The Attitude Towards the Death of a Beloved in Edgar Allan Poe

8/15/2019 The Attitude Towards the Death of a Beloved in Edgar Allan Poe

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Azeb Chikh vii

Table of Contents

Dedication…………………………………………………...………...

……………… ..

Acknowledgment…………………………………………….……….……………… .ii

Abstract……………………………………………………………..………………...iii

Table of Contents ..……………………………………………….…………………..iv

List of Figure…… ………………………………………………..…………………....v

General Introduction

1. ackground of t!e "tud#…………………………… .….… .…………11

$. "tatement of t!e %roblem…………………………… ..…… .………...1$

&. 'esearc! (uestions………………………………….....….………….1$

). 'esearc! *#+ot!eses…………………………………… ..…………,,1$

-. Aim of t!e "tud#…………………………………………… ..……….1&

. Limitation of t!e "tud#……………………………………… ..…… …1&

/. "igni0cance of t!e "tud#…………………………...………… ...……1)

. 'esearc! 2et!odolog#……………………………...…………… …...1)

3. "tructure of t!e "tud#……………………………………………… …1-

14. 'eview of t!e Literature ………………………...………………….1

C!a+ter 5ne, De0nitions and ackground

1.1. Introduction 1

1.$. iogra+!# of t!e Aut!or 1

1.&. De0nitions of t!e conce+ts 1


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1.&.1. Conce+t of Attitude…………………………………..………1

1.&.$. Conce+t of Deat!……………………………………..……… $4

1.&.&. Conce+t of 5+timism……………………………….………..$1


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Azeb Chikh ix

&.&. Conclusion………………………………………………………....-)

General Conclusion --

9orks Cited-7


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T!ank *eaven: t!e crisis; T!e danger; is +ast;And t!e lingering illness Is over at last<

And t!e fever called 6living6 Is con=uered atlast.

>dgar Allan %oe, For Annie ?1)3@


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eneral Introdu(tion

1. Ba()*round of the +tud,

9!enever we !eard t!e name >dgar Allan %oe; we remember The

Raven; a +oem t!at became +o+ular due to t!e musicalit# of itsrefrain Bevermore. %oe is not onl# a +oet but also a s!ort stor#writer. *e is known for !is tales of fantas#; terror; !orror andratiocination stories !ence; !e is t!e fat!er of t!e detective stories.>dgar Allan %oe as an American dark 'omanticist su7ered a lot in !islife. *is woeful life made !is wa# for writing. *e su7ered a lot wit!+overt# and deat! t!at took all of !is famil#. T!us; deat! was anessential t!eme in !is works. 2oreover; !is misfortune made !imbreat!less; !eavil# facing t!e world and lonel#. In addition to !isoccu+ation as a writer; %oe was an editor and critic in t!e same time;but !is re+utation was not good during !is time. %oe was a talent andgenius writer. *e !as !is own +!iloso+!# of writing. 8nfairl#; %oe didnot receive an# a++reciations from !is fellows des+ite !is wort!#works as ot!ers did.

During !is lifetime; %oe was often searc!ing for love and !a++iness;but bot! of t!em were far to realie; so !e sees t!em as !is lostdreams. *e wanted at least to be regarded b# !is societ#; w!ic! didnot a++reciate !is works. Bowada#s; %oe is considered b# man# criticsas one of t!e greatest aut!ors w!ose works contributed in s!a+ingt!e American literature. T!e wellEknown s!ort stories t!at %oe wrote

are The

Fall of the House of Usher, The Black Cat, The Mask of the Red Death,and The

Purloined Letter . 5n t!e ot!er !and; +oetr#; in !is +oint of view; is t!emost beautiful genre in w!ic! sensational words bind wit! a s+ecialmusic suc!; To My Mother, To Helen, A Drea, Alone, Ulalue, Anna!el Lee, and Lenore"


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2. +tate%ent of -roble%

T!is dissertation deals wit! t!e four +oems of >dgar Allan %oe; TheRaven,

Lenore, Ulalue; and Anna!el Lee. T!ese +oems are best eam+lesabout t!e t!eme of deat! of a beloved. T!roug! t!ese +oems; t!e+rotagonist is alwa#s a man w!o is mourning !is #out! and beautifulwoman. *owever; t!e interesting matter !ere is t!at man6s attitudela#s into two categories; o+timism and +essimism. T!e latterim+ression is a normal be!aviour towards deat!; but t!e o+timisticattitude is t!e ambiguous one. T!erefore; t!is dissertation is !eld tostud# t!e di7erent attitudes and t!e reasons be!ind t!is variation.

". esear(h uestions

T!is dissertation aims to answer t!e following =uestions,

9!at are t!e reasons be!ind t!e +essimistic and o+timistic attitudesof man towards deat! of !is beloved in eac! +oem

9!# is t!ere a di7erence in man6s attitudes towards t!e deat! of t!ebeloved in t!ese +oems

*ow does t!e deat! of a beloved manifest itself in t!ese +oems

Does t!is t!eme reHect %oe6s +rivate life and !is +s#c!e

esear(h /,potheses

It could be t!at t!e +essimistic attitude is due to t!e absence of fait!and disbelief in God as our taskmaster. T!us; man s!ows des+air andloses !o+e after t!e deat! of !is beloved. *e believes t!at t!ere is noot!er life to meet toget!er again.

It could be t!at t!e o+timistic attitude is due to t!e belief of man int!e afterElife. 2oreover; t!at deat! se+arates onl# t!eir bodies but

t!eir love is immortal and !e will meet !is beloved in t!e *eavenw!ere s!e is living in +eace.


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T!e di7erent attitudes mainl# refer to %oe6s own attitude. In addition;t!e reason be!ind t!is could be t!e mental disorder t!at %oe issu7ering from.

T!e variation of attitudes could be related to %oe6s +s#c!e t!at

a7ected b# t!e alco!ol.

It is +ossible t!at t!e strong +ain and su7ering t!at leads +eo+le to beunconscious in certain moments; so t!at di7erent attitudes can bedevelo+ed towards deat!.

Ai% of the +tud,

T!e aim of t!is stud# is to +resent an anal#sis of t!e di7erent man6sattitude towards deat! of a beloved and t!e reasons be!ind t!isvariation on t!e lig!t of %oe6s biogra+!# and +s#c!e.

T!roug! t!is work; we anal#e w!# are some attitudes o+timistic andot!ers +essimistic. To ac!ieve t!at; we make a scrutin# stud# aboutt!is t!eme in !is +oems. In addition; we look at t!e literar# devicest!at t!e writer uses to !ig!lig!t !is t!eme suc! as 0gurativelanguage; imager#; diction; connotation and tone.

%rogressivel#; t!is eamination goes +arallel wit! %oe6s +rivate lifet!at clari0es better our stud# since we deal wit! t!e conce+t ofattitude towards deat! of a beloved.

0. !i%itation of the +tud,

In literature; eac! +iece of work s!ould be anal#ed in certain wa#. T!us; our sco+e of stud# is about t!e o+timistic and +essimisticattitudes of man towards deat! of a beloved. Furt!ermore; we limitour anal#sis in stud#ing +oems of >dgar Allan %oe;

The Raven, Lenore, Ulalue and Anna!el Lee. 9e c!ose >dgar Allan%oe in +articular because most of !is works !ave arguments on t!erelations!i+ between t!e narrator and %oe !imself. 9e also c!ose

t!ese +oems due to t!eir uni0ed t!eme about deat! of t!e


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beloved and t!e varied attitudes on w!ic! we are concerned.TheRaven and Ulalue are about t!e +essimistic attitude !owever;Lenore and Anna!el Lee are about t!e o+timistic one.

7. +i*ni(an(e of the +tud,

Deat! as an unavoidable destin# is a maor t!eme in literature. T!eoutcome of deat! is toug! and no one could bear it easil#. T!oseordinar# +eo+le w!o lose t!eir beloved ma# do somet!ing s+ecial tomemorie t!em. For a writer; t!e matter is di7erent. *e memories!is beloved b# writing for t!em; w!ic! ma# be t!e onl# t!ing t!at !ecould do.

9!en we talk about deat!; we are certainl# talking about t!ese+aration between two +eo+le; and in our case; it is between twobeloved. Deat! dee+l# !urts an# +erson w!o could not den# t!is lossor even bear t!e sadness of being lonel#.

