AP

942

GRAND COUNCIL SPEAKSDwight P. Ely, W.G.A.:

Time and change are almost synonymous. Down the world's highways they are traveling atbreakneck speed!

In our Fraternity, time is changing our thinking and our ways. 1'he brothers are saying moreand more that Architecture is Building} it is a great part of our civilization, it involves a largeproportion of our citizens. Alpha Rho Chi must grow to meet this rapidly broadening conception.

Just for instance, there are alumni of our brotherhood engaged in almost every conceivablevocation-not architects, maybe, but at least on the fringe of what might be strictly regarded asArchitecture. Ask them if they are sorry they studied Architecture and they will tell you, oneafter another, it was the best preparation they could have had for real estate, or photography, orbuilding and loan, or even fire insurance.

Even those whose work has little or no connection \vith real property say that the study ofArchitecture gives a cultural background comparable to the Liberal Arts. (A.. tip: Maybe thestudy of Architecture might be regarded as a cultural background course as well as professional­to the advantage of a large number of college students.)

At any rate, it behooves us to think hard on how zoe are to 1110ld our operations to fit into abroader pattern of that segment of human life and usefulness which people universally refer toas "building."

Our past is built on the foundation of "fidelity"; our present is reflected by the true arch of"fraternity"; our future is dependent on our "achievements." ... It seetTIS as if I've heard thatsequence of words before!

Robert E. McClain, W.G.S.:"In times like the present we are apt to forget our associations of the past. While we all know

what the primary purpose of the day is, we hope that through T'HE ARCHI we can keep youposted on what your fraternity is doing, so keep in touch \vith us."

Truman J. Strong. Grand Council Deputy:In his matchless eulogy on General Washington in 1832, Daniel Webster closed with the words

quoted below. Now, 110 years later, vvhen we must defend our heritage against "enemiesforeign and don'lestic/} we bring them respectfully to your attention.

"Other misfortunes may be borne, or their effects overcome. If disastrous war should sweepour commerce from the ocean, another generation may renew it; if it exhaust our treasury,future industry may replenish it; if it desolate and lay waste our fields, still, under a newcultivation, they will grow green again, and ripen to future harvests.

"It were but a trifle even if the walls of yonder Capitol were to crumble, if its lofty pillarsshould fall, and its gorgeous decorations be all covered by the dust of the valley. All these may berebuilt.

((But who shall reconstruct the fabric of demolished gO'vernnlent?"Who shall rear again the 'U..'ell-proportioned columns of constitutional liberty?"Who shall frame together the skillful architecture which unites national sovereignty with

State rights, individual security, and Public prosperity?"N0, if these columns fall, they will be raised not again. Like the Coliseum and the Parthenon,

they will be destined to a mournful and a melancholy immortality. Bitterer tears, however, willflow over them than were ever shed over the n10nun1ents of Roman or Grecian art; for they willbe the monuments of a more glorious edifice than Greece or R01ne ever saul) the edifice of con­stitutional American liberty."

THE ARCHI of Alpha Rho Chi is published in November, January, April and June by George Banta Publishing Co., 450 AhnaipStreet, Menasha, \Visconsin. * All manuscripts and materials for publication should be addressed to \Valter A. Taylor, 416 SlocumHall, Syracuse University, Syracuse, N.Y. * All matters concerning circulation or advertising shOUld be addressed to Clifford H.James, 450 Ahnaip Street, l\1enasha, \Visconsin, or 310 East 14th Street, Austin, Texas. * Subscription for life to all membersinitiated since September 1, 1924. To those initiated before that time for life upon payment of $15.00 Life Subscription Fee or atthe annual subscription rates of $1.50 per year. * Entered as second class matter October 23, 1923, at the Post Office at Menasha,\Visconsin, under the Act of March 3, 1879. oX- Copyright 1942 by Alpha Rho Chi Fraternity.

April

1942 THE ARCHI Number 3

Volume XXIII

Official Publication of Alpha Rho Chi Fraternity-Walter A. Taylor. A.I.A., Editor

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DON GRAF-MASTER ARCHIGRAPHER

DON GRAF, MNESICLES '22

EVERYBODY knows Don Graf of Data Sheet fame,but how many really knovv him, and know him as

an Archi? You probably thought that he was sornebodyelse operating under a clever nom-de-pencil. No, thename is authentic, lJonald Thornton Graf. He barelyescaped being one of those stuffy nineteenth centuryarchitects; he was born May 22,1900, in Cresco, Iowa.

After graduation from Minne­apolis West High School in 1918,he entered the University of Min­nesota, where two very importantthings happened; he became anArchi, and he began compiling theoriginal Don Graf Data Sheetlooseleaf notebook. Upon gradua­tion with the degree B.S. in_Architecture, he was awarded theMoorn1an Fellowship for travel inthis country, which took him toChicago, Buffalo, Boston, NewYork, Philadelphia and Washing­ton, the American equivalent ofthe European Grand Tour.

Hi first job was in Minne­apolis in the office of C. E. VanKirk, now deceased. Later he wasin the office of F. M. Mann, Min­neapolis. During the Florida Boomin 1925 he was with Franklin P.Adams and Jefferson M. Hamiltonin Tampa. Thence to Harvard ,vhere he acquired the11. Arch degree in 1926. He then worked in the office ofStrickland, Blodgett & Law in Boston, with ReubenDamberg of Minnesota, followed by five years as headdraftsman for Krokyn & Brown, Boston.

