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Name ____________________________________________________________ Period_____
The Axial Skeleton
The Axial Skeleton
• Forms the __________________________________ of the body
• Divided into _______________________
• _________________________________
• _________________________________
• _________________________________
The Skull
• Two sets of bones
o __________________ – encloses & protects brain
o ______________________________ – holds eyes in anterior position & allows
the facial muscles to show emotions. • All but 1 of the bones are joined by __________________________________________
• Only the ___________________ is attached by a freely movable joint
The Cranium
• ________________ – forms ____________________, brow bone, superior eye orbit
• ____________________(___) – form most of the ______________________________
of the cranium
o Meet in midline = _______________________________________
o Meet frontal = _______________________________________
• ____________________(___)– inferior to parietals & join to them at the _____________
_________________________
o Important bone markings found here
� ___________________________________________________ –
______________ leading to eardrum
� _________________________________ – sharp needle-like projection
inferior to external auditory meatus (______________________________
for many __________________________________________________)
� _________________________________ – thin ____________________
that joins w/ the zygomatic (_____________) bone
� _________________________________ – rough projection posterior &
inferior to the external auditory meatus
• ____________________________________________________
• ____________________________________________________
• Close to middle ear & __________________________________
� ________________________________ – junction of occipital & temporal
• Allows for ____________________________________________
• Largest vein of the head – _______________________________
� ___________________________________ – anterior to jugular foramen
• Transmits ______________________________ (facial &
vestibulocochlear)
� _________________________________ - anterior to jugular foramen
• ____________________________________________________
• ________________________– most posterior bone of cranium forming _____________
__________________________________________
o Joins parietals anteriorly at _________________________________
o ___________________________________ = large opening in base of the
occipitals (_______________________________________________________)
� Lateral to the foramen magnum are rockerlike _____________________
_____________________ which rest on the 1st vertebra
• ___________________________ – butterfly-shaped – spans the width of the skull and
forms part of ________________________________________________
o __________________________________ “Turk’s saddle” = small depression on
the midline of the sphenoid, holds the ________________________________
o _________________________________ = large oval opening in line w/ the
posterior end of the sella turcica (allows _______________________ (trigeminal)
to pass to _______________________ muscles of mandible
o Parts of the ________________________ form part of the eye orbits
� 2 important openings:
1. ___________________________ (optic nerve)
2. __________________________________________ (cranial
nerves 3, 4 & 6 – eye movements)
o Central part of the sphenoid riddled w/ air cavities = _______________________
• _____________________ – irregularly shaped, anterior to sphenoid – forms _________
_______________________ and ___________________________________________.
o ______________________________ “cock’s comb” = superior ethmoid surface
projection – ______________________________________________________
o _____________________________________ – holey areas on sides of crista
galli= ________________________________________ pass through from nose
o ________________________________________________ – extensions of the
ethmoid – form part of _________________________________________ &
____________________________________________ of air flowing
Facial Bones
*________________________
*________________________, only the _______________ and ____________are _________
• ________________________(___) / maxillary bones – fused to form _______________
o Upper teeth carried in the ________________________________________
o ___________________________________– extensions that form the ________
part of the _____________________________
o ___________________________________ – ___________________________
_________________, lighten the skull bones, ___________________________
as we speak
� Hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity
� _____________________ (infection of sinuses) – can result in ________
________________________________ pain
• ______________________ (___) – posterior to palatine processes of maxillae – form
____________________ part of __________________________________
o ________________________________ = failure of these to fuse
• ___________________________(___) – cheek bones – form portion of _____________
_____________________________________
• ___________________________(___) – fingernail sized bones forming part of _______
_____________________________________
o Groove serves as ________________________________________________
• _______________(___) – small rectangular bones – form ________________________
– lower part of nose made of cartilage
• _______________ “_____________” (1) – median line of nasal cavity – forms _______
__________________________________________
• _________________________________________ (___) – thin, ___________________
________________________ from lateral walls of the nasal cavity
• ________________________ (lower jaw) – largest, _____________________________
– ________________________________________ on each side of face, forming the
_____________________________________________________________ (find them!)
o Horizontal part (body) forms the ________________
o 2 upright bars of bone (rami) extend from the body to connect the mandible with
the temporal bone.
o __________________________ lie in ________________________________
The Hyoid Bone
• ______________________________________
• _______________________________ w/ a
body and 2 pair of horns (cornua)
• Closely related to mandible and temporal bones
• ______________________________________
______________________________________
• Suspended in mid–neck region 2 cm above the
larynx, ________________________________
______________________________________
• Serves as a movable ____________________
____________ & attachment point for neck
muscles (lower and raise larynx when we
swallow & speak)
The Fetal Skull
• Face small compared to size of cranium (skull
is large compared to body length)
• ____________________________________
_______________; newborn is _________
• ______________________ – fibrous
membranes connecting the cranial bones
o Baby’s pulse can be ______________
_______________ spots (explains
their name “little fountain”)
o Allow fetal skull to be _____________
______________________________
o Allow infants ____________________
o Largest fontanels are diamond shaped
anterior shaped fontanel and smaller
triangular shaped posterior
o ________________________________
_____________________ after birth
The Vertebral Column
• Serves as ____________________ of the body
• Extends ______________________, which it
supports, _______________________, where
it transmits the weight of the body to the legs.