T!erefore; t!e signi0cance of stud#ing t!e di7erent attitudes of mantowards deat! of a beloved is to learn more about deat! itself b#anal#ing t!e o+timistic and +essimistic attitudes. # t!e stud# of t!eo+timistic attitude; we can learn !ow we deal wit! deat! and !ow wes!ould acce+t it in our life since deat! is unavoidable destin#. In ot!erwords; it !el+s us not to give u+ but instead to carr# on our life!o+efull#.

*owever; t!e stud# of t!e +essimistic attitude gives us a lesson; inw!ic! !ow could deat! destro# not onl# our mentalit#; but alsoever#t!ing beautiful in t!is life if we kee+ on mourning our beloved.

. esear(h Methodolo*,

T!ere are man# met!ods in anal#ing a literar# work. "ince we aredealing wit! +oetr#; t!e anal#sis follows a s+eci0c met!od. T!us; inanal#sing t!e +oems t!at we !ave c!osen; we use one of t!e literar#t!eories; w!ic! is t!e +s#c!oanal#sis a++roac!. T!is latter !el+s us toanswer our =uestions since t!e attitudes are a7ected mostl# b#


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t!e +s#c!e. 9e use t!erefore t!e 0gurative language; imager#;diction; connotation and tone to ful0l t!is a++roac!. First; 0gurativelanguage; suc! meta+!or; simile; +ersoni0cation and s#mbolism t!atcould not be neglected or +ut a+art in anal#ing an# literar# work. Inaddition; imager# covers t!e use of language; w!ic! re+resents

actions; feelings; t!oug!ts; ideas; and even states of mind. 2oreover;diction is t!e c!oice and t!e use of +articular words instead of ot!ers.Connotation; on t!e ot!er !and; is t!e im+lication t!at could beevoked b# a word or +!rase t!at t!e s+eaker utters t!roug! t!e+oems in order to conve# !is ideas. Furt!ermore; stud#ing t!e tone isnecessar# in order to anal#e t!e s+eaker6s attitude; w!ic! is in ourcase t!e man6s attitude towards t!e deat! of !is beloved.

As +rimar# sources; we use +oems of >dgar Allan %oe, The Raven;Lenore,

Ulalue; and Anna!el Lee. T!ese +oems are included in a bookentitled The Porta!le Poe; edited b# %!ili+ Jan Doren "tern on 13// atBew Kork.

3. +tru(ture of the +tud,

5ur dissertation is divided into t!ree c!a+ters in addition to t!egeneral introduction and conclusion. T!e introduction t!at consists oft!e background of t!e stud#; statement of t!e +roblem; researc!=uestion; !#+ot!eses; aim of t!e stud#; sco+e and limitation;

met!odolog# and t!e structure of t!e stud#. T!e 0rst c!a+ter isentitled de0nitions and t!e background. T!is c!a+ter deal wit! t!ebiogra+!# of t!e aut!or and t!e de0nition of t!e main conce+ts in t!isdissertation. T!en; t!e second c!a+ter is about t!e anal#sis of t!ec!osen +oems related to t!e +s#c!oanal#tic a++roac!; and it isdevoted to answer t!e main =uestions of t!e dissertation. *owever;t!e t!ird c!a+ter is about t!e main literar# devices t!at !ad beenused in t!e c!osen +oems of %oe, The

Raven, Lenore, Ulalue and Anna!el Lee. Finall#; we conclude wit!t!e general conclusion.


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1#. eview of !iterature

efore conducting our researc!; we looked for recent works andresearc!es about t!e t!eme of t!e deat! of a beloved in >dgar Allan

%oe6s +oem; The Raven,

Lenore, Ulalue, and Anna!el Lee" 9e found a dissertation +re+aredb# *eid# Adeline entitled T!e "+eaker6s 5+timistic Attitude towardsDeat! in >dgar Allan %oe6s %oems;

#onnet to My Mother, Anna!el Lee, and For Annie" 2rs. Adeline used as+eci0c met!odolog# w!ic! is a tetual t!eor# based on %oe6sbiogra+!#. 2oreover; 2rs. Adeline dealt wit! t!e o+timistic attitudeonl#. T!erefore; we see t!at if t!e new students on t!e domain ofliterature read !er dissertation; t!e# surel# assume t!at >dgar Allan%oe is an o+timistic writer; but in fact; !e is not. T!e conclusion t!at2rs. Adeline come u+ wit! is t!at t!e o+timistic attitude of t!es+eaker in %oe6s +oems re+resents !is longing for +eace during !islifetime. ut; do t!ese t!ree +oems t!at reHect !is eact attitude Anddoes !is longing for +eace means t!at !e is o+timistic

T!erefore; in our dissertation; we anal#e ot!er +oems t!at deal wit!t!e +essimistic attitude and on t!e same time we anal#e too +oemst!at tackle t!e o+timistic attitude to make it easier for t!e readers tounderstand more and distinguis! between t!e two attitudes.

*owever; 2orris 9eiE*sim Tien; a researc! fellow in t!e Institute ofAmerican Culture; Academia "inica; introduced man# +s#c!oanal#sts6works in !is article entitled

Literature or Psychoanalysis$ Poe%s Personality and his &orks. Forinstance; "igmund Freud, Creative &riters and Day' Dreain(; ac=ues Lacan, The Four Fundaental )otions of Psychoanalysis; and ose+! 9ood Mrutc!, >dgar Allan %oe; Bina a#m,

The )orton Antholo(y of the Aerican Literature; 2arie ona+arte,

The Life and

&orks of *d(ar Allan Poe$ A Psychoanalytic +nterretation; and ames9. Gargano,

The -uestion of Poe%s )arrators. T!ose writers studied >dgarAllan %oe6s


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+s#c!ological im+ulse t!at led !im to write about deat! in !is works.Generall#; t!e# come u+ wit! a conclusion t!at %oe in +articulars!ould be anal#ed b# using t!e +s#c!oanal#tic a++roac!. ecauset!is a++roac! !el+s researc!ers to understand more about %oe6sstrangeness in !is works w!ic! is t!e outcomes of !is mind. T!is

latter a7ected mostl# b# !is tragic life.

According to w!at we !ave mentioned above; in our anal#sis we focuson t!e +s#c!oanal#tic a++roac! more t!an t!e biogra+!ical one.


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Chapter 4ne: Denitions and Ba()*round

1.1. Introdu(tion

T!is c!a+ter s!eds t!e lig!t on t!e main +!ases in >dgar Allan %oe6s

+ersonal life in order to get a strong background for t!e net c!a+tersof t!e anal#sis. 2oreover; it gives some clari0cations for t!e mostim+ortant conce+ts; w!ic! t!e# are t!e main ke# words in t!isdissertation.

T!us; t!is c!a+ter is divided into two subtitles. T!e 0rst one is aboutt!e biogra+!# of t!e aut!or. T!e second subtitle is about t!ede0nitions of t!e four conce+ts, attitude; deat!; o+timism; and+essimism. 9e de0ne t!em from di7erent angles, t!eir nature; t#+es;wa# of measurement and t!eir conse=uences.

1.2. Bio*raph, of the Author

>dgar Allan %oe was born on anuar# 13; 143; in oston;2assac!usetts. %oe or+!aned in an earl# age. *is mot!er >liabet!Arnold died w!en !e was nearl# t!ree #ears old. T!erefore; %oe wastaken to t!e Allan6s famil#; o!n and Frances Allan. In t!e new !omeand famil#; %oe was neglected b# t!e e+ended famil# ece+t !isfosterEmot!er Frances w!o insisted to take care after !im. During !islife; %oe e+erienced deat!; sadness; loneliness; and illness.2oreover; %oe was a +oet; a s!ort stor# writer; and an editor as well.

*is misfortune made !im drink a lot t!us; man# during !is time andeven now consider !im as an alco!olic and none all of !is works arevaluable ?5akes $/E$//@.

T!roug!out !is life; %oe grieved over t!e deat! of several women, !ismot!er; t!e 0rst love of !is life ane "tandard; w!o died w!en !e was1- #ears old and !is foster mot!er w!o died w!en !e was $4. T!elast one was !is #oung wife Jirginia Clemm w!o fell ill for severalmont!s to die at t!e end living !er beloved alone ?Melt 11@.


