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THE ATLANTIC WORLDTHE ATLANTIC WORLD
Munster 1550
Europe before North American Europe before North American ColonizationColonization
• Vikings – People from Norway, Vikings – People from Norway, Sweden and FinlandSweden and Finland
• Eric the Red – Outlaw VikingEric the Red – Outlaw Viking
• Sagas – Viking storiesSagas – Viking stories
• Leif Erickson – Son of Eric the RedLeif Erickson – Son of Eric the Red
• Vinland – believed to be Vinland – believed to be MassachusettsMassachusetts
Most of Europe was in the Dark Most of Europe was in the Dark Ages until the CrusadesAges until the Crusades• Europe in 1000Europe in 1000• Manor – Large tract of land – self-sufficient estateManor – Large tract of land – self-sufficient estate• Feudal system – system of protection and homageFeudal system – system of protection and homage• Serfdom – system which tied the poor people to the Serfdom – system which tied the poor people to the
landland• CrusadesCrusades• Crusades – Holy wars between the Christians and Crusades – Holy wars between the Christians and
MuslimsMuslims• Holy land – Sacred land of Judeo-Christian and Islamic Holy land – Sacred land of Judeo-Christian and Islamic
traditionstraditions• Islam – Religion of the Muslims – followers of Islam – Religion of the Muslims – followers of
Muhammad Muhammad
Results of the CrusadesResults of the Crusades
• Commercial RevolutionCommercial Revolution• New Foods and Spices – Pepper, sugar, nuts, New Foods and Spices – Pepper, sugar, nuts,
dates, oranges, cinnamon and many moredates, oranges, cinnamon and many more• New Garments – silk and cotton, and dyes such as New Garments – silk and cotton, and dyes such as
Indigo.Indigo.• Changes – European culture changed forever and Changes – European culture changed forever and
ushered in a new class of people – traders. ushered in a new class of people – traders. • Marco Polo led an overland route but that was too Marco Polo led an overland route but that was too
dangerous and costly. dangerous and costly. • Soon, traders attempted to get around the Soon, traders attempted to get around the
Muslim middlemen by sailing around Africa.Muslim middlemen by sailing around Africa.
Henry the Navigator Henry the Navigator 1394-14601394-1460
Portuguese—established school
Technological Technological AdvancementsAdvancements
• The caravelThe caravel, a new and lighter ship , a new and lighter ship was developed, which would allow was developed, which would allow sea captains to sail further and sea captains to sail further and faster. faster.
• The compassThe compass—China—China
• The astrolabeThe astrolabe—the navigator could —the navigator could determine his latitude, by using take determine his latitude, by using take the altitude of the sunthe altitude of the sun
Christopher ColumbusChristopher Columbus
• 1492—set sail from Spain1492—set sail from Spain NinaNinaPintaPintaSanta MariaSanta Maria
• He was trying to reach Cathey He was trying to reach Cathey (China)(China)
Was the world flat?Was the world flat?
• Pythagoras—600BC the world is roundPythagoras—600BC the world is round
• Eratosthenes—200BC same conclusionEratosthenes—200BC same conclusion
28,000 mile circumference (24,901)28,000 mile circumference (24,901)
• Claudia Ptolomy—22AD same conclusionClaudia Ptolomy—22AD same conclusion
Columbus believed the Earth was round, Columbus believed the Earth was round, but only had a circumference of 6,000 but only had a circumference of 6,000 miles miles
What did his crew believe? What did his crew believe?
•SuperstitiousSuperstitious• The voyage was taking to longThe voyage was taking to long
• The ocean was unchartedThe ocean was uncharted
• Lights in the sky (Aurora Borealis) Lights in the sky (Aurora Borealis)
•Sea MonstersSea Monsters
Columbus at seaColumbus at sea
• 88thth week out at sea—food & water may week out at sea—food & water may run outrun out
• 99thth week—LAND!!! week—LAND!!!
• Natives were friendly, sharing, equal, Natives were friendly, sharing, equal, and peaceful and peaceful
• The land was lush, clean, and abundantThe land was lush, clean, and abundant
““I have reached the Garden of I have reached the Garden of Eden”Eden”
In 1492, Christopher Columbus landed in the West Indies, in In 1492, Christopher Columbus landed in the West Indies, in the Caribbean. He encountered the the Caribbean. He encountered the ArawakArawak people, who people, who were friendly and generous toward the Spanish. were friendly and generous toward the Spanish.