Although not launched as a publication until theDepression year of 1932, the Data Sheet idea was born,with the assistance of several Archis, about ten yearsearlier while Graf was on his first job ,vith Van Kirk.At that time Graf used to have luncheon daily with.... laly Larson, Ed Binger and half a dozen other11nesicles brethren. It was at one of these luncheonsthat the Data Sheet idea originated. We all realize the

THE ARCHI

oundness of the Data Sheet idea, based on the fact thatthe practice of architecture consists in the developmentof buildings on paper, that in the process of developingdrawings, architectural men must make many calcula­tjons to determine sizes of materials and equipment andchoices betwen sin1ilar products. In arriving at these

decjsions, we have to refer to agreat variety of data, often hiddenin textbooks, catalogues, etc., andusually surrounded by much ir­relevant detail.

Don Graf's fellow draftsmensoon found his personal data bookextren1ely useful because in it hehad boiled down all wordy ex­planations to the most convenientform.

During the depression, whiledoing free lance writing and de­signing, Graf sent some of thisnotebook material to the editors ofPencil Points who in1mediatelyrecognized its value and the firstfour Data Sheets appeared in theJanuary, 1932 Pencil Points. FourData Sheets have appeared inevery issue since that time. It isestin1ated that 12,000 architecturalmen, architects, specification writ­ers, designers, and draftsmen use1",500,000 Data Sheets. Thirty-five

thousand dollars worth of Data Sheets and bindershave been sold. In addition to the general technicalinformation provided by the published Data Sheets,many manufacturers utilize Data Sheets to presentthe essential information which the architect needsto have regarding their products. This has been agreat boon to architects and engineers because as anarchitect, Graf know better than the average adver­tising man what the architect wants to know aboutbuilding materials and equipment.

As a result of the popularity of the Data Sheetsappearing in Pencil Points, Graf became a member of

(Continued on page 41)

Th irty-seven

(1) VILLA HYERE by GUERRAKIAN-Bizarre attentpt to be different. (2) WORKERS' HOUSES at SUMILA by i\VAR

~~ALTo-Negation. (3) KOCH HOUSE b:y STONE & KocH--Fusion of Li'ving Space and Grounds. (4) & (4a) SMALLHOUSE DEsn;N by PROF. BRIGHAM, GROUNDS by' STUDENT OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTuRE-Space Design of Grounds.(5) PARK REGISTRATION BooTH-1I1isgut'ded Romanticisl11. (6) GARDEN SHELTER-1I10dernis11~and Nature.

MODERNISM IN LAND­SCAPE DESIGN*By Lawrence A. Enersen

Department of Landscape ArchitectureUniversity of Michigan

IN ~AN.Y heathen places it is said that an unsavednatIve IS one who can outrun a missionary. The

conflict behveen the traditionalist and modernist seemsn1uch the same. Many times I think the modernist aDon Quixote who is really fighting against no conflict­ing ideology, but is trying to proselyte the less-pugilistic­traditionalist and plant an ideology where none grewbefore; for the traditionalist has had no ideology morespecific than vague ruminations on esthetics-hepossesses no burning convictions which compel him toaction. It is as though a positive force that believeshorizons will \viden only as we push ahead to a beautvfar more complete than any we have yet imagined i-sencountering a stable,' neutral force that looks back forits perfection. Whether that positive force is welldirected relnains to be seen.

Briefly, let us consider the origin of the ideologyand then attempt to answer the questions: What isModernism? Where did it come from? How does itaffect Landscape Design? and So What? (There areother names for modernism-contemporary, organic,lJsonian, but the term "modernistic" is not synonymous-that is a superficial style based only on a desire to bedifferent and employing many tricks to achieve thatdifference. )

ORIGIN OF THE IDEOLo~y-It used to be a theory andis now a fact that "ontogeny is the recapitulation ofPhilogeny," the developlnent of the individual is aminiature rehearsal of the development of the race.The unborn child possesses temporarily the organs ofan aquatic form, then amphibian, and finally the ulti­mate characteristics of man. So it is, I believe, with ourlearning processes. We might almost compare one yearof life in the indiyidual to a century of life in the race.Starting the Christian period from the time of its gen­eral acceptance, and not the year one, there is a closecomparison in the developrnent of our religious think­ing. The child is first polytheistic, believing in SantaClaus, Bogeyman, Fairies and witches, even the NewDeal. Soon comes a very real and personal concept ofGod to be followed in his "nineteenth century," whenscience is too revealing, by doubt and even atheistictendencies. By his senior year, the "twentieth century,"science has lost its novelty and a reaffirmation usuallytakes place with modifications on a more 'workablebasis. Likewise, development of the individual's aesthetic

~llustrated ~ecture delivered before The Michigan Academyof SCIence, SectIOn of Landscape Architecture, March 14, 1941.

THE ARCHI

sense repeats history, there is a close parallel betweena child's drawings in the first grade and all primitiveart-it has a naive elementalness totally lacking in hislater conscious efforts to achieve beauty. This is fol­lowed by the "dark ages" 'with not very much interestin "art" until the renaissance in t11e fifteenth year, or"fifteenth century," stirs up an inordinate love of thepast and a belief that something old must be somethinggood. By his "nineteenth century" the individual usesany and all styles without really understanding any ofthen1. It is at this level of confusion that we find mosttraditionalists-readily accepting style as a convenientmedium for what he considers artistic form. Aesthetic­ally, it would be better if we had remained in thepaleolithic period if we are not capable of going on tomaturity with a return to reason, we hope; -and a ne\vlove for the truth expressed by modernism.