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%oe attended boarding sc!ools in >ngland; t!en returned to 'ic!mondand continued !is studies t!ere. *e entered t!e 8niversit# of Jirginiain 1$ at t!e age of 1/. 8nfortunatel#; %oe could not continue !isstudies due to t!e bad 0nancial state of !is fosterEfat!er; o!n Allan. T!e =uarrel between %oe and o!n led %oe to leave t!e !ouse forever.

ack in oston; %oe started !is literar# career. *is 0rst book of +oetr#was Taerlane and .ther Poes ?Bational %ark "ervice &@. In ever#genre; %oe e+lores t!e +s#c!e. T!us; %oe delved into accounts ofmadness and etreme emotion ?Jan "+anckern )$@ in order toelaborate t!e interaction between t!e reader and t!e tet.

%oe su7ered t!e +overt# !ence; !e lived bad conditions. In 5ctober;%oe was found inco!erent in a altimore street. T!e# took !im to t!e!os+ital w!ere !e s+ent !is last da#s. efore !e dies; %oe said; God!el+ m# +oor soul. %oe died on 5ctober /; 1)3 ?Fis!er 14@.

1.". Denitions of the Con(epts

1.".1. Con(ept of Attitude

efore diagnosing a certain attitude; it is better to de0ne t!is conce+t.An attitude is t!e immediate reaction towards a certain situation.Bevert!eless; it is im+ossible to give a brief de0nition to t!is conce+t.For instance; Gordon All+ort ?13&-@ de0nes t!e attitude as ...amental and neural state of readiness eerting a directive inHuenceu+on individual6s res+onse to all obects and situations wit! w!ic! it is

related ?=td. in "ilk $@. T!is de0nition describes t!e attitude as aninstinctive reaction t!at t!e individual reacts to all t!e obects and t!esituations surrounding !im.

*owever; Mrec! and Crutc!0eld ?13)@ de0ne t!e attitude as aconsistent organiation of motivational; emotional; +erce+tual; andcognitive +rocesses wit! t!e individual6s world ?=td. in "c!war ando!ner $@. From t!is de0nition we can see !ow


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close t!e relations!i+ between t!e individual6s be!avior and t!eenduring nature of t!e attitude.

An individual6s attitude can tell us a lot about t!e im+act of t!atsituation on !im. 5bviousl#; attitude w!ic! is a res+onse towards

obects need to be measured b# selfEre+orts of +revious be!aviortowards a situation or b# written or verbal statements about beliefs;feelings; or intentions involving t!e obect +resented in an interviewor selfEadministered =uestionnaire ?=td. in "ilk &@.

According to t!ese measurements; man# researc!ers claimed t!att!ere are two t#+es of attitudes, im+licit and e+licit. T!e latter is t!econscious attitude and it is eas# to de0ne; but t!e im+licit is t!eo++osite and diNcult to de0ne since it is an unconscious attitude ?=td.in Gawronski -/)@.

As far as; t!e main t!eme in t!e selected +oems is t!e deat! of abeloved; it s!ould be t!en im+ortant to de0ne t!e notion of deat!.9!at could be t!erefore t!e signi0cance of t!e conce+t of deat!

1.".2. Con(ept of Death

T!e literature on t!e conce+t of deat! was s#stematicall# reviewedfor man# #ears ago. 2ost of t!e +eo+le !esitate to t!ink about deat!because t!e# consider it as an uncomfortable subect. Ket; if t!ere isone t!ing t!at is certain in life it is t!at we s!all all die; sooner or

later; but if one of us will live a long life; !e +robabl# will e+eriencet!e deat! of one of !is famil#; grand+arents; mot!er; fat!er; or evenone of !is closest friends. T!ese ma# be t!e saddest moments in !isentire life. 9!at is t!en t!e meaning of deat!

%!#sicall#; deat! is t!e irreversible cessation of all vital organs of t!e!uman; mental or +!#sical ?ones /@. T!eologicall#; deat! is de0nedas t!e time w!en t!e +ersonOs bod# is se+arated from t!eir soul?Meating $@.


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"+iritual deat! on t!e ot!er !and; is a state in w!ic! t!e !uman soulis se+arated from God and !as not been enlivened b# !is "+irit even!e is +!#sicall# alive ?Meating /@. T!is abstract or s+iritual deat!!a++ens w!en a +erson is com+letel# des+aired and u+set. T!at isdue to t!e incom+atibilit# between !is internal world ?+s#c!e@ and t!e

eternal one ?societ#@. *e is t!an unable to confront t!e diNculties inorder to ac!ieve !is goals. 9e often 0nd suc! +eo+le living betweenmemories and dreams to esca+e from t!eir melanc!olic destin# andt!e struggle between life and deat!.

Furt!ermore; t!ere are man# conventional de0nitions of deat!; butw!at deat! in our +oint of view is "im+l#; it is w!en we lose someoneclose w!om we loved so muc!. T!erefore; deat! is related in generalto t!e loneliness; em+tiness; sadness; and bereavement. Accordingl#;in our dissertation; t!e central t!eme in t!e selected +oems is deat!of a beloved; as %oe claimed; PT!e deat! o f a beautiful woman is t!emost +oetical to+ic in t!e worldQ ?Menned# -$@. 9!at is t!e meaningof deat! T!is is one of t!e most signi0cant and debatable =uestion int!e world. %oe does not c!oose to answer t!is =uestion in a clearstatement. In fact; !e makes t!e conce+t to be absurd; t!at meaningis di7erent for eac! individual and can onl# be determined b# t!eindividual. *owever; %oe integrates !is own e+eriences in !is +oemsleading t!e readers to c!oose t!eir attitudes.

'ecent studies relied on a multidimensional measure of deat!attitudes claimed t!at t!ere eist im+ortant di7erences in t!e t#+e of

attitudes man develo+s towards deat!, o+timistic and +essimistic?Deutter et al. &@. T!ese two conce+ts are conce+tualied as+ersonalit# dimensions.

1.".". Con(ept of 4pti%is%

5+timism is +ositivel# related to various signs of subective wellEbeing; suc! as !a++iness; satisfaction; and =ualit# of life ?9eber;Jollmann and 'enner 13@. T!e


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+o+ular conce+tion of o+timism is t!at it is t!e outcome of bot!in!erited c!aracteristics and e+erience ?"ocial Issues 'esearc!Centre -@. It means t!at not onl# t!e individual nature t!at makes !imo+timistic; but also t!e surrounding situations interfere in !iso+timistic attitude !ence; it is t!e result of t!e interaction between

t!e individual and !is societ#. 9e understand t!at o+timism isdescribed as t!e strong belief in good results. Ket; it is related to t!eselfEcon0dence and selfEcontrol.

T!e main issue !ere is !ow could t!e attitude towards deat! beo+timistic 5+timistic attitude towards deat! does not mean t!at anindividual is !a++# for losing !is beloved; but t!ere is anot!er causet!at leads !im to be +ositive. 8ndoubtedl#; religion is t!e im+ulse ofsuc! attitude. T!us; t!e individual believes t!at deat! se+arate onl#t!eir bodies !owever; t!eir souls are still toget!er. It !ad been saidt!at religion is de0nitel# a +rime source of strengt! and sustenance toman# +eo+le w!en t!e# are dealing wit! deat! ?Bational Institutes of*ealt! @. 'eligion gives life meaning. A belief in God as a Divine Taskmaster w!o !as assigned task to individuals can +rovide strongmeaning in a +ersonOs life; a reason to live . ?Frankl $@.

T!e man in t!e +oems; Lenore and Anna!el Lee; e+eriences t!is kindof attitude. For eam+le; in Lenore; Gu# De Jere s!eds no tears on t!edeat! of !is beloved instead; !e is !a++# because !er soul rose to*eaven net to God. Ket in Annabel Lee; t!e male is not de+ressed;but !e is o+timistic and claiming t!at t!eir love was too strong to be

defeated b# angels or demons.

1.".&. Con(ept of pessi%is%

%essimists; in contrast; s!ould be c!aracteried b# acts ofdemonstrating negative outcome e+ectancies; a +essimistice+lanator# st#le; low selfEeNcac# e+ectancies; and negativefeelings ?9eber; Jollmann and 'enner 1/&@. It is said t!at


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unconscious6s inHuence; feelings and t!oug!ts are dis+laced out ofcontet. In anal#ing a literar# work; +s#c!oanal#sts focus mainl# ont!e images and s#mbols t!at dramatie certain t!oug!ts or state ofminds. T!e second +rinci+le is t!e instinctual drives; Freud said t!att!e unconscious conHicts involve instinctual drives; t!at originate in

c!ild!ood. T!e t!ird is t!e id; ego; and su+erego. T!ese are t!eelements of mind t!at was +ortra#ed b# Freud. T!e id is t!e in!erentdrives t!at claim immediate satisfaction. 9!ereas; t!e ego is t!emotor control t!at its function is to +revent t!e unacce+tableim+ulses b# using t!e mec!anism of re+ression of t!e events. T!en;t!e su+erego is an element of mind t!at in normal +ersonalitiesautomaticall# modi0es and in!ibits t!ose instinctual im+ulses of t!e idt!at tend to +roduce antisocial actions and t!oug!ts. T!e last+rinci+le is t!e aniet#; w!ic! +roduce s+eci0c mec!anism againstt!e danger situations suc! t!e loss of t!e loved one as in our stud#?Arlow and *erma@.