Spanish Spanish conquistadorsconquistadors,, or conquerors, followed in the wake or conquerors, followed in the wake of Columbus. They settled on Caribbean islands, seized of Columbus. They settled on Caribbean islands, seized gold from the Taínos, and forced them to convert to gold from the Taínos, and forced them to convert to Christianity. Christianity.
Meanwhile, smallpox, measles and influenza carried by the Meanwhile, smallpox, measles and influenza carried by the Europeans wiped out village after native village. Native Europeans wiped out village after native village. Native Americans had no Americans had no immunityimmunity,, or resistance, to such or resistance, to such diseases.diseases.
Conditions in Europe Conditions in Europe 14921492
• Political power in hands of a fewPolitical power in hands of a few
• Church & Aristocracy owned land and Church & Aristocracy owned land and powerpower
• Constant warfare & frequent civil warsConstant warfare & frequent civil wars
• Extensive poverty, and diseaseExtensive poverty, and disease
• Overcrowded communitiesOvercrowded communities
• High crime rateHigh crime rate
• General filth, greed, and corruption General filth, greed, and corruption
• The town of Leyden (and neither Delft as The town of Leyden (and neither Delft as well I gather) was hardly paved with stone well I gather) was hardly paved with stone of brick and the streets were full of filth of brick and the streets were full of filth and excrement from numerous roaming and excrement from numerous roaming cows, horses, pigs, small cattle, and cows, horses, pigs, small cattle, and poultry, but also of human beings who poultry, but also of human beings who freely relieved themselves on the street. freely relieved themselves on the street. This necessitated wooden platform shoes This necessitated wooden platform shoes (trippen)* which were bound under ones (trippen)* which were bound under ones shoes. The town smelled badly, and in shoes. The town smelled badly, and in summer even enormously, especially summer even enormously, especially when the mud was raked. when the mud was raked.
Cortes in MexicoCortes in MexicoHernan CortHernan Cortéés landed on the Mexican coast in s landed on the Mexican coast in
15191519..
GOLD!!!!!!!!!!!!GOLD!!!!!!!!!!!!
CortCortéés arranged s arranged alliancesalliances with discontented with discontented peoples who hated their Aztec overlords. peoples who hated their Aztec overlords.
The Aztec emperor, The Aztec emperor, MontezumaMontezuma, thought Cort, thought Cortéés s might be a god. He offered tribute to Cortmight be a god. He offered tribute to Cortéés and s and welcomed him to Tenochtitlwelcomed him to Tenochtitláán. n.
When relations grew strained, the Aztecs drove the When relations grew strained, the Aztecs drove the Spanish out of Spanish out of TenochtitlTenochtitláán. n.
In In 15211521, Cort, Cortéés returned and captured and s returned and captured and demolished Tenochtitldemolished Tenochtitláán. n.
Pizarro in PeruPizarro in Peru
Francisco Pizarro arrived in Peru in Francisco Pizarro arrived in Peru in 15321532, , just after the conclusion of a bloody just after the conclusion of a bloody civil civil warwar..
Helped by Indian allies, Pizarro captured the Helped by Indian allies, Pizarro captured the new king, Atahualpa, and killed thousands new king, Atahualpa, and killed thousands of his followers.of his followers.
The Spanish then overran the Incan The Spanish then overran the Incan heartland.heartland.
Global European EmpiresGlobal European Empires
European AdvantagesEuropean Advantages
• Horses—Natives had never seen Horses—Natives had never seen themthem
• Body Armor—metal helmets, breast Body Armor—metal helmets, breast platesplates
• Metal weapons—swords & fire armsMetal weapons—swords & fire arms
• Disease—Smallpox, Measles, Flu Disease—Smallpox, Measles, Flu
Columbian ExchangeColumbian Exchange
Trade Between the Old World Trade Between the Old World and The New World and The New World
Encomienda SystemEncomienda System
Conquistadors were given control of a native Conquistadors were given control of a native villagevillage
The Spanish grew sugar cane, which was The Spanish grew sugar cane, which was grown on grown on plantationsplantations and required large and required large numbers of workers. numbers of workers.
At first, the Spanish forced the Native At first, the Spanish forced the Native Americans to work under brutal conditions.Americans to work under brutal conditions.
Later, the colonists began shipping slaves Later, the colonists began shipping slaves from Africa to do their work.from Africa to do their work.
Caste SystemCaste System
In Spanish America, the mix of diverse people gave rise to a In Spanish America, the mix of diverse people gave rise to a new social structure. new social structure.
PeninsularesPeninsulares,, people born in Spain, were at the top of people born in Spain, were at the top of society.society.