For convenience in formulating a philosophy of thebeautiful in the modern period I would then dividebeauty into two kinds:

Abstract Beauty: painting sculpture, music, possessingharmony, contrast, dominance, and rhythm, the stillclassic attributes of beauty.

Real Beauty: results from an approach to the quali­ties of abstract beauty through a perfect adaptationof form to function.

The airplane is still our best example of "real beauty"designed, not by designers, but by engineers who had tofollow the laws of aerodynamics, for if it couldnot stay up in the air it was.a failure by any standardand it mattered not how beautifully the ship wasformed. The function of most design problems is not asclear cut as in the airplane-if it were, the problemwould be easier and it would not be so necessary tosupplement function with imagination.

According to this definition a South Dakota whe~t­field is more beautiful than the Black Hills. You won'tagree, but I submit that your reaction to mountainscenery is mostly a feeling of a\ve, the exhilaration ofclear air and the thrill of looking up or down. TheNorwegian fj ords are about as fine scenery as one canfind, yet if you spend more than a few days there theybecome as monotonous as flat country and you yearn forthe architectural footprints of man or at least the degreeof productivity exhibited by the Tyrolean mountains.

WHAT Is 1foDERN DESIGN? It is a beautiful expres­sion of function and intellect. For instance, the circula­tion of a plan is an expression of function whereas theswing of a terrace line satisfies the desire for limitlessspace-an intellective expression.

WHERE DIn IT COME FROM? I contend that the prin­ciples of modern design,- being simply a return to reason,an obeisance of the laws of organics, a love for thingsindigenous, can be found exemplified in the works ofman from earliest times to now-it is something time­less and we may see its logical expression in a Cots­wold cottage, a Gothic cathedral or the summer palace

Th irty-n ine

at Peking. The Piazza San Marco is a fine example ofspace designed without reference to bilateral symmetryand classic shapes, but with reference to the changingviewpoint of a person walking through and being a partof this space. Furthermore, it is an example of the inter­penetration of two areas-something never allowedunder the dictates of eclecticism.

The immediate forerunners of the present movementwere Richardson, Sullivan, and Wright, whose influ­ence was not felt here (since no man is a prophet inhis own land), but in Europe 'whence it was returnedto this country by Mies Van der Rohe, Gropius,Saarinen, and others.

How DID THIS AFFECT LANDSCAPE DESIGN? Firstcame bizarre attempts to be different for the sake ofdifference. The .projects·of Professor Haffner are clearexamples of the desire for radical expressions on anold framework. The forms of Villa Hyere, likewise,seem not to be determined by any requirements offunction. Different they are, but still illogical. TheCentury of Progress Exposition in 1933 seeminglyexi sted for no other purpose than to hopelessly be­wilder the patrons. In other examples at the FrenchExpositi-on in 1936 the detail is better done, but thereis still no fundamental departure from Beaux ~A.rts

design. The Reichsportfeld of 1936 in Berlin was anefficient plan, but 'with a bad space relationship betweenareas. It might have been better if there had been noattempt to .segregate areas or gain a false dominanceby . the use 'of pylons. Aside from' these tangentialstrikes which still continue by designers whose under­standing of modernism is superficial, we may divideother work in the field into three categories: 1. negation,2. fusion, and 3. spatial design.

NEGATION: Reactionary designers abolished all land­scape design, setting the building naturally in the midstof existing trees and hills as Aalto has done at Sunila.This has been aided by the fact that" all of us harbor asubconscious desire to retrogress from civilization andreturn to a Garden-of-Eden-sort-of-thing, living with­out effort upon the luxuriant fruits of natural vegeta­tion. As soon as I mention the word "Paradise" suchair-conditioned thoughts of nature come to most of you.When it became necessary to cultivate the soil, nature,vas regimented and the earth's crust divided andformalized according to the rules of geometry until itresen1bled something quite unlike nature itself. Thisregimentation was necessary to bring about a sufficientamount of produce, but man delighted in carrying it toan extrenle simply to indicate his mastery over nature;thus his gardens and palaces left nothing of pure nature,but signified utter dominance. Since our newer tech­niques of living ll1ake it possible to reclaim nature wen1ay build houses in the heart of her with so littledisturbance that we feel no regimentation at all­through mechanical means we approach the state ofEden again. Frank Lloyd Wright's ".Falling Water"

Forty

house even has a sympathy of line for the rock strati­fication, but it in no way subj ugates nature to it.

FUSION: In other works of Wright and some others,the designer has sought to extend the living rooms ofthe house into the landscape and blend the two so thata division between indoors and out-of-doors becomesimperceptible. The Coonley house and Taliesin accomp­lish this through a projection of much architecturaldetail into the garden. The Belgian garden at the FrenchExposition brought the garden in under the roof\\'hereas the Koch house at Cambridge treats the livingroom and garden area as one volume separated onlyby a sheet of glass. This is all to good advantage,but where a fairly intensive use of outdoor areas isdemanded we must go even further in their develop­ment along the lines of Space Design.

SPACE DESIGN: The old framework of flat pattern,axial relationships, and bilateral symmetry of stylizedform are not enough now. Instead our concept is one ofspace design, the control of volumes. Mies Van derl-<'ohe's German building at the Barcelona Exposition isa good example of the three dimensional design. In ityou may find axes if you like, but they do not meanmuch compared to the relationship between the figureand space around. Born's sketch for a modern apart­ment is not so much a room and terrace as it is a use­ful subdivision of one large volume-each is separateand yet a part of the other, one could not exist alone.