T!e +s#c!e as "igmund Freud de0ned,

It is like an iceberg; wit! most of it being below t!e level ofconsciousness. T!e ti+ of t!e iceberg; above t!e water; corres+ondsto w!at we can become aware of. 9e are aware of some as+ects ofego and su+erego functioning; but t!e +rocesses of t!e id are entirel#wit!in t!e unconscious. ?*ouston $3-@.

T!e following 0gure is t!e mind as %rofessor Freud described. T!e

mind consists of t!ree +arts, t!e id; ego; and t!e su+erego. As t!e+icture s!ows t!at t!e ego is t!e conscious w!ereas; t!e su+eregoand t!e id are t!e unconscious mind.


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i*ure 1: The Mind as an I(eber*

1.&. Con(lusion

T!is dissertation tends to anal#e man6s attitude towards deat! of abeloved. T!us; suc! clari0cation about t!e conce+ts is re=uired inorder to go furt!er wit! t!e anal#sis. 9e understand t!at our attitudetowards deat! falls into two wa#s; o+timism and +essimism. "ome ofus are strong enoug! to face deat! due to t!eir religious status andclose relations!i+ wit! God. 9!ereas; ot!ers are weak and t!e# do

not believe in t!e afterElife; in ot!er words; w!at !ad been lost in lifewill never return.


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Conce+tualiing t!e nature of deat! s!ows t!e meaning of life itself."ince religion and love are im+ortant in life; our attitudes de+endmostl# on t!em.


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ecause of its s+ecial form and language; +oetr# is t!e direct s+eec!of t!e !eart. And it could be t!e +oet6s mirror of !is +ersonalit#. T!us;a +s#c!oanal#tic a++roac! is ordered to decode t!ese +oems.

T!e following c!a+ter t!erefore is devoted to t!e anal#sis of t!e four

+oems based on t!e +s#c!oanal#sis a++roac!.


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Chapter Two: Man's Attitude towards the Death of a Beloved

2.1. Introdu(tion

In t!is c!a+ter; de+ending on t!e +s#c!oanal#tic a++roac!; t!e

anal#sis will focus on man6s o+timistic and +essimistic attitudetowards deat! of t!e beloved and t!e reasons be!ind t!e di7erencesof attitudes in >dgar Allan %oe6s +oems; The Raven,

Lenore, Ulalue; and Anna!el Lee.

Alt!oug! t!e t!eme in t!ese +oems is nearl# t!e same; w!ic! is aboutman6s loss of !is beloved due to deat!; t!e attitudes are com+letel#di7erent. From t!at; we could distinguis! two t#+es; o+timistic and+essimistic.

T!is c!a+ter is divided into two subtitles. T!e 0rst subtitle is aboutman6s attitude towards deat! of t!e beloved in t!e four +oems, TheRaven; Lenore; Ulalue; and Anna!el Lee. T!e second subtitle isabout t!e reasons of t!e di7erent attitudes based on >dgar Allan %oe6sbiogra+!#.

2.2. Man's Attitude towards the Death of a Beloved

2.2.1. In The Raven

In this poe%8 the spea)er in this poe% is a lover la%entin* hisdead beloved !enore. In a drear, ni*ht of De(e%ber8 the loveris tired and wea)8 readin* an old boo) to help hi% to for*ethis lost beloved. Then suddenl,8 he hears a sound tappin* athis door. But he (onsoles hi%self that it (ould be so%e visitorand nothin* %ore:

4n(e upon a %idni*ht drear,8 while I pondered8 wea) andwear,8 4ver %an, a 9uaint and (urious volu%e of for*ottenlore ;hile I nodded8 nearl, nappin*8 suddenl, there (a%e atappin*8 As of so%eone *entl, rappin*8 rappin* at %,

(ha%ber door


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+in(e the be*innin* of this poe%8 we (an feel the a%bi*uit, of the %an's %ental state that has been introdu(ed. /is innerfear fro% the un)nown %a)es hi% so%ehow irritant: >Tisso%e visitor8' I %uttered8 'tappin* at %, (ha%ber door ? 4nl,this and nothin* %ore@

After a while8 the d,in* e%bers on the oor tri**er (ertain%e%ories about his lost !enore. It is (lear that the loverbe(o%e un(ons(ious8 and he is in a %o%ent of a ashba()8 asif he is livin* a*ain a spe(i( situation fro% the past. It is saidthat we un(ons(iousl, run awa, fro% distressin* thou*hts inwhi(h we often (onvin(e ourselves to for*et the%. Thesedepressed ideas and e%otions re%ain in the un(ons(ious in ador%ant state8 but8 as soon as an, si%ilar situation %a, brin*the% to the surfa(e

B, that /eaven that bends above usb, that od we bothadore

Tell this soul with sorrow laden if8 within the distant Aidenn8

It shall (lasp a sainted %aiden who% the an*els na%e!enore


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;hen -oe wrote The aven8 he was in terrible life (onditionsthat prevent hi% fro% pro*ress. Be(ause at that ti%e8 hebe(a%e an editor and the ournal was in bad nan(ial. -oe'sps,(he had been depressed and illL and he was on the point of losin* (ontrol of ever,thin*. urther%ore8 his wife Jir*inia

was ill and needs a serious (are8 whi(h -oe (ould not provide.

In his letter to H. A. Du,()in()8 a su((essful ew or) editor8he said: M, Dear Mr. Du,()in()8

or the rst ti%e durin* two %onths8 I nd %,self entirel,%,self dreadfull, si() and depressed8 but still %,self. I see%to have ust awa)ened fro% so%e horrible drea%8 in whi(h allwas (onfusion8 and suGerin* relieved onl, b, the (onstantsense of ,our )indness8 and that of one or two other(onsiderate friends. I reall, believe that I have been %ad but indeed8 I have had abundant reason to be so NOP


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In the se(ond stanFa8 the lover De Jere a((uses the spea)erand his fellows for lovin* !enore's wealth and hatin* herpride8 and the, are the onl, responsible for her death:6;ret(hesE ,e loved her for her wealth and hated her for herpride8 ? And when she fell in feeble health8 ,e blessed her

that she diedE

Another intera(tion of the lover is when he tells the spea)erthat he is an*r, be(ause he (ould not ,et %arr, his beloved!enore: The sweet !enore hath 6*one before86 with /ope8 thatew beside8 ? !eavin* thee wild for the dear (hild that shouldhave been th, bride

In this poe%8 u, De Jere's attitude towards the death of!enore is opti%isti(. /e has a stron* faith about the afterlife.This is the reason behind his opti%isti( attitude. et hebelieves that his beloved !enore rose to an ideal pla(e wherethere is no


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pain or suGerin*8 but it is an i%%ortal happ, life. /e bears%u(h %ore love towards her that death (ould not separatetheir love ties.

2.2.". In $lalu%e

As one reads this poe%8 he will nd hi%self in front of a(onversation between the lover8 his ps,(he8 and Astarte8 a%oon *oddess of fertilit,8 love8 and reprodu(tion in thean(ient Middle Hast

After a while8 he sees a *lint of li*ht8 the li*ht of a (res(ent

dia%onded. +uddenl,8 his ps,(he feels worried8 and tells thelover that she does not trust in this li*ht: But -s,(he8upliftin* her n*er8 ? +aid6+adl, this star I %istrust


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The lover nearl, su((eeded in pa(if,in* his ps,(he when he(o%es a(ross a to%b8 then he as)s her to tell hi% what iswritten on this vault. +he replies that it is the *rave of ,ourlost beloved $lalu%e:

And I said6;hat is written8 sweet sister8 4n the door of thisle*ended to%b6

+he replied6$lalu%e$lalu%e

'Tis the vault of th, lost $lalu%eE6

That is what these lines tell8 but what is %eant b, all theses,%bols. It is denitel, that the lover has a deep pain (ouldnot be healed sin(e his beloved de(eased. Man,

interpretations were held to de(ode the a%bi*uit,. If wereturn to the date when this poe% was written8 we will ndthat -oe had (o%posed it few %onths after the death of hisbeloved wife Jir*inia.

