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The ARPA-E RANGE Program-Driving Vehicle Level Performance
August 3-4, 2015
Transformative Vertical Flight Workshop
NASA Ames Research Center
Moffett Federal Airfield, CA
Aron Newman, [email protected]
Booz Allen Hamilton
Support Contractor to ARPA-E
ARPA-E’s History
2007Rising Above the Gathering Storm Published
America COMPETES Act Signed
2009American Recovery & Reinvestment Act Signed
2011 2012 2013 20142010
1
37
712
1620
23
450+
ProgramsTo Date
Awards Announced
In 2007, The National Academies recommended Congress establish an
Advanced Research Projects Agency within the U.S. Department of Energy*
1
…“The new agency proposed herein [ARPA-E] is patterned after that
model [of DARPA] and would sponsor creative, out-of-the-box,
transformational, generic energy research in those areas where
industry by itself cannot or will not undertake such sponsorship,
where risks and potential payoffs are high, and where success could
provide dramatic benefits for the nation.”…
2015Anticipated
30
America COMPETES Reauthorization Signed
$400 Million
(Recovery Act)
$180 Million
(FY2011)
$275 Million
(FY2012)
$251 Million
(FY2013)
$280 Million
(FY2014)
$280 Million
(FY2015)
ARPA-E Authorizing Legislation
Goals: Ensure America’s
• Economic Security
• Energy Security
• Technological Lead in Advanced
Energy Technologies
Mission: To overcome long-term and high-risk technological barriers in the
development of energy technologies
Reduce Emissions
Improve Energy
Efficiency
Reduce Energy Imports
Means:
• Identify and promote revolutionary advances in fundamental and applied
sciences
• Translate scientific discoveries and cutting-edge inventions into technological
innovations
• Accelerate transformational technological advances in areas that industry by
itself is not likely to undertake because of technical and financial uncertainty
2
ARPA-E Process
4
• Technical
management
• Business insight
• Follow-on strategies
• FOA
• Peer Review
• Milestones
• Size of the Prize
• Technical Opportunity
• Economic Potential
https://arpa-e-foa.energy.gov/FOA = Funding Opportunity Announcement
ARPA-E Program Directors and Tech-to-Market Advisors develop programs and
guide project teams
FOCUS programs identify R&D topics by potential to make a
significant difference in ARPA-E’s mission space.
• Size of the potential impact
• Technical opportunities for transformation
• Portfolio of projects with different approaches
Programs
OPEN programs support the development of potentially disruptive
new technologies across the full spectrum of energy applications.
• Complement focused programs
• Support innovative “one off” projects
• Provide a “snapshot” of energy R&D OPEN Solicitations
FOCUS Solicitations
5
RANGE:
Robust Affordable Next Generation EV-
Storage
RANGE Program by Ping Liu – ARPA-E Program
Director
7
Motivation: EVs Competitive with ICE Vehicles
in Cost and Range
8
Battery cost reduction is critical to reduce costs of EVs
A System Perspective to EV Battery Cost Reduction
$battery/mile
=($battery-cell*pack-overhead)/kWh x kWh/mile
Vehicle battery cost per mile of range:
Cost Performance
Abuse toleranceWeight
Battery +
rest of
vehicle
The Lithium Ion Path Towards a Low Cost EV
10
$0.00
$100.00
$200.00
$300.00
$400.00
$500.00
$600.00
0 50 100 150 200 250
Max a
llo
wab
le $
/kW
h
Energy density (Wh/Kg)
Constant $/mi thresholds for DOE scenario AEVs
156$/e-mile
393$/e-mile
Thanks to input from J. Ward
Lithium-ion approach
• Higher cell specific
energy to reduce
$battery-cell
• Higher cell energy
also reduces battery
weight and kWh/mile
Paths towards a robust, low cost EV
11
$0.00
$100.00
$200.00
$300.00
$400.00
$500.00
$600.00
0 50 100 150 200 250
Maxallo
wab
le$/kWh
Wh/Kg
Constant$/mithresholdsforDOEscenarioAEVs
RANGE Program Goal
Aqueous
chemistry
Multifunctional
design
Ceramic
chemistry
Cost
reduction
Robust system
architecture
156$/e-mile
393$/e-mile
Energy Density
Vision of an Alternative Path to a Low-Cost EV
12
Li Ion Battery
Pack protection/control overhead
Vehicle protection/control overhead
Multifunctional, Robust Battery
Total protection/control overhead
Rest of vehicle Rest of vehicle
RANGE explores low-cost battery chemistries without
added vehicle weight
Future Lithium-ion EV RANGE EV
RANGE Explores Whitespace in EV Battery Research
13
Energy Density of Battery Chemistry/Cell
En
erg
y D
ensi
ty o
f th
e B
atte
ry S
yste
m
System GoalMulti-functionaldesign
Robust chemistry/architecture
innovationCurrent robust
chemistry/architecture
RANGE ApproachSystem/cell constant = 1
Technical Approach Example: Ceramatec
14
New New solvent additive
Development of non-porous planar Li Super Ionic Conducting (LiSICON)ceramic membrane with high conductivity.