CreolesCreoles,, American-born descendents of Spanish settlers, were American-born descendents of Spanish settlers, were next.next.
MestizosMestizos were people of Native American and European were people of Native American and European descent.descent.
MulattoesMulattoes were people of African and European descent. were people of African and European descent. Native Americans and people of African descent formed the Native Americans and people of African descent formed the
lowest social classes.lowest social classes.
France—Northwest PassageFrance—Northwest Passage
• Giovanni de Verrazzano—Does not find it: Giovanni de Verrazzano—Does not find it: New York Harbor, 1524New York Harbor, 1524
• Jacques Cartier—Does not find it, or so he Jacques Cartier—Does not find it, or so he thought. What he found was the St. thought. What he found was the St. Lawrence RiverLawrence River
• Samuel de Champlain—No passage: QuebecSamuel de Champlain—No passage: Quebec• French settle the area around The Great French settle the area around The Great
Lakes—Fur TradeLakes—Fur Trade• Explore the Mississippi river—Joliet & Explore the Mississippi river—Joliet &
MarquetteMarquette• Settle LouisianaSettle Louisiana
New France in AmericaNew France in America
• In 1524, Giovanni da Verranzano explored the In 1524, Giovanni da Verranzano explored the American coast for France.American coast for France.
• Challenge England’s claim to all the land between Challenge England’s claim to all the land between New England and FloridaNew England and Florida
• Samuel de Champlain founded the first Samuel de Champlain founded the first permanent French colony at Quebec in 1608permanent French colony at Quebec in 1608
• By 1700, France claimed the St. Lawrence River By 1700, France claimed the St. Lawrence River and surrounding lands in modern Canada and all and surrounding lands in modern Canada and all of the land west of the Appalachian Mts. of the land west of the Appalachian Mts. (Mississippi Valley).(Mississippi Valley).
• Many wars for control of America followed.Many wars for control of America followed.• Main commodity was furs and trading with Main commodity was furs and trading with
IndiansIndians• Jesuits—bring Christianity to nativesJesuits—bring Christianity to natives
The Dutch in AmericaThe Dutch in America
• In 1609 they started New Netherlands in modern In 1609 they started New Netherlands in modern New YorkNew York
• Leader was Peter MinuitLeader was Peter Minuit• 1626 bought Manhattan Island from natives for 1626 bought Manhattan Island from natives for
$24. Worth of beads – renamed it New Amsterdam$24. Worth of beads – renamed it New Amsterdam• In 1624 Dutch fur traders started a t trading post – In 1624 Dutch fur traders started a t trading post –
Fort Orange where Albany now stands – fur trade Fort Orange where Albany now stands – fur trade with Indians with Indians
• 1664 - English took over the whole colony without 1664 - English took over the whole colony without a fight – colonists gave up without fighting because a fight – colonists gave up without fighting because they did not like Peter Minuit.they did not like Peter Minuit.
Swedish in AmericaSwedish in America
• Settled Fort Christina on the Delaware Settled Fort Christina on the Delaware River – one hundred settlers.River – one hundred settlers.
• Colony is named New SwedenColony is named New Sweden
• Traded with Indians for fursTraded with Indians for furs
• Taken over by the Dutch in 1655Taken over by the Dutch in 1655
• Built the first log cabins in AmericaBuilt the first log cabins in America
ENGLANDENGLAND
• Why hasn’t England traveled to New Why hasn’t England traveled to New World?World?
•Lack of stability—1325-1500 perpetual state Lack of stability—1325-1500 perpetual state of war—Hundred Years War, internal strife of war—Hundred Years War, internal strife (religious)(religious)
•Set up trade w/Africa and EuropeSet up trade w/Africa and Europe
The Age of Elizabeth IThe Age of Elizabeth I
• John CabotJohn Cabot – First voyage to New Foundland in – First voyage to New Foundland in 1497. Claimed land for England. Spain was too 1497. Claimed land for England. Spain was too powerful to challenge.powerful to challenge.
• Elizabeth IElizabeth I – Inherited throne of England. Strong – Inherited throne of England. Strong will – much ambition – did not care about right or will – much ambition – did not care about right or wrong just wanted what was good for England. wrong just wanted what was good for England. She was a clever diplomat. Never married – bad She was a clever diplomat. Never married – bad tempered. Elizabeth had male friends such as Sir tempered. Elizabeth had male friends such as Sir Walter Raleigh.Walter Raleigh.
• Sea Dogs Sea Dogs – English Sea ships encouraged to be – English Sea ships encouraged to be pirates by Elizabeth I – rob and sink Spanish pirates by Elizabeth I – rob and sink Spanish ships.ships.