In landscape design we are no longer trying to createstage scenery which provides pretty pictures fromlimited viewpoints but usable areas whose boundarieswe feel in all dimensions-and the design will not ex­tend beyond the useful areas-there will be no gardenas such; our forms will be roads, forecourts, terraces,playgrounds, cutting gardens, views, etc.

Do THESE PRINCIPLES PRECLUDE THE AXIS? Myanswer to that is that the most occult designer wouldscarcely recommend half a moustache to anyone. Thestraight line remains the shortest distance and quiteoften the logical result where many areas must berelated. But, rather, our designs will be constructedof infinite minor axes, none of them very dominant.Dominance will come from the accent of certain focalpoints within the volume, thus providing infinite com­positions for the moving viewpoint, since man is anloving viewer, and allowing the viewer to be a partof the design and not a distant admirer. It is neverpossible to formulate rules for design, but I wouldset down the following as guides:

1. Design nothing to be viewed from a single view­point unless that is the only point from which theobject may be seen-never gain false dominance byuse of the axis.

2. Design the areas as though they are volumes ofspace extending upwards as well as on the flat.

3. Design' the volumes to include the observer-adynamic and not static viewpoint.

(Continu,ed on Co'ver III)

THE ARCHI

EDITORIAL COMMENTWHAT IS A PROFESSION?

O NE of the impediments which has stood in the wayof the fullest and most effective functioning of

the American Institute of Architects as the repre­sentative organization of architects, has been its stand­ard or ideal of professional practice, tacit if not stated.

No honorable practitioner can obj ect to the ethicalideals of the Institute, which have in the main been aswell lived up to as those of other professions. We can,however, question the implied requirement that the In­stitute member be engaged in strictly private practice, ifnot as a principal, at least potentially, with his namein small type on somebody else's door or letterhead.

If we could all serve our clients directly and per­sonally on a fee basis, that would be ideal, and therewill always be a certain percentage who can maintainthat relationship. In this decade the percentage is verylow and is going down, but the need for professionalideals and for a really representadve organization tofoster them, is greater than ever.

The young civil engineer, looking forward to a career,has less than one chance in ten of being a privatepractitioner or consulting engineer, but this does notprevent hin1 from regarding himself as a professionalman. The fact that he will most probably work for asalary for a government bureau or a corporation doesnot deter him from joining the A.S.C.E. and subscrib­ing to its ideals. Most likely he becomes a member ofhis student chapter. This should be the customaryapproach of the young architect to the A. 1. A. insteadof looking on from the outside for ten years or more,"vith mingled awe and misunderstanding.

Dr. Wickenden, engineering educator, in the article inthis issue, analyses very carefully the real bases of pro­fessional conduct. We suggest that architect-readersmentally substitute the word "architect" every time the"vord "engineer" appears in the article. This will em­phasize the fact that a conscientious architect, no matterwhere or how he plys his craft, can be professional.

CATCH 'EM YOUNG

PROFESSOR BOAS' prize-winning essay condensedin the February issue deals with the place of Fine

Arts in general education at college level. This -sug­gests to us that a long-range progran1 of educating thepublic to appreciate architecture and to understand ourprofessional function might well be focused in schoolsand colleges.

The Nazis have followed with astounding results theBiblical admonition: "Train up a child the way heshould go; and when he is old he will not depart fromit."

The application of this to our problem means that all

OF ALPHA RHO CHI

professional societies should advocate, support and par­ticipate in public school education in architecture for allstudents, not merely for vocational guidance. Commit­tees on Education and qualified individuals should assistin the preparation of pamphlets and textbooks, and bygiving illustrated lectures.

Schools of architecture whi~h are in universitiesshould offer and promote courses in History and Appre­ciation of Architecture, taught by architects, for LiberalArts and other non-professional students, with specialeffort in the direction of the Teachers College.

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(Continued fro1n page 37)

DON GRAF'S DATA SHEETS

the staff of that journal in 1933 where he serves astechnical editor and technical advisor to manufacturersof building products. At the present time Graf plans tocontinue the Data Sheets exactly as they have beenoperating for the past ten years, but he is also workingon an abridgement of the Data Sheet material to bepublished in a bound volume son1etime within the nextyear.

Like most of us, Graf wants to have the supremethrill in an architect's life, that is the designing andbuilding of a home which is the way he would like itfor himself. He says he will be his own toughestclient, but luckily one he can get along with. Havingbeen born in a little country town in Iowa, he hasalways wanted to get back to the country, but Iowa ia long way from New York City, so that paragon ofa house will be built on a six acre site in Yorktown,N ew York. THE ARCHI would like to have the privilegeof publishing it first.

Forty-one

THE SECOND MILE*Dr. William E. Wickenden. President

Case School of Applied Science, Cleveland

WHOSOEVER shall compel thee to go one mile­go with him twain." I am not sure that I should

dare to choose this counsel of perfection from theSermon on the Mount as a text for a talk to engi­neers. Every calling has its mile of compulsion, itsdaily round of tasks and du ties, its standard of honestcraftsmanship, its code of nlan-to-man relations, whichone must cover if he is to survive. Beyond that liesthe mile of voluntary effort, where men strl"ve for ex­cellence, give unrequited serice to the common good,and seek to invest their work with a wide and enduringsignificance. It is only in this second mile that a callingmay attain to the dignity and the distinction of a pro­fession.

