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The Atlantic WorldThe Atlantic World
The conditions that led to The conditions that led to American ExplorationAmerican Exploration
Our Goals this WeekOur Goals this Week
Trace life in the Americas before the Trace life in the Americas before the arrival of Europeans and Africansarrival of Europeans and Africans
Evaluate European explorations of the Evaluate European explorations of the fifteenth, sixteenth, and seventeenth fifteenth, sixteenth, and seventeenth centuries and the impact of the first centuries and the impact of the first contacts between Americans and contacts between Americans and Europeans.Europeans.
SettlementSettlement
Historians and anthropologists agree that Historians and anthropologists agree that the Native Americans came from Asia.the Native Americans came from Asia.
Most believe they crossed a land bridge in Most believe they crossed a land bridge in the Bering Strait.the Bering Strait.
Life for Early AmericansLife for Early AmericansEach Group Adapted to their EnvironmentEach Group Adapted to their Environment
North Inuit, North Inuit, Aleut (hunter gatherers)Aleut (hunter gatherers)Koyukon and Ingalik (nomadic)Koyukon and Ingalik (nomadic)
Northwest CoastNorthwest CoastCoos, Makah (fishermen)Coos, Makah (fishermen)
CaliforniaCaliforniaChumash, YurokChumash, Yurok
Fishermen, hunter-gatherersFishermen, hunter-gatherers
The Plateau (b/w the Cascades and the Rockies)The Plateau (b/w the Cascades and the Rockies)Chinook, CayuseChinook, Cayuse
Fishermen, hunter-gatherersFishermen, hunter-gatherers
The Great Basin (b/w the Rockies and the Sierra The Great Basin (b/w the Rockies and the Sierra Nevada)Nevada)Paiute, Ute, ShoshoniPaiute, Ute, Shoshoni
Hunter-gatherersHunter-gatherers
The Southwest (Very dry)The Southwest (Very dry)Hopi and Zuni--farmersHopi and Zuni--farmersApache--nomadicApache--nomadicAnasazi--lived in cliff apartmentsAnasazi--lived in cliff apartments
The Plains (well watered)The Plains (well watered)Mandans, Wichita, and Pawnee--farmers, huntersMandans, Wichita, and Pawnee--farmers, hunters
The Northeast (forests, well watered)The Northeast (forests, well watered)Seneca, Lenape, Iroquois--hunter gatherers, Seneca, Lenape, Iroquois--hunter gatherers,
fishermenfishermen
The Southeast (forests, swamps, sea The Southeast (forests, swamps, sea coast)coast)Hopewell, Cahokia, Natchez, Creek, Hopewell, Cahokia, Natchez, Creek,
CherokeeCherokeeHunter-gatherers, fishermen, farmersHunter-gatherers, fishermen, farmers
Native American CultureNative American Culture
Social StructureSocial StructureSocieties were structured based on family Societies were structured based on family
relationships (kinship, clans, tribes).relationships (kinship, clans, tribes).ReligionReligion
very ritualisticvery ritualisticbelieved in spiritual forces of naturebelieved in spiritual forces of nature
Oral HistoryOral HistoryUsed to preserve cultural traditions.Used to preserve cultural traditions.
TradeTradeBased on the barter systemBased on the barter systemTrade routes connected most of the tribes in Trade routes connected most of the tribes in
AmericaAmerica Importance of LandImportance of Land
Believed that land could not be owned, Believed that land could not be owned, therefore it was never traded.therefore it was never traded.
Early Middle Ages (500-1000)Early Middle Ages (500-1000)
InvasionsInvasionsGermanic, Viking, and Asian invaders tore Germanic, Viking, and Asian invaders tore
across Europe after the fall of the Roman across Europe after the fall of the Roman Empire.Empire.
FeudalismFeudalismPolitical and Economic SystemPolitical and Economic SystemLand owned by nobles or lords was divided Land owned by nobles or lords was divided
among lesser nobles for loyalty. among lesser nobles for loyalty. Serfs farmed the manors (estate of a Lord)Serfs farmed the manors (estate of a Lord)Serfs were tied to the land.Serfs were tied to the land.
ReligionReligionThe Catholic Church dominated EuropeThe Catholic Church dominated EuropeClergymen were powerful and well educated.Clergymen were powerful and well educated.
Late Middle Ages (1000-1300)Late Middle Ages (1000-1300)Europe’s economy began to boom and this growth Europe’s economy began to boom and this growth
changed the feudal system.changed the feudal system.