• ____________________________________
connected & __________________________
creating a flexible, curved structure.
• _________________________ runs through
central cavity, protected by vertebrae
• ___________________ = ________________
___________________ but _______________
________________________________ – the
____________ (5 fused) & the ___________ (4
fused).
• Each vertebrae is given a _________________
______________________________________
.
• 24 single vertebrae
o __________________________ vertebrae
o __________________________vertebrae
o __________________________vertebrae
• Vertebrae separated by pads of __________________________________ –
____________________ discs – ____________________________________ while
________________________________________.
o _________ person – discs = _________________________ – ______________
_________________________________.
o As you _________ – ________________________________ – _____________
_______________________________________
• Can ______________________________________________________.
• Can __________________ from ________________________________
• ____________________________ on ___________________________
_____________= ____________________ & excruciating ___________
• _____________ & _________________________________ of spine _______________
________________ to head when we walk or run.
o _________________________ curvatures
• __________________________________ regions
• __________________________________
o __________________________ curvatures
• ________________ curvature appears ___________________________
_____________________________________
• ________________ curvature when baby _________________________
• _______________________ spinal curvatures
o __________________ - abnormal __________________________ of the spine.
o __________________ - Abnormal __________________________ of the spine,
resulting in ______________________.
o ___________________ - Abnormal _________________________ of the spine
in the _______________ region.
Vertebrae
• All vertebrae have a similar structural pattern.
o _______________: disclike, _________________________ part facing
anteriorly.
o ____________________________:
formed from the joining of all
posterior extensions, the laminae &
pedicles.
o ____________________________:
_____________ through which the
spinal cord passes.
o ____________________________:
2 lateral projections from the
vertebral arch.
o _____________________________: single projection arising from the posterior
aspect of the vertebral arch (fused laminae).
o ________________________________________
__________________: ______________ projections
lateral to the vertebral foramen allowing a __________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________.
Cervical Vertebrae
• 7 (___________) – form the ___________ region.
• First 2 – __________________________ – are different
because they perform functions not shared by any other cervical vertebrae.
• ____________ (C1) has _________________; the
superior surfaces of its transverse processes
contain large depressions that ________________
___________________________________; allows
you to nod “_________.”
• _____________ (C2) has a _________________
__________________ (_________ or
_____________________________), which acts
as a _________________________________;
allows you to indicate “_______.”
• C3 through C7 are the smallest, lightest vertebrae
• All transverse processes ___________________
_______________________________________________through which ___________
_______________ pass to the brain.
Thoracic Vertebrae
• ____ with body somewhat __________________
______________ w/ ______________________
__________, which receive the heads of the ribs.
• _____________________________ is long &
______________________________________
(from the side looks like a __________________
head).
Lumbar Vertebrae
• ___ w/ massive __________________________ &
________________________________________
____________ (looks like ______________ head
from side).
• ________________ vertebrae – ______________
________________.
Sacrum
• Formed by the ____________________________________________.
• Winglike ________________________________ laterally ________________________
forming the ___________________________________.
• Forms the __________________________________________________________.
• ________________________________________ roughens the posterior midline & are
flanked by ____________________________________.
• Vertebral canal continues inside the sacrum as the _______________________ –
terminates in large inferior opening called the ______________________________.
Coccyx
• Formed by ____________________________________, irregularly shaped vertebrae
• This is the human “____________________” – a remnant of the tail other vertebrate
animals have.
Bony Thorax
• Made-up of three parts
o ______________________
o ______________________
o ____________________________________
• Often called the “_______________________________” b/c it forms a ______________
______________________ of slender bones to protect the major organs of the thoracic
cavity.
• ____________________– “breastbone”
o Flat bone that is a result of the ________________________________ – the
________________________________________________________________
o __________________ to the __________________________________
o Three important bony landmarks:
1. _____________________________ (concave ______________ border of
the ____________________) – can be felt easily – generally at __________
2. ____________________________ - where manubrium & body meet -
formed at level of ______________ (reference to locate ________________
_______________ for ___________________________________________)
3. ____________________________ – body and xiphoid process fuse (level of
_______)
o ________________________________ used to get bone marrow tissue to
__________________________________________________________
• Ribs – _______________ – form walls of bony thorax
o Articulate w/ vertebral column posteriorly & curve downward toward anterior body
surface.
o ___________________ = __________________ – _______________________
to sternum by _______________________________________
o ___________________ = __________________ – _______________________
___________________________________ (______________________ are
called “_____________________”
b/c they are the ones not attached
at all)
o Contrary to popular myth – men &
women have the same number of
ribs!! ☺