Drake the DragonDrake the Dragon
• Sir Francis DrakeSir Francis Drake -Most famous Sea Dog – Spanish -Most famous Sea Dog – Spanish called him Drake the Dragon after he entered the called him Drake the Dragon after he entered the Caribbean Sea and terrorized Spanish towns in Caribbean Sea and terrorized Spanish towns in the 1580s.the 1580s.
• Charters Charters – Elizabeth issued her first royal charter – Elizabeth issued her first royal charter to Sir Humphrey Gilbert to establish a colony in to Sir Humphrey Gilbert to establish a colony in New Foundland to make a base for fishing. The New Foundland to make a base for fishing. The colony only lasted one year – Gilbert died. colony only lasted one year – Gilbert died. Gilbert’s half-brother Sir Walter Raleigh took over Gilbert’s half-brother Sir Walter Raleigh took over the charter and established a colony at Roanoke the charter and established a colony at Roanoke off the coast of North America.off the coast of North America.
The Lost ColonyThe Lost Colony• Roanoke Island Roanoke Island - Chartered colony was set - Chartered colony was set
up with about 100 men to find gold. No up with about 100 men to find gold. No gold found. Fight with Indians. After one gold found. Fight with Indians. After one year the colony was abandoned. Next year the colony was abandoned. Next year- about 100 more colonists (including year- about 100 more colonists (including women) settle. First child born in New women) settle. First child born in New World – named Virginia. John White (the World – named Virginia. John White (the Leader) sailed back to England to get Leader) sailed back to England to get supplies, but because of the Spanish supplies, but because of the Spanish Armada attack they did not get back to Armada attack they did not get back to Roanoke until 1590 (three years later) Roanoke until 1590 (three years later) when they found the colony disserted – when they found the colony disserted – know one knows what happened.know one knows what happened.
Spanish ArmadaSpanish Armada
• Phillip II of Spain – Angry about the Sea Phillip II of Spain – Angry about the Sea Dogs, sent 130 ships, 30,000 men and Dogs, sent 130 ships, 30,000 men and 2,400 cannon in 1588 to invade 2,400 cannon in 1588 to invade England. Failed. A storm came up and England. Failed. A storm came up and sunk much of the fleet. sunk much of the fleet.
• English ships, smaller in size, destroyed English ships, smaller in size, destroyed many others – about ½ of the original many others – about ½ of the original fleet, scattered, limped back to Spain.fleet, scattered, limped back to Spain.
Joint Stock CompaniesJoint Stock Companies
• Gilbert and Raleigh proved that the colonies were Gilbert and Raleigh proved that the colonies were expensive and risky. Instead of outfitting colonies by expensive and risky. Instead of outfitting colonies by one individual – groups called JSC formed (think of one individual – groups called JSC formed (think of these as corporations with stock holders – everyone these as corporations with stock holders – everyone shares the earnings and the loses)shares the earnings and the loses)
• Examples : Examples : British East India Company – British East India Company – exclusive right to trade in exclusive right to trade in
the Indies.the Indies.London Company London Company – Granted by King James I to establish – Granted by King James I to establish
a colony in America called Virginia named for the a colony in America called Virginia named for the Virgin Queen Elizabeth. Virginia extended from Virgin Queen Elizabeth. Virginia extended from modern New York to S.C. and sea to sea – no regard modern New York to S.C. and sea to sea – no regard for Natives.for Natives.
Jamestown, VAJamestown, VA
• First permanent English colony in America. 36 First permanent English colony in America. 36 leaders – 104 total settlers. Built on peninsula – leaders – 104 total settlers. Built on peninsula – easy to defend, but swampy and filled with easy to defend, but swampy and filled with mosquitoes. mosquitoes. Settlers were busy looking for Settlers were busy looking for treasuretreasure – no one planted crops. By the first – no one planted crops. By the first spring only 38 colonist alive. None of the spring only 38 colonist alive. None of the councilmen had any real skills.councilmen had any real skills.
• John Smith –John Smith – Became the leader the second year. Became the leader the second year. He was a soldier of fortune he worked for who ever He was a soldier of fortune he worked for who ever paid him. He put people to work building homes paid him. He put people to work building homes rather than looking for gold. He said, “No work – rather than looking for gold. He said, “No work – no food.” He also made peace with the Indians.no food.” He also made peace with the Indians.