Sulfur-CNT composite cathode
0 500 1000 1500 20001.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
C/2 C/5
Cell
volta
ge
(V
)
Capacity (mAh g-1
)
C/10
C/2 C/5 C/10
Cell testing, system modeling, defining customer requirements
Technical Approach Example: Cadenza
Innovation, LLC
15
X Program Target
Team: cloteam llc, Magna Steyr Battery Systems NA, Chrysler/FIAT Group
National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), and MIT
Technical Approach Example: Univ. of Md.
Demonstated cycling of high capacity lithium all solid state cell using garnet solid state electrolyte (SSE)
16
Li
SSE
Technical Approach Example: Purdue Univ.
17
Sacrificing CellsBattery Cells
GBA Scaled-down Prototype
Granular Battery Assembly
(GBA) Conceptual Sketch
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1000 1500 2000 2500
Max
imu
m Im
pac
t Fo
rce
(kN
)
Vehicle Mass (kg)
NHTSA Experiment Linear (NHTSA Experiment)
y = 0.3659x + 74.6403
Reduced by GBA or TIBA
∆𝑀𝑣𝑒ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒
A slight reduction in peak impact force
can lead to significant vehicle weight
reduction.
Technical Approach Example: ORNL
18
Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL)
Standard electrolyte
Shorting due to
separator failure
SAFIRE electrolyte
No shorts upon impact!
Technical Approach Example: IIT/ANL
19
Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT)/Argonne National Laboratory (ANL)
NEF Battery: high energy density solid state chemistries in pumpable format
-100%
-50%
0%
50%
100%
0.0 50.0 100.0 150.0 200.0
Vo
lum
etr
ic s
tora
ge
in
cre
as
eN
EF
vs
. s
oli
d s
tate
ba
tte
ry
Energy storage capacity (kWh)
50% loading 100V stack50% loading 200V stack50% loading 400V stack
0
50
100
150
200
0 500 1000
En
erg
y s
tora
ge
ca
pa
cit
y
(kW
h)
Total battery volume (L)
Solid State Battery
NEF with 100V stack
NEF with 200V stack
NEF with 400V stack
Reduced Emission Vehicles
- Summary of ARPA-E’s Efforts
22
Lightweighting:
METALS: reduce cost and
production energy
Alternative Fuels:
MOVE: methane storage
REMOTE: methane conversion
Electrofuel: synthetic fuel
PETRO: alternative bio-fuel
REBELS: fuel cells for distributed
generation, possibly suitable for
transportation
Electrification:
BEEST: reduce battery weight and volume
AMPED: optimize the use of batteries
RANGE: robust storage to minimize vehicle
system weight and cost
HEATS: thermal storage to reduce battery use
REACT: alternative magnetic materials
Climate Control:
DELTA: personal thermal
comfort
Air travel for short-duration trips
23Grounding the Flying Car
>1,200 ft
30 mi
Shorten travel times• Average speed: >100 mph vs. average city speed ~30 mph
Reduce idling and braking
Direct routes
Potential for safer travel• In a collision of 1,500 lb car vs. 15,000 lb truck, who wins?
Move toward automation
24Grounding the Flying Car
Collision avoidance
Vehicle-to-vehicle communication
Autonomous vehicles
Boeing.com
Fly-by-Wire
Semi-autonomous
unmanned aerial vehicle
Fully autonomous aircraft
Sensing
Communication
Intelligent
Controls
‘Flying cars’ are cool…
Would they consume much more energy?
25Grounding the Flying Car
Moller M400
Terrafugia TF-X
Terrafugia Transition
Joby Aviation Monarch
Breakdown of electric vehicle losses
26Grounding the Flying Car
Inertia to
Wheels
64%
Rolling
Resistance
Aerodynamic
DragEPA city mpg ~ 105
65 mpg in heavy summer traffic
Net DC
100%
Losses
22%Accessories
4%
Powertrain
Regenerative Braking -38%
Nissan Leaf. Argonne National Laboratory
47%
Current light aircraft
27Grounding the Flying Car
Sikorsky S-333™
• MPG ~ 5
• 2,460 lbs
• 4 person
Schiebel
Camcopter® S-100 (UAV)
• MPG ~ 8
• 441 lbs
Sikorsky
Cirrus Aircraft
Cirrus SR22
• MPG ~ 16
• 3,600 lbs
• 4 person
Estimation of MPG for VTOL
28Grounding the Flying Car
CD =Cd +CL
2
p ×AR ×es
FD =1
2rSCDv
2
3,000 ft
1.2 kWh
30 mi
Key assumptions:
1100 lb aircraft ηEM = 92%
ηbattery = 97% ηprop = 80%
E =mgh
Losses from drag in cruise
Potential energy of aircraft
Estimation of MPG
29Grounding the Flying Car
36 ft
Cruise Lift over Drag (L/D)
28
Cruise power 80 kW 45 kW 28 kW 16 kW
% mgh 5% 13% 20% 35%
% weight
battery94% 38% 24% 15%
MPG 30 80 120 200
8
33 ft 22 ft
14
22 ft
3
30
Sign up for the ARPA-E newsletter at
www.arpa-e.energy.gov
ARPA-E 2016 SummitFebruary 22-24, 2016
Gaylord National Convention Center
just outside Washington, DC.
For questions about ARPA-E’s RANGE program, contact [email protected]