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Name ____________________________________________________________ Period_____ The Axial Skeleton The Axial Skeleton Forms the __________________________________ of the body Divided into _______________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ The Skull Two sets of bones o __________________ – encloses & protects brain o ______________________________ – holds eyes in anterior position & allows the facial muscles to show emotions. All but 1 of the bones are joined by __________________________________________ Only the ___________________ is attached by a freely movable joint

The Axial Skeleton - Woodland Hills School District Axial Skeleton... · The Axial Skeleton The Axial Skeleton • Forms the _____ of the body • Divided into

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Name ____________________________________________________________ Period_____

The Axial Skeleton

The Axial Skeleton

• Forms the __________________________________ of the body

• Divided into _______________________

• _________________________________

• _________________________________

• _________________________________

The Skull

• Two sets of bones

o __________________ – encloses & protects brain

o ______________________________ – holds eyes in anterior position & allows

the facial muscles to show emotions. • All but 1 of the bones are joined by __________________________________________

• Only the ___________________ is attached by a freely movable joint

The Cranium

• ________________ – forms ____________________, brow bone, superior eye orbit

• ____________________(___) – form most of the ______________________________

of the cranium

o Meet in midline = _______________________________________

o Meet frontal = _______________________________________

• ____________________(___)– inferior to parietals & join to them at the _____________

_________________________

o Important bone markings found here

� ___________________________________________________ –

______________ leading to eardrum

� _________________________________ – sharp needle-like projection

inferior to external auditory meatus (______________________________

for many __________________________________________________)

� _________________________________ – thin ____________________

that joins w/ the zygomatic (_____________) bone

� _________________________________ – rough projection posterior &

inferior to the external auditory meatus

• ____________________________________________________

• ____________________________________________________

• Close to middle ear & __________________________________

� ________________________________ – junction of occipital & temporal

• Allows for ____________________________________________

• Largest vein of the head – _______________________________

� ___________________________________ – anterior to jugular foramen

• Transmits ______________________________ (facial &

vestibulocochlear)

� _________________________________ - anterior to jugular foramen

• ____________________________________________________

• ________________________– most posterior bone of cranium forming _____________

__________________________________________

o Joins parietals anteriorly at _________________________________

o ___________________________________ = large opening in base of the

occipitals (_______________________________________________________)

� Lateral to the foramen magnum are rockerlike _____________________

_____________________ which rest on the 1st vertebra

• ___________________________ – butterfly-shaped – spans the width of the skull and

forms part of ________________________________________________

o __________________________________ “Turk’s saddle” = small depression on

the midline of the sphenoid, holds the ________________________________

o _________________________________ = large oval opening in line w/ the

posterior end of the sella turcica (allows _______________________ (trigeminal)

to pass to _______________________ muscles of mandible

o Parts of the ________________________ form part of the eye orbits

� 2 important openings:

1. ___________________________ (optic nerve)

2. __________________________________________ (cranial

nerves 3, 4 & 6 – eye movements)

o Central part of the sphenoid riddled w/ air cavities = _______________________

• _____________________ – irregularly shaped, anterior to sphenoid – forms _________

_______________________ and ___________________________________________.

o ______________________________ “cock’s comb” = superior ethmoid surface

projection – ______________________________________________________

o _____________________________________ – holey areas on sides of crista

galli= ________________________________________ pass through from nose

o ________________________________________________ – extensions of the

ethmoid – form part of _________________________________________ &

____________________________________________ of air flowing

Facial Bones

*________________________

*________________________, only the _______________ and ____________are _________

• ________________________(___) / maxillary bones – fused to form _______________

o Upper teeth carried in the ________________________________________

o ___________________________________– extensions that form the ________

part of the _____________________________

o ___________________________________ – ___________________________

_________________, lighten the skull bones, ___________________________

as we speak

� Hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity

� _____________________ (infection of sinuses) – can result in ________

________________________________ pain

• ______________________ (___) – posterior to palatine processes of maxillae – form

____________________ part of __________________________________

o ________________________________ = failure of these to fuse

• ___________________________(___) – cheek bones – form portion of _____________

_____________________________________

• ___________________________(___) – fingernail sized bones forming part of _______

_____________________________________

o Groove serves as ________________________________________________

• _______________(___) – small rectangular bones – form ________________________

– lower part of nose made of cartilage

• _______________ “_____________” (1) – median line of nasal cavity – forms _______

__________________________________________

• _________________________________________ (___) – thin, ___________________

________________________ from lateral walls of the nasal cavity

• ________________________ (lower jaw) – largest, _____________________________

– ________________________________________ on each side of face, forming the

_____________________________________________________________ (find them!)

o Horizontal part (body) forms the ________________

o 2 upright bars of bone (rami) extend from the body to connect the mandible with

the temporal bone.

o __________________________ lie in ________________________________

The Hyoid Bone

• ______________________________________

• _______________________________ w/ a

body and 2 pair of horns (cornua)

• Closely related to mandible and temporal bones

• ______________________________________

______________________________________

• Suspended in mid–neck region 2 cm above the

larynx, ________________________________

______________________________________

• Serves as a movable ____________________

____________ & attachment point for neck

muscles (lower and raise larynx when we

swallow & speak)

The Fetal Skull

• Face small compared to size of cranium (skull

is large compared to body length)

• ____________________________________

_______________; newborn is _________

• ______________________ – fibrous

membranes connecting the cranial bones

o Baby’s pulse can be ______________

_______________ spots (explains

their name “little fountain”)

o Allow fetal skull to be _____________

______________________________

o Allow infants ____________________

o Largest fontanels are diamond shaped

anterior shaped fontanel and smaller

triangular shaped posterior

o ________________________________

_____________________ after birth

The Vertebral Column

• Serves as ____________________ of the body

• Extends ______________________, which it

supports, _______________________, where

it transmits the weight of the body to the legs.