There is a school of thought that seems to holdthat all of the problems of the engineering professionmay be solved by giving it a legal status. If onlywe compel all who would bear the name of engineerto go the mile of examination and licensure, we shallhave protection, prestige and emoluments to our heart'sdesire. They forget, perhaps, that there are manyuseful callings which have traversed this mile withoutfinding the higher professional dignities at its end.We license embalmers, chiropodists, barbers and cos­metologists, but we do it for the protection of thepublic, and not to erect them into casts of special dig­nity arid privilege.

There is an illusion that any calling may win recog­nition as a profession by the mere willing it so andby serving notice to that effect on the rest of theworld. It helps a lot, too, if you can invent anesoteric-sounding name derived from the Greek. Onereads, for exanlple, of a group of barbers who elect tobe known as "chirotonsors" in order to raise the pres­tige of their "profession."

A prominent English churchman once remarkedfacetiously that there were three sorts of Anglicans­the low and lazy, the broad and hazy, and the high andcrazy. It seems to be much the same among engineersin our thinking about our profession. We have a lowchurch party which holds that status and titles are ofIi ttle consequence; so long as the public allows usto claim them not much else Inatters if the engineerdoes an honest day's work. The broad church partyis all for inclusiveness; if business men and indus­trialists wish to call themselves enginee"rs, let us takethem in and do them good, not forgetting the more

* Condensed, by permission, from an address before TheEngint'ering Institute of Canada.

Forty-two

expensive grades of membership. The high church partyis all out for exclusive definitions and a strictly regu­lated legal status; in their eyes, what makes a man a"professional" engineer is not his learning, his skill,his ideals, his public leadership-it is his license certif­icate.

In view of these divided counsels, it may not beamiss to consider briefly what a profession is.

If one seeks definitions fronl various authorities, hefinds three characteristic viewpoints. One authoritywill hold that it is all an attitude of 1nind} that anyman in any honorable calling can make his work pro­fessional through an altruistic motive. A second mayhold that what matters is a certain kind of work} theindividual practice of some science or art on an elevatedintellectual plane "which has come to be regarded con­ventionally as professional. A third nlay say that it isa special order in society} a group of persons set apartand specially charged vvith a distinctive social functioninvolving a confidential relation between an agent anda client. Some define a profession solely in terms ofideals professed, others solely in terms of practicesobserved, and still others in terms of police powersexercised. Some of the distinguishing attributes of aprofession pertain to individuals, while others pertainto groups, but there is considerable variation in theenlphasis given.

What marks off the life of an individual as profes­sional? First, I think we may say that it is a typeof activit}, which is marked by high individual re­sponsibility and which deals with problems on a dis­tinctly intellectual plane. Second, we may say that it isa motive of service} as distinct from profit. Third, isthe 'motive of self-expression} which implies a joyand pride in one's work and a self-imposed standard ofworkmanship-one's best. And fourth, is a consciousrecognition of social dut}, to be accomplished, amongother means, by guarding the standards and ideals ofone's profession and advancing it in public understand­ing and esteem, by sharing advances in professionalknowledge and by rendering gratuitous public service,in addition to that for ordinary compensation, as areturn to society for special advantages of educationand status.

Next, what are the attributes of a group of personswhich mark off their corporate life as professional incharacter? I think we may place first a body ofknovv'ledge (science) and of art (skill), held as a com­mon possession and to be extended by united effort.Next we may place an educational process of distinc­tive aims and standards, in ordering which the pre­fessional group has a recognized responsibility. Thirdin order is a standard of qualifications} based on charac­ter, training and competency, for admission to theprofessional group. Next follows a standard of con­duct based on courtesy, honor and ethics, to guide thepractitioner in his relations with clients, colleagues

THE ARCHI

and the public. Fifth, I should place a n10re or lessformal recognition of status by one's colleagues or bythe state, as a basis of good standing. And finallyan organization of the professional group based oncommon interest and social duty, rather than economicmonopoly.

The traditional professions of law, medicine, anddivinity had a common fountain head in the priest­craft of antiquity. What is professional in engineeringand in certain other modern callings can be traced backonly so far as the medieval merchant and craft guilds.These arose in the period when feudal society vvasbreaking do\vn and the beginnings of the tTIodern C0111­

mercial and industrial era were appe~ring. In .thisperiod of disintegration and remaking· of the socialorder, police powers had not been largely developedor protective services created by the state. In thevarious crafts it was the guilds which regulated hyordinance the hours of labor, the observance of holi­days, the length and character of apprenticeship andthe quality of workmanship; and tested the progress ofnovices, apprentices and journeymen and finally ad­tTIitted them to the ranks of the masters.

Many of these features are perpetuated in the mod­ern professional body. The public grants it more orless tangible monopolies and self-governing privileges,in consideration of which it engages to admit to itsranks only men who have proved their competency, toscrutinize the quality of their work, to insist on theobservance of ethical relations, and to protect the publicagainst extortion and bungling. The public wisely putsthe burden of guaranteeing at least minimum stand­ards of competency on the profession itself. It mayimplement this obligation through public examinationsand licensure-a profession must guarantee to the pub­lic the competency of its practitioners. In return, thepublic protects the profession from the incompetentjudgment of the layman by a privileged status beforethe law.