Powhatan IndiansPowhatan Indians
• Collection of separate tribes under the Collection of separate tribes under the leader Powhatan—20,000 warriorsleader Powhatan—20,000 warriors
• Smith & Powhatan reach agreement, Smith & Powhatan reach agreement, English can stay as long as they are goodEnglish can stay as long as they are good
• 1608—only 50 of the 120 settlers were still 1608—only 50 of the 120 settlers were still alivealive
• 1609—More settlers come from England1609—More settlers come from England
• Winter of 1610 BRUTAL. No food leftWinter of 1610 BRUTAL. No food left
• Steal from the NativesSteal from the Natives
““The Staving Time”The Staving Time”
• Natives bottle up Natives bottle up Jamestown—Jamestown—StarvingStarving TimeTime
• By spring 0nly 60 of 500 left, the rest die By spring 0nly 60 of 500 left, the rest die from starvationfrom starvation
• Late spring 1610 more arrivals including Late spring 1610 more arrivals including John RolfeJohn Rolfe
• Rolfe befriends natives gets a guide Rolfe befriends natives gets a guide Pocahontas—Pocahontas—introduces him to introduces him to TobaccoTobacco
• Pocahontas & Rolfe marry Pocahontas & Rolfe marry
Tobacco—Cash CropTobacco—Cash Crop
• 1613—Crossbreeds Spanish & Native 1613—Crossbreeds Spanish & Native tobaccotobacco
• Produces a better cropProduces a better crop
• Sends some back to EnglandSends some back to England
• London Co.— “Grow as much as you London Co.— “Grow as much as you can”can”
Head rightsHead rights
• In 1618 London Company attempted In 1618 London Company attempted to attract more settlers by issuing to attract more settlers by issuing head rights – which said colonists head rights – which said colonists who paid their own way to America who paid their own way to America or that of another would receive 50 or that of another would receive 50 acres of land for each person acres of land for each person transported.transported.
1619—A Very Big Year1619—A Very Big Year- In 1619 Jamestown is produced 16,000 - In 1619 Jamestown is produced 16,000
pounds of tobaccopounds of tobacco1.1.House of Burgesses—Representative House of Burgesses—Representative
GovernmentGovernment2.2.Arrival of African slaves in JamestownArrival of African slaves in Jamestown3.3.Introduction of women Introduction of women
The House of BurgessesThe House of Burgesses
Enclosure MovementEnclosure Movement
• Enclosure MovementEnclosure Movement - The poor in England got - The poor in England got poorer when the wealthy began to close their poorer when the wealthy began to close their land. Wool = less labor than farming so many land. Wool = less labor than farming so many farmers were kicked off of the land. Poor farmers farmers were kicked off of the land. Poor farmers wanted to relocate where they could get land to wanted to relocate where they could get land to farm for themselves.farm for themselves.
Indentured ServantsIndentured Servants
• Poor people who wanted to come to Poor people who wanted to come to America. Agreed to work for seven America. Agreed to work for seven years to pay for cost of transporting years to pay for cost of transporting them to America. Contracts could be them to America. Contracts could be bought and sold to other planters in bought and sold to other planters in America. America.
Indentured Servants in Indentured Servants in Colonial AmericaColonial America
• Peak of trade lasted between 1620s and 1680s, but trade continued Peak of trade lasted between 1620s and 1680s, but trade continued until 1770suntil 1770s
• Typical period of service: 4-7 yearsTypical period of service: 4-7 years• Age range: 15 – 25 years oldAge range: 15 – 25 years old• Sex ratio: 75% maleSex ratio: 75% male• Social class of origin: All classes, but mostly farmers, artisans and Social class of origin: All classes, but mostly farmers, artisans and
domestic servants.domestic servants.• Destination: 1600s mostly Southern Colonies, 1700s mostly middle Destination: 1600s mostly Southern Colonies, 1700s mostly middle
coloniescolonies• Mortality rate before reaching freedom was about 50%Mortality rate before reaching freedom was about 50%• Roughly 70% of Virginia’s English settlers between 1630-1660.Roughly 70% of Virginia’s English settlers between 1630-1660.• Roughly 50% of all English immigrants during the colonial period.Roughly 50% of all English immigrants during the colonial period.• English convicts forced to become indentured servants: 30,00 English convicts forced to become indentured servants: 30,00
between 1718 – 1775, about 10% of total indentured servant trade.between 1718 – 1775, about 10% of total indentured servant trade.• Kidnapping and forced to become a indentured servant was very Kidnapping and forced to become a indentured servant was very
rare.rare.