It probabl, (ould be at that ti%e8 he see)s for another love tofor*et his pain8 and *et rid of his loneliness. $nfortunatel,8 hends hi%self bound to her %e%ories and it is not eas, tobrea) with. The wo%an who% he loved so %u(h8 and she washis wife and %other and his life died earl, lettin* hi% alone ina world no one appre(iates hi%. /er death led hi% to

%adness. -oe epresses his feelin*s to his fellow eor*eHveleth8 he sa,s:

Ha(h ti%e I felt all the a*onies of her death and at ea(ha((ession of the disorder I loved her %ore dearl, and (lun* toher life with %ore desperate pertina(it,. But I a%(onstitutionall, sensitive nervous in a ver, unusual de*ree. Ibe(o%e insane8 with lon* intervals of horrible sanit,. Durin*these ts of absolute un(ons(iousness8 I dran) od onl,)nows how often or how %u(h. NOP I had8 indeed8 nea rl,abandoned all hope of a per%anent (ure8 when I found one inthe death of %, wife NOP


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hope and despair whi(h I (ould no lon*er endured withouttotal loss of reason. In the death of what was %, lifeO

In this poe%8 the lover's attitude is too pessi%isti( be(ause of his despair that he will never be happ, after the death of hisbeloved8 and no new love (ould repla(e his rst one. /isps,(he stands for the inner side8 whi(h tries to )eep the lover

safe fro% the bad out(o%es. There is an interpretation that%a, support the idea in this poe%8 whi(h is 6ever, part of the%ind is tr,in* to do the best it (an. ;hen Sbad thou*htsK(o%e up8 it is the burdened part of the %ind as)in* for helprather than tr,in* to %a)e the (ons(ious %ind suGer6


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i%a*e for his beloved. That leads us to assu%e that the, arelivin* happ, with their love as the onl, thin* the, were(reated for: And this %aiden she lived with no other thou*ht ?Than to love and be loved b, %e

The lover (ontinues his des(ription about their pure andinno(ent love. In fa(t8 he sa,s that their stron* love led thean*els of the /eaven feel ealous,:

But we loved with a love that was %ore than love I and %,Annabel !eeL

;ith a love that the win*ed seraphs of heaven Coveted herand %e

Moreover8 the lover des(ribes hi%self and his beloved as(hildren8 as if he feels that he needs love as a (hild does. ;e(an sa, that the lover lost love durin* his (hildhood8 andwhen he found it8 he feels as if born a*ain: I was a (hild andshe was a (hild ? In this )in*do% b, the sea


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And neither the an*els in heaven above8 or the de%onsdown under the sea8 Can ever dissever %, soul fro% the soul

4f the beautiful Annabel !ee


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And the stars never rise but I see the bri*ht e,es 4f thebeautiful Annabel !eeL

And so8 all the ni*httide8 I lie down b, the side 4f %, darlin*8%, darlin*8 %, life and %, bride8 In her sepul(hre there b,

the sea

In her to%b b, the side of the sea

utteran(es6


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the death of his %other. It is said that "A (hild %a, need to%ourn a deepl, fro% ti%e to ti%e until adoles(en(e6 hi*h@8 %ani( to overl,>low@8 depressed


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Durin* the depressive phase8 people feel ver, sad orprofoundl, indiGerent to wor)8 a(tivities8 and even peoplethat on(e brou*ht the% pleasure. The, thin) slowl,8(on(entrate poorl,8 feel tired8 and eperien(e (han*es. The,often feel a sense of worthlessness or helplessness. In

addition8 the, %a, feel pessi%isti( or hopeless about thefuture and %a, thin) about or atte%pt sui(ide. In so%e (asesof severe depression8 people %a, eperien(e ps,(hoti(s,%pto%s8 su(h as delusions


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The %an in both Lenore and Annabel Lee eperien(es this%ani( attitude. -oe has a faith in od that /e will never lethi% down. The last word -oe uttered is 6od help %, poorsoul6


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Chapter Three: The !iterar, Devi(es $sed in the +ele(ted-oe%s

".1. Introdu(tion

T!is c!a+ter deals wit! t!e literar# devices t!at are used in t!eselected +oems; T!e 'aven; Lenore; 8lalume; and Annabel Lee. T!eliterar# devices re+resented in 0ve elements, t!e 0gurative language?meta+!ors; similes; +ersoni0cation; and s#mbolism@; imager#;diction; connotation; and tone.

".2. !iterar, Devi(es

".2.1. i*urative !an*ua*e

Figurative language is an e+ressive language in w!ic! a word orgrou+ of words used to create an image t!at enric!es t!e message;an idea or a sentiment ?Figure of "+eec!@. T!ere are several t#+es of0gures of s+eec! used in >dgar Allan %oe6s selected +oems. T!e main0gures are similes; meta+!ors; +ersoni0cations; and s#mbols.

".2.1.1. Metaphors:

It sim+l# e=uates two t!ings t!at are not t!e same wit!out using t!ewords like or as ?Jolkman sec $@. For instance; in The Raven; t!eman sa#s t!at And eac! se+arate d#ing ember wroug!t its g!ost

u+on t!e Hoor ?Line @. T!e lover is describing t!e 0re and t!e d#ingembers look as a g!ost for !im. If we rel# on t!e +revious line, A!;distinctl# I remember it was in t!e bleak December; t!e image of t!eg!ost t!at comes in !is mind ma# be due to !is fear of loneliness as if!e remembers an event from t!e +ast. Furt!ermore; t!ere are ot!er+ositions of meta+!ors like in t!e line ?)4@, ut; wit! mien of lord orlad#; +erc!ed above m# c!amber door; %oe sa#s t!at t!e raven !asmien of lord or lad#; a meta+!or of t!e bird acting like a lord or alad#. Anot!er meta+!or stands for t!e nig!t in t!e line ?)@, Big!tl#s!ore; !ere t!e nig!t is referred to as a s!ore. *ence; in To t!e fowlw!ose 0er# e#es now burned into m# bosomOs core ?Line /)@; t!e

lover +ortra#s t!e raven6s e#es as a 0er# e#es t!at looks


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as a 0re burns in !is !eart. T!e 0re could stand as eit!er t!e anger ort!e ent!usiasm of t!e lover towards !is lost beloved Lenore. Ket;anot!er use of meta+!ors in 6%ro+!et:6 said I; Pt!ing of evil:


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endures +ain and su7ering. Furt!ermore; t!e lover sees t!e lig!t oft!e moon as a cr#stal in w!ic! !e could trust in its brig!tness.

In Anna!el Lee; an eam+le of meta+!or in t!e line ?/@ w!en t!e loversa#s t!at !e is a c!ild. *e +ortra#s !imself as a c!ild t!is word

evokes t!at t!e lover !olds a +ure and innocent love to !is belovedw!o s!ares !im t!e same feelings. Ket; t!e lover describes t!e angelsw!o come to bear Annabel Lee6s soul as a !ig!born kinsmen ?Line1/@.

".2.1.2. +i%iles

8nlike t!e meta+!ors; similes com+are two t!ings b# using t!e wordlike or as. In The Raven for instance , in t!e line ?&E)@, suddenl#t!ere came a ta++ing R As of someone gentl# ra++ing. In t!is line; t!elover is com+aring t!e ta++ing sound t!at !e !ears to someoneknocking !is c!amber door. Anot!er eam+le of simile is stated in t!eline ?-@, T!at one word; as if !is soul in t!at one word !e didout+our. It e+resses t!e lover6s grief to t!e raven6s re+l# to !im.Likewise; in t!e line ?-3@; t!e lover sa#s; 5n t!e morrow he will leaveme; as m# *o+es !ave Hown before; in w!ic! !e means t!at t!ede+arture of t!e raven is an ordinar# event like of all !is friends w!oleft !im as well as !is !o+es. T!e two last similes s!ow t!e lover6sdes+air since t!e da# of t!e deat! of !is beloved Lenore. In addition;anot!er eam+le of simile is in t!e line ?33@, Leave no black +lume asa token of t!at lie t!# soul !at! s+oken. T!e lover com+ares t!e

raven6s black feat!er as t!e token reminds !im of t!e lie it !as told. T!e lie is t!e re+eated word nevermore w!ic! evokes t!at !e willnever see !is beloved Lenore.