Professional status is therefore an implied contractto serve society, over and beyond all duty to clientor employer, in consideration of the privileges andprotection society extends to the profession. The pos­session and practice of a high order of skill do' notin themselves make an individual a professional man.Technical training pure and simple is vocational ratherthan professional. The difference between the two isa matter of spirit and ideals and partly an educationaloverplus beyond the minimum required to master thedaily job. This overplus is partly a matter of knowledgeof social forces and institutions which enables the pro­fessional man to view his work and its consequencesnot only as a service to a client, but also in terms of itsimplications for society.

Through all professional relations there runs athree-fold thread of accountability-to clients, to col­leagues, and to the public.

OF ALPHA RHO CHl

If we were to narrow our professional fellowshipso as to include only men who render technical serviceon an individual agent-and-client basis and exclude allwhose work is primarily administrative, I feel that weshould do an irreparable injury both to ourselves andto society. The engineer has been the pioneer in theprofessionalizing of industry, and his task is onlybegun. Organized labor, it seems, is intent upon gaininga larger voice in the councils of industry; it wants tosit in when policies are made and to share in planningthe schedules of production. If any such day is ahead,the middle-man of management who' can reconcilethe stake of the investor, the worker, the customerand the public is going to be the key man on the teatTI.For that responsibility, the finger of destiny points tothe engineer. This makes it all the more urgent that theyoung engineer, while seeking in every way to gaina discriminating and not unsympathetic knowledge ofthe labor movement, should avoid being sucked into itby the lure of a quick gain in incon1e a:1d in bargainingpower.

The ethical obligations of a profession are usuallyembodied in codes and enforced by police powers. Theobligations of a profession are so largely matters ofattitude that codes alone do not suffice to sustain them.Equal importance attaches to the state of mind knownas professional spirit which results from comn10nadherence to an ideal which puts service above gain,excellence above quantity, self-expression above pecu­niary incentives and loyalty above individual advan­tage. No professional man can evade the duty to con­tribute to the advancement of his group. His skill herightly holds as a personal possession. His knowledge,however, is to be regarded as part of a common fundbuilt up over the generations, an inheritance which hefreely shares and to which he is obligated to add;hence the duty to publish the fruits of research and toshare the advances in professional practice. If the indi­vidual lacks the ability to make such contributions per­sonally, the least he can do to pay his debt is to joinwith others in creating common agencies to increase,disseminate and preserve professional knowledge.

There are too many engineers with a narrow andpetty attitude on these matters: mature men whocomplain that the immediate, bread-and-butter value ofthe researches and publications of a professional so­ciety are not worth the membership fee, and young menwho complain because it does not serve them as anagency of collective bargaining. Shame on us! Do welook with envy on the high prestige of medicine andof surgery? Then let us not forget that this prestigehas been won not merely through personal skill andservice, but through magnificent contributions to humanknowledge without profit to the seekers and with in­calculable benefits for all mankind. Do we covetpublic leadership on a par with the legal profession?Then we do well to remember that the overplus which

Fa rty-th ree

differentiates a profession from a technical vocationcalls for pers.onal development and for powers ofexpression sufficient to fit a man for a place of influencein his community.

Measured by the standards I have been seeking tooutline, many men who call' themselves engineers andwho are competent in accepted technical practices canscarcely be said to have attained a real professionalstature. These are the men who have let their scientifictraining slip away, who do not see beyond the imme­diate results of their work, who look on their jobsas an ordinary business relationship, who contributenothing to advancement by individual or group effortand who have little or no influence in society. They havebeen unable to surmount routine in the early stagesof experience and have gradually grown content withmediocrity. There _is much in the daily work of aphysician, a lawyer and a minister of religion whichcompels him to be a life-long student. In peace timesthe army officer is likely to spend one year in six goingto school. The student habit is less often a mark ofthe engineer. Far too many seem to leave all grovvthafter their college days to the assimilation oj ordinaryexperience, without deliberate intellectual '.' disciplineof any kind.

There is a certain school of thought which h~s twoquick and ready remedies for all ills and shortcomingsof the profession. One is to keep the boys longer incollege; the second is to compel every engineer to takeout a public license. One need not quarrel with eitherthe aims or the means; so far as they go both aregood, but they cover only the first mile. Registrationwill go far toward keeping the wrong man out, butwill serve only indirectly to get the right men in.Beyond it lies a second mile of growth and advance­ment for which effective stimuli, incentives and re­wards can be provided only within the professionitself.

The proposal to compel all engineering students toremain six years or more in college and to take boththe arts and the engineering degrees is a counsel ofperfection, attractive in theory and unworkable inpractice. Growth in voluntary postgraduate enrollmentshas been going forward at a truly surprising pace.Equally encouraging are the gains in liberalizing theengineering curriculum. My enthusiasm is stirred bythe rapid gain in cultural interest and activity amongengineering students.

You are fighting a technological war, and we areentering upon an all-out program of technological de­fense in which every man under arms must be backedby more than a dozen in industry and in which onlyone man in four under arms is expected to carry arifle. This experience is likely to have a profoundeffect on education. Weare likely to see technologicaleducation, both at the secondary and the higher levels,becoming more and more the dominant type.

Forty-four

The climax of man's effort to subdue nature, shiftlabor from muscles to machines, to make materialabundance available for all, and to abolish povertyand disease, may well fall in the next fifty years.After that human interest may shift from work toleisure, from industry to art. Meanwhile engineerswill multiply, research will expand, and industry willgrow more scientific. Engineers will find their wayinto every field where science needs to be practicallyapplied, cost counted, returns predicted and work'organized systematically. In few of these new fields,if any, will engineers be self-sufficient; to be usefulthey must be team-workers; and they must be pre­pared to deal with "men and their ways," no less than"things and their forces."