Pilgrims in New England Pilgrims in New England
• Separatists from the Church of England.Separatists from the Church of England.• Protestant Reformation – movement to Protestant Reformation – movement to
reform Christianity back to original teachings reform Christianity back to original teachings of Jesus Christ and away from the power of of Jesus Christ and away from the power of the Pope. the Pope.
• Pilgrims were Radicals – People who want Pilgrims were Radicals – People who want tremendous changes and want them quickly. tremendous changes and want them quickly.
• Plymouth Plantation – the name of their Plymouth Plantation – the name of their settlement.settlement.
• Mayflower Compact – agreement by all men Mayflower Compact – agreement by all men on the ship to share in government decision on the ship to share in government decision making. making.
PilgrimsPilgrims
• Arrive in Massachusetts November 1620Arrive in Massachusetts November 1620
• Settlers must settle into winter sheltersSettlers must settle into winter shelters
• Crude huts builtCrude huts built
•Came poor and celebrated Came poor and celebrated Thanksgiving Day the following Thanksgiving Day the following harvest with Native American alliesharvest with Native American allies
William Bradford – Governor William Bradford – Governor
WompanoagsWompanoags
• Native to “New England” areaNative to “New England” area
• Knew of the English—fishing, kidnappingKnew of the English—fishing, kidnapping
• Diseases had already hit many native villagesDiseases had already hit many native villages
• Decide to let the winter kill the English Decide to let the winter kill the English
• By springtime half the settlers have diedBy springtime half the settlers have died
• Squanto befriended the English (Patuxet Squanto befriended the English (Patuxet Indian) Indian) Earlier met English and knew their culture.Earlier met English and knew their culture.
• Thanksgiving 1621 Heartfelt dinnerThanksgiving 1621 Heartfelt dinner
PuritansPuritans
• Puritans -- Their goal was to Purify Puritans -- Their goal was to Purify the Church of England, not separate the Church of England, not separate totally.totally.
• Massachusetts Bay Company -- The Massachusetts Bay Company -- The first group of settlers numbered over first group of settlers numbered over 20,000.20,000.
Massachusetts Bay colonyMassachusetts Bay colony
John Winthrop was their leader.John Winthrop was their leader.• Many English come to America in 1643 to Many English come to America in 1643 to
practice Puritan values.practice Puritan values.• Puritans did not drink, gamble, dance, Puritans did not drink, gamble, dance,
have recreational sex, believe in have recreational sex, believe in entertainment such as theater and jailed entertainment such as theater and jailed people if they skipped church. The valued people if they skipped church. The valued education for the purpose of reading the education for the purpose of reading the Bible. Bible.
• The Church was the center of Puritan life. The Church was the center of Puritan life.
Massachusetts Bay ColonyMassachusetts Bay Colony
Religious Conflict in New Religious Conflict in New EnglandEngland
• Thomas Hooker left Massachusetts Thomas Hooker left Massachusetts and set up a colony in Connecticut.and set up a colony in Connecticut.
• Roger Williams left Massachusetts Roger Williams left Massachusetts and set up a colony in Rhode Island.and set up a colony in Rhode Island.
• Anne Hutchinson left Massachusetts Anne Hutchinson left Massachusetts and set up a colony in Portsmouth, and set up a colony in Portsmouth, New Hampshire.New Hampshire.
The English Civil WarThe English Civil War
• Back in England (Puritans vs. Anglicans)Back in England (Puritans vs. Anglicans)• Puritans victorious – The rise of Oliver Puritans victorious – The rise of Oliver
CromwellCromwell• Charles I beheaded, and his son Charles I beheaded, and his son
Charles II snuck out of EnglandCharles II snuck out of England• The remaining colonies founded in The remaining colonies founded in
America were for religious dissidents or America were for religious dissidents or given to the men who protected given to the men who protected Charles IICharles II
More English ColoniesMore English Colonies
• Carolina, Carolina, Charles Charles town 1town 1stst settlement settlement built in Carolina—1720’s split into built in Carolina—1720’s split into North and SouthNorth and South
• New York—Taken from Dutch 1664New York—Taken from Dutch 1664
• New Jersey—Given to 2 men who New Jersey—Given to 2 men who protected Charles II as a boyprotected Charles II as a boy
• Pennsylvania—William Penn – he was Pennsylvania—William Penn – he was granted the colony because his father granted the colony because his father had helped Charles II to escape had helped Charles II to escape England and returnEngland and return
New England ColoniesNew England Colonies Southern ColoniesSouthern Colonies
PopulationPopulation: Homogenous—all : Homogenous—all English, white, Puritan. No English, white, Puritan. No cultural or social variationcultural or social variation
Community Structure: Community Structure: Tight, Tight, towns planned, schools everyone towns planned, schools everyone (religion), replicate English towns (religion), replicate English towns
Core Values: Core Values: Religion, theocratic Religion, theocratic gov’t, religion was root of Puritan gov’t, religion was root of Puritan lifelife
Clothing: Clothing: Conservative dark Conservative dark simple black gray white, men simple black gray white, men short hair, women hair under cap, short hair, women hair under cap, no attn. to physical appearance. no attn. to physical appearance. VANITY=SINVANITY=SIN
Diverse, multi nationalities, races, Diverse, multi nationalities, races, various religionsvarious religions
Few towns, dispersed, towns not Few towns, dispersed, towns not structured, attn. to individual not structured, attn. to individual not community, schools only for rich community, schools only for rich
Individuality, profit making, Individuality, profit making, churches along the coast, inland churches along the coast, inland not practicalnot practical
Showy, bright colors, elegant for Showy, bright colors, elegant for aristocracy. Southern class aristocracy. Southern class system was visible and dominant system was visible and dominant
Maryland: A Haven for Maryland: A Haven for CatholicsCatholics• George Calvert, Lord Baltimore owner of George Calvert, Lord Baltimore owner of
Maryland Colony. Maryland Colony.