5n t!e ot!er !and; in Ulalue, t!ere is a simile in t!e lines ?1&; 1-@w!en Gu# De Jere6s !eart eru+ted wit! emotions like t!e lavas t!atHows out of a volcano. T!e ot!er simile is stated in t!e lines ?$; )@,T!en m# !eart it grew as!en and soberR As t!e leaves t!at werecris+ed and sereEER As t!e leaves t!at were wit!ering and sere. As


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Gu# De Jere discovers t!e tomb of !is beloved; !e remembers !ow !eburns !er a #ear before in t!at +lace. T!us; !e +ortra#s !is !eart ast!e dead leaves of t!e fall.

Concerning t!e rest two +oems; Lenore and Annabel Lee; t!ere are no

im+lications of t!e similes.

".2.1.". -ersoni(ation:

It is t!e attribution of !uman =ualities to inanimate obects ?Cuddon1@. It means t!at t!e abstract or concrete obects are re+resentedas living being. For instance; in The Raven; eam+les of+ersoni0cation are clearl# stated as in t!e re+eated +!rase (uot! t!e'aven; 6Bevermore6 ?Lines ); 4; /$; ); 34; 3; 14$@. As far as t!eraven is a bird and it could not talk; %oe gave it a voice to talk wit! as!umans.

5n t!e ot!er !and; in Lenore; t!ere is a case of +ersoni0cation w!ent!e lover gives a =ualit# of a !uman being to somet!ing abstract t!einnocence t!at died.

esides; in Ulalue; And !as come +ast t!e stars of t!e Lion R To+oint us t!e +at! to t!e skies ?Lines ))E)-@. In t!ese lines; t!e lovergives t!e star a !uman =ualit# t!at is to +oint somet!ing. 2oreover;in t!e w!ole +oem; t!e lover com+ares !is +s#c!e to a !uman being;so it could walk as in I roamed wit! m# "oul ?Line 11@; talk as in t!e

line ?-$@, "aid; 6"adl# t!is star I mistrust6 ; and besides all t!at it !asa 0nger. In t!is +oem; %oe endows t!e lover6s +s#c!e wit! living=ualities in order to s!ow !ow t!e unconsciousness of t!e lover isrevealed; and !ow t!e loss a7ects +eo+le in t!eir lives.

2oreover; in Anna!el Lee; in t!e line ?$-E$@, T!at t!e wind came outof t!e cloud b# nig!t R C!illing and killing m# Annabel Lee; t!e loverdescribes t!e wind as a !uman being; w!ic! comes out of t!e cloudand kills !is beloved Annabel Lee.


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".2.1.&. +,%bolis%

It is t!e use of images or obects in order to +resent somet!ingabstract; ideas or feelings. "#mbolism is t!e most used met!od inliterar# works because it allows aut!ors to e+ress t!emselves

indirectl# es+eciall# in t!e controversial subects ?2adden sec IJ@.*ence; s#mbolism is !idden in %oe6s +oems; so we !ave to searc! outt!e s#mbols t!at reveal %oe6s inner conHict.

In the Raven; t!ere are several s#mbols %oe !ave used t!em to createobscurit# in t!is +oem. For instance; t!e name Lenore a++ears eig!ttimes. Bevert!eless; to w!at could t!is name stand for Certainl#; s!eis an im+ortant +erson; and t!e main subect to t!e lover w!o recalls!er name t!roug! t!e w!ole +oem. Lenore stands for a deceasedwoman; and t!is is t!e onl# t!ing t!at we know about !er as t!e loversa#s in t!e lines, From m# books surcease of sorrow


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from t!e +ain of t!inking about !er all t!e time. T!e last eam+le oft!e word Lenore is in t!e lines ?3)E3-@, It s!all clas+ a sainted maidenw!om t!e angels name Lenore R Clas+ a rare and radiant maidenw!om t!e angels name Lenore. "ainted; maiden; rare; andradiant are e+ressions t!at s!ow t!e dee+ love t!at t!e lover !olds

and an a++raisal of !is lost beloved Lenore. As a result; Lenore is as#mbol of t!e ideal woman t!at t!e lover grieves on !er loss ?"!moo+>ditorial Team@.

T!e second eam+le of s#mbolism is t!e raven itself. T!e raven is aculture !ero and trickster ?'aven, Bative American m#t!olog#@.*owever; %oe uses t!e raven in +articular to illustrate t!e sadnessand t!roug! t!e raven6s vague s+eec! wit! t!e lover; we know muc!more about t!e lost Lenore. T!roug! t!e w!ole +oem; t!e ravens#mbolies t!e neverEending remembrance of t!e lover. "ince %oe+ersoni0es t!e raven to inform t!e lover t!at !e will never see again!is beloved; t!e idea t!at could a++ear !ere is t!e raven +robabl#stands for t!e loss of t!e lover6s fait!. *is belief t!at !e will never seeLenore makes !im de+ressed and des+air of t!e future. "ince !et!inks t!e word 6nevermore6 is actuall# foretelling t!e future; !e iscom+letel# convinced t!at it knows w!at it6s talking about ?"!moo+>ditorial Team@. T!is is stated in t!e stana ?1/@,

e t!at word our sign of +arting; bird or 0end:Q I s!rieked; u+startingEPGet t!ee back into t!e tem+est and t!e Big!tOs %lu tonians!ore: Leave no black +lume as a token of t!at lie t!# soul !at!

s+oken: Leave m# loneliness unbroken:EE=uit t!e bust above m# door:

Take t!# beak from out m# !eart; and take t!# form from o7 m#door:Q (uot! t!e 'aven; PBevermoreQ.

Furt!ermore; anot!er s#mbol in t!is +oem is Big!t6s %lutonian "!ore?in lines )/; 3@. If we take eac! word aloof; we 0nd t!at nig!tstands for t!e darkness. T!en;


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%lutonian t!at derives from t!e word %luto; is a god of t!eunderworld in t!e 'oman m#t!olog# ?%luto, 2#t!olog#@ w!o isres+onsible of t!e dead +eo+le. "!ore; on t!e ot!er !and; s#mboliest!e nig!t. Accordingl#; Big!t6s %lutonian "!ore as a w!oles#mbolies t!e darkness t!at t!e raven comes from since t!e raven

s#mbolies t!e evil.

esides; ne+ent!e is a drug t!at +eo+le took to forget t!eir sadnessor troubles in t!e Greek m#t!olog# ?Be+ent!e@. In t!e lines ?$E&@,'es+ite


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It was down b# t!e dank tarn of Auber;

In t!e g!oulE!aunted woodland of 9eir ?Lines 1E3@

Anot!er s#mbol in t!is +oem is in t!e line ?&/@, Astarte6s

bediamonded crescent. Astarte is t!e goddess of love; fruitfulness;and re+roduction in t!e Greek and 'oman m#t!olog# [email protected]#; Astarte re+resents t!e inner desire of t!e lover to tr#anot!er love as a relief to forget !is +ain. T!roug!out t!e +oem; t!elig!t of t!e moon and stars s#mbolies t!e glint of !o+e t!at t!e loverseeks for, 9e safel# ma# trust to a gleaming R T!at cannot but guideus arig!t R "ince it Hickers u+ to *eaven t!roug! t!e nig!t ?Lines 3E/4@. *owever; t!e gloom s#mbolies t!e fear from t!e unknown,And tem+ted !er out of !er gloom R And con=uered !er scru+les andgloom ?Lines /&E/)@. Also; t!e dust could s#mbolies t!e +ain;tiredness; and de+ression of t!e lover as !e sa#s,

In terror s!e s+oke; letting sink !er 9ings till t!e# trailed in t!e dustEEIn agon# sobbed; letting sink !er %lumes till t!e# trailed in t!e dustEE

Till t!e# sorrowfull# trailed in t!e dust ?Lines -E4@.

*owever; in Anna!el Lee; t!e best eam+le of s#mbolism is t!es#mbol T!e cloud; w!ic! s#mbolies t!e dark env# of t!e angelsfrom t!e strong love t!at ties t!e lover and !is beloved Annabel Lee,A wind blew out of a cloud; c!illing R 2# beautiful Annabel Lee ?Lines

1-E1@.