CrusadesCrusades1096 to 1204 AD the Church organized a series of military campaigns to free 1096 to 1204 AD the Church organized a series of military campaigns to free
Jerusalem from the control of the Muslim Turks.Jerusalem from the control of the Muslim Turks.The Crusades ultimately failed.The Crusades ultimately failed.The Crusades did open Europe to the outside world and a new era of trade The Crusades did open Europe to the outside world and a new era of trade
with Asia began.with Asia began.
Urban GrowthUrban GrowthCities and Trade Grew in EuropeCities and Trade Grew in Europe
Effects:Effects: A new middle class emergedA new middle class emerged The money economy was revivedThe money economy was revived Contributed to the fall of feudalismContributed to the fall of feudalism
Rise of MonarchsRise of Monarchs Increased wealth increased the power of the Increased wealth increased the power of the
monarchs.monarchs.Monarchs and nobles began to clashMonarchs and nobles began to clash
1215 King John I signed the Magna Carta or 1215 King John I signed the Magna Carta or “Great Charter” granting nobles various legal “Great Charter” granting nobles various legal rights.rights.
As the power of monarchs increased, papal As the power of monarchs increased, papal power decreasedpower decreased
UniversitiesUniversitiesMonarchs began them to train government Monarchs began them to train government
officials and church officials.officials and church officials.The “Black Death”The “Black Death”
Arose in the 1300s.Arose in the 1300s.Carried by fleas on ratsCarried by fleas on ratsKilled 1/3 of Europe’s population.Killed 1/3 of Europe’s population.Resulted in starvation, riots, and economic Resulted in starvation, riots, and economic
collapsecollapse
The Renaissance “Rebirth”The Renaissance “Rebirth” Italian RenaissanceItalian Renaissance
Began in Florence, ItalyBegan in Florence, ItalyPursuit of LearningPursuit of LearningEvery subject--art, lit., science, philosophy, Every subject--art, lit., science, philosophy,
economics, political thought.economics, political thought. Involved the revival of the writings of the ancient Involved the revival of the writings of the ancient
Greeks and Romans.Greeks and Romans.Began to use reason and experimentation to Began to use reason and experimentation to
understand the worldunderstand the worldCore Philosophy was humanismCore Philosophy was humanism
Prominent figures: Michelangelo, Leonardo Prominent figures: Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, Donatelloda Vinci, Donatello
Financially supported by Patrons from the Financially supported by Patrons from the merchant class. (Medici family of Florence is merchant class. (Medici family of Florence is the most famous)the most famous)
Northern RenaissanceNorthern RenaissanceRefers to the late 1500s when the Refers to the late 1500s when the
Renaissance spread to the Netherlands, Renaissance spread to the Netherlands, France, Belgium, Spain, England and France, Belgium, Spain, England and Germany.Germany.
Prominent figure: William ShakespeareProminent figure: William Shakespeare
Printing PressPrinting Press Invented in 1456 by a German named Johann Invented in 1456 by a German named Johann
Gutenberg to print Bibles.Gutenberg to print Bibles.Used movable typeUsed movable typeRevolutionized the spread of informationRevolutionized the spread of information
The ReformationThe ReformationStarted by Martin Luther in 1517 with the Started by Martin Luther in 1517 with the
nailing of the 95 theses to the church door at nailing of the 95 theses to the church door at Wittenberg Castle in GermanyWittenberg Castle in Germany
Was an effort to reform the Catholic ChurchWas an effort to reform the Catholic ChurchResulted in a split and the creation of the Resulted in a split and the creation of the
Protestant ChurchProtestant Church
Rise of NationsRise of NationsWith increased power, monarchs began to With increased power, monarchs began to
combine lands into larger nations.combine lands into larger nations.Seafaring TechnologySeafaring Technology
Renaissance scientists developed the Renaissance scientists developed the compass (direction) and the astrolabe and the compass (direction) and the astrolabe and the quadrant (position without seeing land).quadrant (position without seeing land).
Long distance travel now became possibleLong distance travel now became possible
Portuguese Dominate the SeasPortuguese Dominate the SeasPrince Henry the NavigatorPrince Henry the NavigatorDeveloped the Caravel (ship that could also sail Developed the Caravel (ship that could also sail
against the wind)against the wind)Bartholomew Dias--sailed around southern tip Bartholomew Dias--sailed around southern tip
of Africaof AfricaVasco da Gama--sailed from Portugal to India Vasco da Gama--sailed from Portugal to India
(first trade route by sea)(first trade route by sea)Competition among the European powers Competition among the European powers
ensuedensued
Contact with EuropeansContact with Europeans
During the Middle Ages contact between During the Middle Ages contact between Europeans and Africans had ceased.Europeans and Africans had ceased.