• Proprietary Colony- a colony owned by a Proprietary Colony- a colony owned by a man or a group of men as a business man or a group of men as a business ventureventure
• Toleration Act of 1649 – Allowed for the Toleration Act of 1649 – Allowed for the settlement of Protestants in Maryland. Many settlement of Protestants in Maryland. Many Protestants were moving in anyway so it Protestants were moving in anyway so it really benefitted the Catholics more than the really benefitted the Catholics more than the Protestants because it avoided conflict.Protestants because it avoided conflict.
New England ColoniesNew England Colonies• Conducive to small family farms, but not large scale farming.Conducive to small family farms, but not large scale farming.
• Thin rocky soil Thin rocky soil • Harsh wintersHarsh winters• Short growing seasonShort growing season• ColdCold• Good harborsGood harbors
• Connecticut – cattle and grain (wheat and barley) and fishConnecticut – cattle and grain (wheat and barley) and fish• Rhode Island –Cattle and grain (wheat and barley), fish and Rhode Island –Cattle and grain (wheat and barley), fish and
shippingshipping• New Hampshire – cattle and grain (wheat and barley) and New Hampshire – cattle and grain (wheat and barley) and
timbertimber• Massachusetts – Fish, furs, timber and ship building and Massachusetts – Fish, furs, timber and ship building and
shippingshipping
Middle ColoniesMiddle Colonies
• Fertile soilFertile soil• Moderate wintersModerate winters• Rolling hillsRolling hills• Rich mineral resourcesRich mineral resources
• Pennsylvania – iron works, cattle, timber – Pennsylvania – iron works, cattle, timber – graingrain
• New Jersey – Iron works, cattle and grainNew Jersey – Iron works, cattle and grain• New York –fir, timber, cattle and grainNew York –fir, timber, cattle and grain
Southern ColoniesSouthern Colonies• Ideal for Large Scale Farming – staple cropsIdeal for Large Scale Farming – staple crops• Rich soilRich soil• Mild WintersMild Winters• Long growing seasonsLong growing seasons• Abundant rainfallAbundant rainfall
• Georgia – timber, furs, riceGeorgia – timber, furs, rice• South Carolina – Furs, rice, indigo, timberSouth Carolina – Furs, rice, indigo, timber• North Carolina – tobacco and timberNorth Carolina – tobacco and timber• Virginia – Tobacco, fish and furVirginia – Tobacco, fish and fur• Maryland – tobacco, ironworksMaryland – tobacco, ironworks• Delaware – Shipping, tobaccoDelaware – Shipping, tobacco
Transportation: RiversTransportation: Rivers
• --Rivers acted as highways - no good roads--Rivers acted as highways - no good roads
• --Southern and middle colonies made it --Southern and middle colonies made it possible for scattered pop. – few towns in the possible for scattered pop. – few towns in the south due to deep rivers – ships could sail up south due to deep rivers – ships could sail up rivers and gather goods at plantationsrivers and gather goods at plantations
• --North – small villages around shipping ports --North – small villages around shipping ports due to shallow rivers and lack of large due to shallow rivers and lack of large farmers farmers
New England Town CommonNew England Town Common
• --People in New England become more --People in New England become more community minded than southerners due to community minded than southerners due to closeness. Towns had churches, school and closeness. Towns had churches, school and meeting house.meeting house.