".2.2. I%a*er,

6Imager# as a general term covers t!e use of language to re+resentobects; actions; feelings; t!oug!ts; Ideas; states of mind and an#sensor# e+erience6 ?Cuddon )1&@. For instance; in t!e line ?@; %oesucceeds in formulating a sentence t!at attracts


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t!e reader6s mind b# leading !im to imagine t!e situation t!e d#ingembers on t!e Hoor evoke t!e warm t!at we need in t!e winter, Andeac! se+arate d#ing ember wroug!t its g!ost u+on t!e Hoor. %oe; ont!e ot!er !and; uses an imager# to describe t!e raven6s entrance tot!e c!amber in t!e line ?)1@, %erc!ed u+on a bust of %allas ust above

m# c!amber door. Also; in t!e line ?141@, Take t!# beak from out m#!eart; and take t!# form o7 m# door. *ere; is an imager# t!at makesus imagining t!at t!e raven6s beak is reall# in t!e !eart of t!e lover;but in realit#; it is not.

In Lenore, t!ere are di7erent imageries t!at %oe uses t!em to+icturie ideas or feelings. In line ?$@, t!e image of bell toll; %oe usest!is image to make us feel as if we are in a funeral; t!us because oft!e bell6s sound. Ket; in t!e same line, a saintl# soul Hoats on t!e"t#gian river makes t!e reader +icturiing t!e scene in w!ic! a soul Hiesover t!e river.

2oreover; in Ulalue, t!e best eam+le of imager# is w!en %oemakes t!e lover6s +s#c!e be!ave in a !uman wa#,

5f c#+ress; I roamed wit! m# "oulEE 5f c#+ress; wit! %s#c!e; m# "oul.ut %s#c!e; u+lifting !er 0nger;

"aidEE"adl# t!is star I mistrust ?Lines 11E1$; -1E-$@

Furt!ermore; in t!e line ?3@; In t!e g!oulE!aunted woodland of 9eir;

%oe gives an image about t!e forest as if it !unts t!e g!osts; or souls.

In Anna!el Lee; on t!e ot!er !and; t!e re+eated +!rase Mingdom b#t!e sea makes t!e reader imagining t!e situation w!ere t!e loverand !is beloved living. Also; t!e image in t!e line ?$-@, T!at t!e windcame out of t!e cloud b# nig!t; w!ic! attract t!e reader6s mind inwa# t!at t!ere is a wind be!aves as a !uman b# killing Annabel Lee;t!e man6s beloved.


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".2.". Di(tion

In general; diction denotes t!e vocabular# used b# a 9riter. As it !asbeen said t!at +oetic diction usuall# refers to a +articular kind oflanguage and arti0cial arrangement em+lo#ed b# man# +oets; or

aut!ors ?Cuddon /3@.

In The Raven, t!e word midnig!t drear# evokes a ver# cold andwind# nig!t. T!en t!e e+ression volume of forgetting lore brings toour mind t!e old books t!at !ave been organied on t!e s!elves.2oreover; Dee+ into t!at darkness +eering is an e+ression t!atsuggest t!e loneliness of t!e lover.

*owever; in Lenore, t!e word c!ild evokes t!e innocence of t!edeceased Lenore. In addition; a dirge recalls deat! in our minds.

esides; in Ulalue; g!oulE!aunted suggest t!e fear andstrangeness.

".2.&. Connotation

It is t!e suggestion or im+lication evoked b# a word or %!rase; or even=uite a long statement of an# kind; over and above w!at t!e# meanor actuall# denote ?Cuddon 1/@. %oe often selects !is e+ressionscarefull#. In the Raven, from t!e o+ening line; 5nce u+on a midnig!t

drear#; w!ile I +ondered; weak and wear#; %oe introduces t!e man6sstatus if weakness and tiredness in one !and; and !orror on t!e ot!er!and b# using t!e connoting words weak and wear#. In t!e secondstana; on t!e ot!er !and; several words suggest t!e sadness andgrief suc! bleak; d#ing; g!ost; and sorrow. 2an# lines in T!e'aven evoke t!e fear t!at dominates t!e lover6s !eart. For instance; int!e lines,

OTis some visitor;6 I muttered; 6ta++ing at m# c!amber door And t!esilken sad uncertain rustling of eac! +ur+le curtain "o t!at now; tostill t!e beating of m# !eart; I stood re+eating OTis some visitor

entreating entrance at m# c!amber door


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Darkness t!ere and not!ing more

Let m# !eart be still a moment; and t!is m#ster# e+lore OTis t!ewind and not!ing more. ?-; 1&; 1-E1; $); &-@

8nlike T!e 'aven; In Lenore, t!ere are several terms %oe uses t!em toconnote t!e deat!; sorrow; anger; and o+timism. For instance; t!e0rst line, A!; broken is t!e golden bowl: t!e s+irit Hown forever t!atevokes deat!. In addition; t!e line t!at connotes t!e sorrow of t!e loverw!en !is beloved died so #oung, A dirge for !er; t!e doubl# dead in t!ats!e died so #oung ?/@. Ket; in t!e lines ?14E1$@, *ow s!all t!e

ritual; t!en; be readEEt!e re=uiem !ow be sung R # #ouEEb# #ours; t!eevil e#e;EEb# #ours;

t!e slanderous tongue R T!at did to deat! t!e innocence t!at died; and

died so #oung; t!ese lines connote t!e anger of t!e lover towards t!emourners. In t!e line ?$-@, And I:StoEnig!t m# !eart is lig!t:Sno dirge willI u+raise; evokes t!at t!e lover is o+timistic due to !is strong fait! t!atnot!ing se+arates !im from !is beloved.

In Ulalue, t!ere are man# words connoting deat!; destruction;loneliness; su7ering; and. For instance; in t!e 0rst stana; as!en;wit!ering; lonesome; dim; mist#; goulE!aunted. "uc!e+ressions introduce a gloominess scene t!at suggests darkness anddeca#. In t!e t!ird stana; e+ressions like %alsied; sere; andtreac!erous s!ow t!e lover6s state of mind. *e is de0nitel#unconscious since !e sa#s t!at !is t!oug!ts are +alsied and sere; #et;!is t!oug!ts are treac!erous. In ot!er words; !is mind is out of controldue to somet!ing bad !a++ens to !im. In addition; in t!e lines ?)$E)&@"!e !as seen t!at t!e tears are not dr# on R T!ese c!eeks; w!ere t!eworm never dies; we can see t!e de+t! of t!e lover6s su7ering; and!is mournful state for t!e loss of !is dear beloved. In t!e secondstana; Jolcanic; sul+!urous; and groan; are words t!at s!ow t!e+ain of t!e lover. esides; in t!e fourt! stana; %oe denotes somewords t!at connote !o+e like senescent; li=uescent; andnebulous. 9!en t!e


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5f m# darling; m# darling; m# life and m# bride;

In !er se+ulc!re t!ere b# t!e seaEE

In !er tomb b# t!e side of t!e sea.

".2.5. Tone

It is t!e reHection of a writer6s attitude; manner; mood and moraloutlook in !is work even; +er!a+s; t!e wa# !is +ersonalit# +ervadest!e work ?Cuddon $$3@. T!e tone; in eac! literar# work; is an essentialdevice t!roug! w!ic! we could 0gure out t!e attitudes. In the Raven;t!e tone since t!e beginning is melanc!olic and de+ressive. T!er!#me contributed in denoting t!e gloominess of t!e lover. T!us; it iseasil# to deduct t!e attitude introduced in t!e +oem. T!e tone variesfrom t!e beginning to t!e end of t!e +oem. T!e lover !as a little !o+ebefore t!e coming of t!e raven; but after; !e totall# loses !o+e aboutseeing !is beloved again. *ence; !is tone becomes too sad; dark;de+ressive; and angr# t!en before. Accordingl#; t!e man6s attitudetowards t!e deat! of !is beloved is +essimistic in t!is +oem.

In Lenore; t!e tone is di7erent from t!e one in The Raven. Gu# DeJere is muc! more o+timistic t!an t!e lover in The Raven is. T!e toneof t!e lover is full of !o+e and comfort; !e !as a !o+e to see !isbeloved; #et; !e feels comfortable t!at Lenore is safe in t!e !eaven.