During the Renaissance contact resumed During the Renaissance contact resumed as Europeans traded gold for salt.as Europeans traded gold for salt.
West African CultureWest African Culture
Geography influenced survivalGeography influenced survivalRainforestsRainforests
Hunted fished mined and farmedHunted fished mined and farmed
SavannaSavannaLimited farming, hunting, domesticated animals, Limited farming, hunting, domesticated animals,
mining, tradingmining, trading
DesertDesertLived around oasesLived around oasesGroups traversed the desert to trade with North Groups traversed the desert to trade with North
AfricaAfrica
FamilyFamilySociety was organized according to kinship.Society was organized according to kinship.
ReligionReligionPolytheisticPolytheisticWorshipped a supreme god and several Worshipped a supreme god and several
lesser gods.lesser gods.
Kingdoms and TradeKingdoms and Trade
BeninBeninCoastal Forest kingdomCoastal Forest kingdomTraded palm oil, ivory, and exotic woods.Traded palm oil, ivory, and exotic woods.
SonghaiSonghaiSavanna kingdomSavanna kingdomMost famous king--Askia Muhammad. He Most famous king--Askia Muhammad. He
made it a muslim empire. made it a muslim empire.
Slavery in AfricaSlavery in Africa
Slavery existed in Africa.Slavery existed in Africa.Slaves were usually:Slaves were usually:
Captured in warCaptured in warTreated as familyTreated as familyAllowed to move up in societyAllowed to move up in society
The Voyage of ColumbusThe Voyage of Columbus
European competition on the seas and for European competition on the seas and for trade with Asia grew.trade with Asia grew.
Christopher Columbus sought to find a Christopher Columbus sought to find a westward sea route to the Indies (Asia).westward sea route to the Indies (Asia).
In January of 1492 Queen Isabella and In January of 1492 Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand of Spain agreed to King Ferdinand of Spain agreed to sponsor his voyage.sponsor his voyage.
Reasons for VoyageReasons for VoyageColumbus hoped to enrich his family and gain Columbus hoped to enrich his family and gain
honor and fame.honor and fame.Spread CatholicismSpread CatholicismSpain’s rivalry with PortugalSpain’s rivalry with Portugal
The VoyageThe VoyageAugust 3, 1492, Columbus set sail.August 3, 1492, Columbus set sail.His three ships were the His three ships were the Nina, Pinta, Nina, Pinta, and the and the
Santa Maria.Santa Maria.On October 12, 1492, he found land, but it On October 12, 1492, he found land, but it
was not the Indies. He’d discovered America.was not the Indies. He’d discovered America.
Native Americans Native Americans Columbus met friendly natives when he first Columbus met friendly natives when he first
arrived.arrived.He called them Indians, believing he was in He called them Indians, believing he was in
the Indies.the Indies.
Later VoyagesLater VoyagesColumbus returned home and was greatly Columbus returned home and was greatly
honored. honored. He continued to make voyages to the lands He continued to make voyages to the lands
he’d found he’d found
A New WorldA New World1499 Amerigo Vespucci sailed to the 1499 Amerigo Vespucci sailed to the
Caribbean.Caribbean.He recognized that these lands were a new He recognized that these lands were a new
continent unknown to Europe; a New World.continent unknown to Europe; a New World.America is named after him.America is named after him.
The Impact of ColumbusThe Impact of Columbus
The Columbian ExchangeThe Columbian ExchangeEuropeans began to trade new goods from the Europeans began to trade new goods from the
Americas with Africans and AsiansAmericas with Africans and AsiansPeanuts, pineapples, tomatoes, cocoa, potatoes Peanuts, pineapples, tomatoes, cocoa, potatoes
Europeans also brought goods to the new Europeans also brought goods to the new world.world.
Devastation of Native AmericansDevastation of Native AmericansMany died of new diseases brought by the Many died of new diseases brought by the
EuropeansEuropeansSmallpox, typhus, measles, etc.. Smallpox, typhus, measles, etc..
Europeans become wealthyEuropeans become wealthyRivalry for riches and goods in the new world Rivalry for riches and goods in the new world
increased, especially between Portugal and increased, especially between Portugal and Spain.Spain.
Within a hundred years of the voyage of Within a hundred years of the voyage of Columbus the amount of gold and silver in Columbus the amount of gold and silver in Europe’s economy increased eight times over.Europe’s economy increased eight times over.
SlaverySlaveryTo supply new American foods to Europe To supply new American foods to Europe
plantations were established and slaves were plantations were established and slaves were brought from Africa to work them.brought from Africa to work them.
9-11 million Africans were captured or sold 9-11 million Africans were captured or sold into slavery.into slavery.