• --Each person got land around the common --Each person got land around the common for living and farmland outside of townfor living and farmland outside of town
• -- First public schools in Massachusetts - 1647-- First public schools in Massachusetts - 1647
The Triangular TradeThe Triangular Trade
• Trade route between Europe, North America, Central Trade route between Europe, North America, Central America (West Indies) and Africa.America (West Indies) and Africa.
• West Indies provided sugar that was made into rum in New West Indies provided sugar that was made into rum in New England where it was shipped to Africa in exchange for England where it was shipped to Africa in exchange for slaves. Often, shippers would stop in England for slaves. Often, shippers would stop in England for manufactured goods in exchange for rum or bible, which manufactured goods in exchange for rum or bible, which were printed in Massachusetts. were printed in Massachusetts.
• Trade GoodsTrade Goods• West Indies = Sugar caneWest Indies = Sugar cane• New England Colonies = Bibles, molasses and Rum and New England Colonies = Bibles, molasses and Rum and
shipping shipping • England = Manufactured goods such as furniture and gunsEngland = Manufactured goods such as furniture and guns• Africa = SlavesAfrica = Slaves• Southern Colonies = Agricultural staplesSouthern Colonies = Agricultural staples
Reasons for African SlaveryReasons for African Slavery
• Ethnocentrism – colonists believed they Ethnocentrism – colonists believed they were better than Africanswere better than Africans
• Africans were not ChristiansAfricans were not Christians• Natives die out from European diseasesNatives die out from European diseases• Indentured servants are no longer Indentured servants are no longer
interested coming to American swampsinterested coming to American swamps• Spanish already had enslaved Africans in Spanish already had enslaved Africans in
central and South Americacentral and South America• Dutch traders first brought slaves to VirginiaDutch traders first brought slaves to Virginia
Slave LifeSlave Life
• By 1690 all colonies had slavesBy 1690 all colonies had slaves
• Usually too valuable to mistreat Usually too valuable to mistreat unless they refused to work or ran unless they refused to work or ran awayaway
• Many societies had slaves Many societies had slaves throughout history – Arabs, Greeks, throughout history – Arabs, Greeks, Romans and Africa KingdomsRomans and Africa Kingdoms
Coming to America: Coming to America: The Middle PassageThe Middle Passage
• Sold into slavery – trained in Africa Sold into slavery – trained in Africa before sold to European merchantsbefore sold to European merchants
• Middle passage: crossing the Atlantic Middle passage: crossing the Atlantic Ocean stuffed in ships - 6 to 8 weeks Ocean stuffed in ships - 6 to 8 weeks voyagevoyage
• Sold at auction Sold at auction
The Middle PassageThe Middle Passage
Religious RevivalReligious Revival
• The Great Awakening was a series of The Great Awakening was a series of revivalsrevivals– revival: a phenomenon among Protestant revival: a phenomenon among Protestant
Christians characterized by large Christians characterized by large meetings where large numbers meetings where large numbers experience religious conversion in experience religious conversion in response to gifted preachingresponse to gifted preaching
• People began to rethink basic People began to rethink basic assumptions about church and state, assumptions about church and state, institutions and societyinstitutions and society
Great Awakening ContinuedGreat Awakening Continued
• Awakening occurred among many Awakening occurred among many denominations in different places at denominations in different places at different timesdifferent times– New England in the 1730s, Virginia in New England in the 1730s, Virginia in
the 1750s and 1760sthe 1750s and 1760s• Jonathan Edwards was a prominent Jonathan Edwards was a prominent
minister during this time minister during this time – His sermons encouraged people to His sermons encouraged people to
examine their eternal destinyexamine their eternal destiny
Preacher EdwardsPreacher Edwards
Great Awakening ContinuedGreat Awakening Continued
• George Whitefield symbolized the George Whitefield symbolized the revivalsrevivals
• Whitefield preached outdoor sermons Whitefield preached outdoor sermons to thousands of people in nearly to thousands of people in nearly every colonyevery colony
• The Awakening promoted a The Awakening promoted a democratic, evangelical union of democratic, evangelical union of national extentnational extent
George WhitefieldGeorge Whitefield
Great AwakeningGreat Awakening
A Rural RevivalA Rural Revival
Early Colonial CollegesEarly Colonial Colleges
• Harvard – MassachusettsHarvard – Massachusetts
• Yale – ConnecticutYale – Connecticut
• William and Mary – VirginiaWilliam and Mary – Virginia
• Princeton – New JerseyPrinceton – New Jersey
