-Chancellor, Jodhpur Ayurvedic University, Jodhpur, Rajasthan,

Member

3. Prof. Siddhinandan Mishra, G.B.M.S.; Ph.D. Pharmacy In-charge, SDM Ayurvedic College, P.O. Kuthpady, Udupi 574 118, (South Karnataka).

Member

4. Prof. Ved Vrat Sharma, H.P.A. (Former Principal, DAV Ayurvedic College), House No. 65, Sector-8, Panchkula, Haryana.

Member

5. Dr. P.K. Prajapati, M.D. (Ay.), Ph. D., Reader & Head, Deptt. of Ras Shastra, IPGT & RA, Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar, Gujarat 361 008.

Member

6. Dr. Narendra Bhatt, M.D. (Ay.), Chief Executive Officer, Zandu Pharmaceutical Works Ltd., 70, Ghokhle Road (South), Dadar, Mumbai 400 025.

Member

7. Shri Ranjit Puranik, General Manager, Shree Dhootapapeshwar Ltd., 135, Nanubhai Desai Road, Khetwadi, Mumbai.

Member

XXVIII

Ayurveda Sub-Committee (Single Drugs of Plants, Minerals, Metals, Animal origin) 1. Prof. V.K. Joshi, M.D. (Ay.), Ph.D.

Deptt. Dravyaguna, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University (BHU), Varanasi 221 005 (U.P.).

Chairman

2. Prof. K.C. Chunekar, Ph.D. (Former Reader, Deptt. of Dravyaguna, BHU), 18/7, Ratan Phatak, Varanasi, (U.P.).

Member

3. Vaidya Devender Triguna, Ayurvedacharya, PADAM SHREE, 143-Sarai Kale Khan, Nizamuddin East, New Delhi.

Member

4. Dr. M.R. Uniyal, M.D. (Ay.), Ph.D. (Former Director, CRIA, CCRAS), Director (Drugs), Maharishi Ayurved Products, 17/18, NOIDA Export Processing Zone, NOIDA 201 305.

Member

5. Prof. V.V. Prasad, Director, Rashtriya Ayurveda Vidyapeeth, Dhanvantri Bhawan, Road No. 66, Punjabi Bagh (West), New Delhi 110 026.

Member

CO-OPTED MEMBERS 1. Dr. G.V. Satyavathi,

Former Director General-ICMR, Prasad-Nilaya, D-55/82, EAST-END (B), Main Road, 9th Block, Jaynagar, Bangalore 500069.

2. Dr. G.P. Dubey, Ex.Dean, Ayurveda, Project Investigator, Center of Psychosomatic & Biofeedback Medicine, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005.

XXIX

1. The term of the Committee shall be for a period of three years from the date of its first meeting and the members shall hold office for that period.

2. The Chairman of the APC shall have the powers to form sub-committees whenever

required and to co-opt experts from outside for such sub-committees. 3. The Committee shall have the power to frame procedures of functioning. 4. The functions of the Committee shall be as follows: (i) To prepare Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India of single and compound drugs. (ii) To prescribe the working standards for compound Ayurvedic formulations including

tests for identity, purity, strength and quality so as to ensure uniformity of the finished formulations.

(iii) Keeping in view the time constraint, to identify such methods, procedures and plan of

work as would enable to publish the formulary and standards of all commonly used drugs to be brought out in a phased manner.

(iv) To prepare remaining parts of the official formulary of compound preparations from

the classical texts including standardized composition of reputed institution. (v) To develop and standardize methods of preparations, dosage form, toxicity profile

etc. (vi) To develop quality standards, safety, efficacy profile of intermediates likes extracts of

Ayurvedic raw drugs. (vii) To develop the quality standards, safety, efficacy profile of different parts of the

plants; as well as to include new plants as Ayurvedic drugs. (viii) Any other matter relating to the quality standards, shelf life, identification, new

formulations etc. 5. The following are the targets focus of the Committee: (i) To evolve standards of single drugs mentioned in the Ayurvedic Formularies of India. (ii) To evolve standards for compound formulations mentioned in the Ayurvedic

Formularies of India & other Ayurvedic formulations of National Priority. (iii) To prepare drafts SOP of Ayurvedic Formularies of India from the classical texts and

other authentic sources.

XXX

CONTRIBUTING LABORATORIES & INSTITUTIONS

1. B.V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education & Research Development Centre,

Ahmedabad. (Dr. (Mrs). M.Rajani) 2. Captain Srinivasa Murti Drug Research Institute for Ayurveda (CSMDRIA),

Chennai. (Dr. (Ms.) A. Saraswathy)

3. Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha (CCRAS), New Delhi (Dr. V.K. Lal)

4. Central Research Institute of Unani Medicine, Hyherabad (Dr. Sheikh Imam)

5. Govt. Drug Testing Laboratory, Joginder Nagar (Dr. Arjun Singh Kharwal)

6. IPGTRA Gujarat Ayurveda University, Jamnagar

(Dr. Subrata De)

7. National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR), Lucknow. (Dr. (Mrs) Shanta Mehrotra, Dr. A.K.S. Rawat, Adarsh Kumar Agnihotri, Miss.Vartika Rai, Miss. Manisha Agarwal and Madan Mohan Pandey)

8. National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, SAS Nagar (Dr. K.K. Bhutani)

9. Pharmacopoeial Laboratory for Indian Medicine (PLIM), Ghaziabad. (Dr. D.R. Lohar, Dr. Rajeev Kr. Sharma, Ravindra Singh and C. Arunachalam)

10. Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute (TBGRI), Thiruvanathapuram. (Dr. S. Rajasekharan, Dr. V. George, Dr. Mathav Dass, M. Navas, J. Ushakumari and S.R. Rajani Kurup)

11. University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Punjab University, Chandigarh. (Prof. Karan Vasisht)

Therapeutic Uses and Important Formulations Therapeutic uses and important formulations mentioned in this Pharmacopoeia are, as provided in the recognized Ayurvedic classics and in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India, Part I and Part-II.Doses The doses mentioned in each monograph are in metric system of weights, which are the approximate conversions from classical weights mentioned in Ayurvedic texts. A conversion table is appended giving classical weights of Ayurvedic System of Med...Abbreviations of Technical Terms The abbreviations commonly employed are as follows:Abbreviations Used for LanguagesPREFACEINTRODUCTIONMinistry of Health, New Delhi Member Secretary

OFFICIAL MEMBERS