• ____________________________________

connected & __________________________

creating a flexible, curved structure.

• _________________________ runs through

central cavity, protected by vertebrae

• ___________________ = ________________

___________________ but _______________

________________________________ – the

____________ (5 fused) & the ___________ (4

fused).

• Each vertebrae is given a _________________

______________________________________

.

• 24 single vertebrae

o __________________________ vertebrae

o __________________________vertebrae

o __________________________vertebrae

• Vertebrae separated by pads of __________________________________ –

____________________ discs – ____________________________________ while

________________________________________.

o _________ person – discs = _________________________ – ______________

_________________________________.

o As you _________ – ________________________________ – _____________

_______________________________________

• Can ______________________________________________________.

• Can __________________ from ________________________________

• ____________________________ on ___________________________

_____________= ____________________ & excruciating ___________

• _____________ & _________________________________ of spine _______________

________________ to head when we walk or run.

o _________________________ curvatures

• __________________________________ regions

• __________________________________

o __________________________ curvatures

• ________________ curvature appears ___________________________

_____________________________________

• ________________ curvature when baby _________________________

• _______________________ spinal curvatures

o __________________ - abnormal __________________________ of the spine.

o __________________ - Abnormal __________________________ of the spine,

resulting in ______________________.

o ___________________ - Abnormal _________________________ of the spine

in the _______________ region.

Vertebrae

• All vertebrae have a similar structural pattern.

o _______________: disclike, _________________________ part facing

anteriorly.

o ____________________________:

formed from the joining of all

posterior extensions, the laminae &

pedicles.

o ____________________________:

_____________ through which the

spinal cord passes.

o ____________________________:

2 lateral projections from the

vertebral arch.

o _____________________________: single projection arising from the posterior

aspect of the vertebral arch (fused laminae).

o ________________________________________

__________________: ______________ projections

lateral to the vertebral foramen allowing a __________

___________________________________________

___________________________________________.

Cervical Vertebrae

• 7 (___________) – form the ___________ region.

• First 2 – __________________________ – are different

because they perform functions not shared by any other cervical vertebrae.

• ____________ (C1) has _________________; the

superior surfaces of its transverse processes

contain large depressions that ________________

___________________________________; allows

you to nod “_________.”

• _____________ (C2) has a _________________

__________________ (_________ or

_____________________________), which acts

as a _________________________________;

allows you to indicate “_______.”

• C3 through C7 are the smallest, lightest vertebrae

• All transverse processes ___________________

_______________________________________________through which ___________

_______________ pass to the brain.

Thoracic Vertebrae

• ____ with body somewhat __________________

______________ w/ ______________________

__________, which receive the heads of the ribs.

• _____________________________ is long &

______________________________________

(from the side looks like a __________________

head).

Lumbar Vertebrae

• ___ w/ massive __________________________ &

________________________________________

____________ (looks like ______________ head

from side).

• ________________ vertebrae – ______________

________________.

Sacrum

• Formed by the ____________________________________________.

• Winglike ________________________________ laterally ________________________

forming the ___________________________________.

• Forms the __________________________________________________________.

• ________________________________________ roughens the posterior midline & are

flanked by ____________________________________.

• Vertebral canal continues inside the sacrum as the _______________________ –

terminates in large inferior opening called the ______________________________.

Coccyx

• Formed by ____________________________________, irregularly shaped vertebrae

• This is the human “____________________” – a remnant of the tail other vertebrate

animals have.

Bony Thorax

• Made-up of three parts

o ______________________

o ______________________

o ____________________________________

• Often called the “_______________________________” b/c it forms a ______________

______________________ of slender bones to protect the major organs of the thoracic

cavity.

• ____________________– “breastbone”

o Flat bone that is a result of the ________________________________ – the

________________________________________________________________

o __________________ to the __________________________________

o Three important bony landmarks:

1. _____________________________ (concave ______________ border of

the ____________________) – can be felt easily – generally at __________

2. ____________________________ - where manubrium & body meet -

formed at level of ______________ (reference to locate ________________

_______________ for ___________________________________________)

3. ____________________________ – body and xiphoid process fuse (level of

_______)

o ________________________________ used to get bone marrow tissue to

__________________________________________________________

• Ribs – _______________ – form walls of bony thorax

o Articulate w/ vertebral column posteriorly & curve downward toward anterior body

surface.

o ___________________ = __________________ – _______________________

to sternum by _______________________________________

o ___________________ = __________________ – _______________________

___________________________________ (______________________ are

called “_____________________”

b/c they are the ones not attached

at all)

o Contrary to popular myth – men &

women have the same number of

ribs!! ☺