*owever; in Ulalue, a dark tone t!at overw!elms t!e lover. T!e+s#c!e; w!ic! !as been introduced as a +erson in t!e +oem; is t!einner sound of t!e lover. T!erefore; we +oint out two tones. In t!ebeginning; t!e lover is !a++# because !e 0nds at last a wa# to get ridof !is saddest memories w!ile !is +s#c!e6s tone is full of fear and!esitation. Afterward; w!en t!e lover discovers t!at t!e !a++iness t!emoon Astarte +romises !im to give is a big lie. Accordingl#; t!e lover6stone becomes ver# u+set and de+ressed.


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In Anna!el Lee, t!e tone of t!e lover is o+timistic due to t!e lover6st!e fait! t!at !e will see !is beloved Annabel Lee again in t!e !eaven.>ven t!oug! Annabel Lee is ever#t!ing to !im; !is love and life aswell; !er deat! does not de+ress t!e lover. Instead; !e t!inks t!att!eir love is immortal and none can destruct.

".". Con(lusion

After t!e anal#sis of t!e literar# devices in t!ese selected +oems; wesucceed in determining t!e attitude of t!e man towards t!e deat! of!is beloved.

%oetr# is like a +ule; and t!e onl# wa# to decode its lines t!roug!t!e anal#sis of t!e literar# devices t!at is used in. T!us; t!e codes infour +oems of %oe; The Raven, Lenore, Ulalue; and Anna!el Lee arerevealed. T!e 0gurative language; in one !and; !el+s t!e reader tounderstand t!e ambiguit# t!roug! t!e +oem. 5n t!e ot!er !and;imager#; diction; connotation; and tone are t!e main devices b# w!ic!t!e +oem gets its 0nal la#out. %oetr# !as a s+eci0c language andcom+ressed one due to t!e diction; connotation t!at t!e aut!or uses. Ket; eac! line or verse tells a stor# b# t!e use of imager# and0gurative language. T!erefore; t!e literar# devices are t!e basicelement in t!e literar# work es+eciall# +oetr#.


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eneral Con(lusion

ased on t!e +s#c!oanal#tic a++roac!; t!e anal#sis of >dgar Allan%oe6s +oem;

The Raven, Lenore, Ulalue; and Anna!el Lee demonstrates t!at t!eman6s attitudes towards t!e deat! of a beloved are mainl# classi0edinto two categories, o+timistic and +essimistic. *owever;conse=uences of t!e deat! of a beloved include !o+e and des+air;acce+tance and de+ression.

As far as we treat t!e man6s state of mind of eac! +oem as a real+erson; t!e 0ndings of t!is dissertation are ver# im+ortant becausew!ile a broad literature on stud#ing t!e attitudes towards t!e deat! of a beloved; little integration and s#nt!esis of t!e nature of t!eattitudes and t!eir causes and conse=uences.

2oreover; t!is anal#sis answers t!e main =uestions of t!isdissertation. In one !and; t!e o+timistic attitude is de0nitel# due tot!e strong belief in God. T!us; religion is t!e main cause ofdetermining t!e attitudes. T!e lovers in Lenore and Annabel Lee areo+timistic. ecause t!e# t!ink t!at true love is indestructible andimmortal as well. 9e discover t!at religion gives life meaning. Ket; abelief in God will strengt!en t!e individual6s motivation to live !a++#as +ossible. 5n t!e ot!er !and; t!e +essimistic attitude is due to t!e+oor belief in t!e afterElife. *ence; t!e lovers in The Raven and

Ulalue are +essimistic. T!e# !ave no sign of !o+e instead; t!e# arede+ressed and u+set. In addition; t!e# are weak to confront t!eobstacles because t!e# t!ink t!at t!eir life !as no meaning since t!e#lose t!eir beloved.

9!en we s!ed t!e lig!t on >dgar Allan %oe6s biogra+!#; we discovert!at %oe and !is narrator are de0nitel# t!e same. T!us; t!e secondmain =uestion; w!ic! is t!e reasons be!ind t!e di7erence in man6sattitudes; is revealed. According to !is +ersonal life; we 0nd t!at nott!e alco!ol is t!e reason be!ind t!ese varieties instead; we 0nd t!at

t!ere is anot!er cause; w!ic! is t!e manicEde+ression illness t!at %oesu7ers from.


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%s#c!ologists de0ne t!is term as an illness t!at embodied two +!ases. T!e +atient w!o !as suc! case su7ers from t!e imbalance of mind6sstate. "ometimes; t!e +atient is !a++# and active. *is ambition to doever#t!ing in t!e same time is endless. *owever; in ot!er times; !efeels sad; u+set; de+ressed and +assive. Ket; !e +refers to sta# aloof

from t!e ot!ers. T!us; >dgar Allan %oe6s selected +oems !avedi7erent man6s attitudes towards t!e deat! of a beloved. T!e attitudeis +resented from two di7erent wa#s; t!e 0rst wa# is w!en t!e menacce+t deat! as undeniable event; and cannot be reversible. Ket; t!e#believe t!at deat! ma# se+arate t!eir bodies; but t!eir souls arealwa#s toget!er in w!ic! love6s ties bound t!em. T!e second wa# isw!en t!e men reect deat!. T!is kind of +eo+le does not believe in t!eafterElife instead; t!e# t!ink t!at w!at !ad been lost in life neverreturn back.

Furt!ermore; we discover t!at manicEde+ression illness is dee+l#rooted in !is c!ild!ood6 trauma w!en !is mot!er died living !ima++roimatel# t!e age of two alone. >ven t!oug! t!e +ain t!at %oebears is toug!; !is fait! in God to !el+ !is +oor soul is stronger.

As a conclusion; we t!ink t!at an#one w!o !as su7ered in an# wa#t!e loss of a loved one can bene0t from t!is work about dealing wit!deat!. As we said before t!at if t!ere is somet!ing is certain in life; itis t!at we s!all all die; sooner or later.


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>rlendsson; *araldur. 2ulti+le %ersonalit# Disorder E Demons andAngels or Arc!et#+al as+ects of t!e inner self. >d. *araldur>rlendsson. $44&. -. %rint.

Fis!er; enamin F. The Ca!rid(e +ntroduction to Ad(ar Allan Poe.Bew Kork, Cambridge 8niversit# %ress; $44. %rint.

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%enguin ook; $44. %rint.

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Arti(les and ournals

Donsc!ikowski. >dgar Allan %oe, e!ind T!e 2adness.. n. Bovember

1/t!

; $411.

Frankl; Jiktor >. Man0s #earch For Meanin( . )t! edition. K8 Tanner;$44.

*ouston; Diane 2. %ersonalit#. 14R4$R$41$. $3).

Bational Institutes of *ealt!. Talking to C!ildren about Deat!.

Patient +nforation

Pu!lications. et!esda; $44. Document.

"ocial Issues 'esearc! Centre. .tiis. 5ford; 8M; $443.

9eber; *annelore; 2ana Jollmann and ritta 'enner. T!e "+irited;t!e 5bservant; and t!e Dis!eartened, "ocial Conce+ts of 5+timism;'ealism; and %essimism.

1ournal of Personality 23 ?$44/@, 13.

Melt; David. #tudy /uide for the Perforance. T!e Diie Carter%erforming Arts and Academic >nric!ment Center; Tennessee. 11.

Dissertations

Adeline; *eid#. 4The #eaker%s .tiistic Attitude to5ards Death in*d(ar Allan Poe%s

Poes, #onnet %To My Mother,% %Anna!el Lee,% and %For Annie%4. Diss."uraba#a, %etra C!ristian 8niversit#. $3 "e+tember $441.

Hle(troni( -ubli(ations

Arlow; acob A. and o!n L. *erma. %s#c!oanal#sis, 2icrosoftCor+oration.

Microsoft6 #tudent 7889 :D;D< . 'edmond; 9A; $44.


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Astarte. Microsoft6 #tudent 7889 :D;D


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Co!en; David . De+ression, %s#c!olog#. Microsoft6 #tudent 7889:D;D


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Life C!allenges, 2anic De+ression. n.d. alla!outlifechan(e" 1-A+ril $41$.

V!tt+,RRwww.allaboutlifec!allenges.orgRmanicEde+ressive.!tmW.

"!moo+ >ditorial Team. T!e 'aven %oem Tet. 11 Bovember $44.#hoo"co"

"!moo+ 8niversit#; Inc.; 11 Bov. $44. 9eb.V!tt+,RRwww.s!moo+.comRt!eE

ravenRs#mbolism.!tmlW. 1 A+ril $41$.

Documents

The Attitude Towards the Death of a Beloved in Edgar Allan Poe