The engineering profession will exercise a fargreater influence in civic and national affairs. It willprobably never be able to define its boundaries pre­cisely, nor become exclusively a legal caste, nor fix auniform code of educational qualifications. Its leaderswill receive higher revvards and wider acclaim. Therank and file will probably multiply more rapidly thanthe elite, and rise in the economic scale to only amoderate degree.

Engineering education must break away froln itspresent conventional uniformity.

The engineer's job will be so varied, and will changeso fast, and his tools will so increase in variety andrefinement with the advance of science, that no engineercan hope to get a once-and-for-all education in advance.We must expect to re-educate engineers at intervalsthroughout their careers. In the future we shall seelarge numbers of young engineers coming back tocollege. We should cease to think of education as ajuvenile episode. Once these means of adult educationare provided in ample degree, the engineering collegescould broaden the scientific and humanistic bases oftheir curricula, cut down on early specialization, relieveover-crowding, inspire independent work, and showthe world the best balanced and best integrated of allmodern disciplines.

We have no quarrel with liberal education, nor withthe doctrine that it is best for many young people tolay first a foundation of culture and then to erect uponit a superstructure of con1petency. But we hold thatthere are even more young people who will do betterto lay first a foundation of competency and to buildupon it a superstructure of culture and of social under­standing. That is precisely what the enlightened engi­neering school of today is undertaking to do.

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII!IIIII

"The February issue is a wow! If you didn't get acopy, you are unfortunate indeed-enlightening articles,snappy photographs, outstanding cover, and on time."The Anthemios Anthem-"Thanks"-Ed.

THE ARCHI

THE WAR ANDEDUCATION

February 9, 1942M elnorandum

Re: Deferment of Students in Schools of ArchitectureTo. Dr. Francis J. Brown, Secretary Committee on

Military Affairs, American Council on Edu­cation, Washington, D.C.

Mr. James V. O'Brien, Chairman, National Ros­ter of Scientific and Specialized Personnel,Washington, D.C.

Mr. Emmett H. Welsh, Chief, Occupational Out­look Division, Bureau of Labor Statistics,Washington, D.C.

Maj or Baker, National Headquarters SelectiveService System, Washington, D.C.

On February 7, 1942 Dean Leopold Arnaud of theSchool of Architecture of Columbia University, andnlyself had the privilege of calling on you as a SpecialCommittee representing thirty-three architecturalschools which are members of the Association of Col­legiate Schools of Architecture.

This memoranduln is intended to summarize thearguments then presented in support of granting toarchitectural students the same status under the Selec­tive Service Act as is now authorized for other pro­fessional and scientific students, such as Engineers,Physicists and Chemists.

We urge that Architecture should be listed amongthe categories in which students in good standing, whenofficially recommended by the institution in whichthey are enrolled, are especially entitled to considera­tion by Local Draft Boards for deferment until theyhave completed their course. The basic reasoningbehind this request is that such men will be moreuseful to their country after they have finished theirtraining.

Our case may be summarized as follows:

1. The services which architectural graduates aretrained to perform are important to the nationalinterest in time of war. (See Exhibit "A")

2. There is an actual and potential scarcity of archi­tecturally trained young men. (See Exhibit "B")

3. This shortage has not been recognized because (SeeExhibit "C")(a) Most young architectural graduates are being

employed by Government Agencies who ratethem as Engineers.

(b) The establishment of priorities and restrictionson private building has greatly curtailed thedemand for Junior employees in the offices ofpracticing architects.

4. One State Headquarters of the Selective ServiceSystem has already recognized this condition in itsarea, and recommended deferment for third, fourthand fifth year architectural students. (See Exhibit"D")

OF ALPHA RHO CHI

5. Unless "Architects" are officially included in thelist of occupations approved by National Head­quarters, professional architectural training willstop \\lith the end of the current academic year.(See Exhibit "E")

Respectfully,SHERLEY W. MORGAN, Chairn1,anSpecial Committee on Selective ServiceAssociation of Collegiate Schools of Arch.

dllllllllllllllllllllllllll!11111111111111111

1;Iemorandum re: Deferment Architectural StudentsSubmitted by: Special Committee, Association of Col­

legiate Schools of ArchitectureDate: February 9, 1942

Services Exhibit ((AJJ

Architectural students are trained to undertake thetype of Planning whose importance has been intensi­fied by the War, including naval and air bases, armycantonments, factories for munitions, housing forworkers, air raid protection for communities, civil andmilitary ~amouf1age, etc., etc. In solving such prob­lems the ~architect's essential rol~ is the coordinationof the work of specialists, so as to maintain a properhalance between the parts of the whole operation. HeInust work in collaboration with Engineers and othertechnologists, but he is just as essential to them asthey are to him.

From the point of view of initial employment, thedifference between "Architects," "Architectural En­gineers" and "Structural Engineers' is often superficialin that the training for all ~hree types has many ele­nlents in common. The bet' er students go easily fromthe more general Planning problems of architectureto the more specialized and technical problems ofstructural execution. It is not so easy, however, forthe engineering student whose training has been con­centrated on how to do things, to undertake the moregeneral approach required in the decision of what to do.

For example, a college graduate of 1942 whoseA.B. degree included only the first two years of archi­tectural training, took and passed the examination forJunior Engineer, and is employed in the constructionof one of the Off-shore Bases. He reports that his\-vork is largely architectural, rather than engineering,in the sense that he is concerned with Planning prob­lems involving decisions as to what to do, rather than\\lith technical problems of execution.

Scarcity Exhibit ((E"

The number of potential architects is small in com­parison to the essential contribution which they canmake to the enormous construction program. which isinvolved in our War effort, and will be intensifiedin Post-War reconstruction. They are a highly selectedgroup with special attainments, rigorously selected for

Forty-five

special aptitude and cornpetence on n1atriculation, andsubj ect to a severe process of elimination during thetraining period. A n10rtality of fifty per cent is notunusual between entrance and graduation.

It has been publicly estilnated that the volume ofbuilding construction involved in the War programalready approved, will total $11,000,000,000 for 1942.In the execution of this responsibility the publicagencies concerned will require a very large nun1ber oftechnically trained young· men.

There is a recognized shortage of civil and structuralengineers which architectural graduates can help tofill, since they can meet at least six of the fields listedby the National Roster of Scientific and SpecializedPersonnel for Civil Engineers (except for experience).

The total number of graduates from the thirty­three Architectural Schools in our Association averagedless than 500 individuals per year, for the period from1937-1941. Our enrollment has naturally follovved, \\litha short time lag, the cycle of the building programof the country. Thus, in 1929 there were 4786 studentsregistered in thirty member Schools. This dropped to2723 in 1934-35, and gradually recovered to averageabout 3200 for the last five years. The exact figurefor 1941-42 is not available but will probably be about3000. Including nonmember schools, the average totalnUlnber of graduates during the depression years hasbeen under 600. This number is less than is requiredto maintain the profession at normal strength (assum­ing a reasonable recovery from the depression in thebuilding industry), and is very much below \vhat isneeded to take care of a sudden boom, such as that\vhich the War has now caused.

Reasons

At their Convention in Chicago in May 1941, the..Association of Collegiate Schools of Architecture wenton record in a memorandum addressed to SelectiveService Headquarters that "there was a shortage oftrained technicians in the field of construction," andstated their belief that "this shortage would becomeserious if architectural students were not allowed tocontinue their studies." Although this opinion seemsto be at variance with that of the architectural pro­fession, as brought out by the questionnaire sponsoredby the American Institute of Architects last summer,the reasons for the apparent contradiction are two.First, the demand for graduates which the Schools can­not fill is coming from Government Bureaus, lV1ilitaryservices, and War industries, rather than from privatepractitioners. Second, the graduates so emp!oyed arerated as some type of Engineers, rather than asArchitects or Architectural Draftsmen..

N either of these facts was considered in the Report011 "Building Architects and Architectural Draftsmenas Related to the Selective Service Program" pre­pared by the Bureau of Labor Statistics for National

Forty-six

Headquarters, Selective Service System in July 1941,nor were the Schools consulted in its preparation.However, some Local Boards are recognizing the im­portance of continuing the supply of architecturallytrained men, and are granting deferment. Twentyuniversities are officially recommending architecturalstudents for deferment, along \vith Physicists, Chemistsand Engineers.

Government Agencies are being called on today tosolve architectural problems, and yet many are au­thorized to employ only "Engineers." This results, inmany cases, in architectural graduates being employedto do architectural work under the title of "Engineer,"and without establishing that there is a demand forArchitects. Typical examples of how this situation i'saffecting the graduates of Architectural Schools follow.

1. One School reports that 15 out of 16 of its 1941graduates are now employed under the title ofEngineering Draftsmen, and only 1 has a jobwhich is definitely called Architecture. Anotherreports the same number of graduates, with 2 ofthese holding technical commissions in the Navy,1 in the Air Corps, 2 employed at the PanamaCanal, 2 in Government Planning Agencies, andonly 9 in civilian architects' offices. Both Schoolshad additional requests for graduates which theycould not meet, including a call from the Armyfor construction work in Puerto Rico.

2. Another School states that "there is a shortage ofyounger men-of architectural draftsmen. OurSchool receives many requests each vveek forgraduates to work on government proj ects all overthe lVIiddle West-defense industries, air fields,army posts, and hospitals-jobs which we are un­able to fill."

3. The Bureau of Yards and Docks of the NavyDepartment was recently asked whether architec­tural graduates could obtain reserve commissionsin the Civil Engineering Corps of the Navy. TheBureau replied that H we are giving considerationto Architectural Engineers who have actually prac­ticed engineering subsequent to graduation, butunless we have a very special billet in which anArchitect would fit, we are not giving considerationto architects."On the same day an architectural graduate. a ci­vilian employee of that same Bureau, telephonesfrom Washington asking for 3 to 5 additionalarchitects for its civil staff. They will probably berated as Engineers, but are assigned primarily tothe architectural vvork that the Bureau has tohandle.

State Action Exhibit aD)}

The State Headquarters for Selective Service inMinnesota issued its Bulletin # 135-41 on December 5,1941, directing deferment of students in the fourthand fifth years of the architectural program at theUniversity of Minnesota, and of its graduates in archi­tecture who are employing their architectural trainingin critical occupations which are of national importance.This report stresses the increasing shortage of trainedpe~sonnel which is anticipated in the field of architec-

THE ARCHI

It is obvious from the above figures that the Schoolscannot continue as going concerns, turning out tech­nically trained young men, unless our approved students

commissions as Junior officers in the Navy, or otherservices.

By June 1942 most Schools will be denuded of allexcept their first and second year students, and adefinite gap will be created in the supply of architecturalgraduates. This will continue for the duration of the\Var, and will be of serious consequence for Post-Warreconstruction, as well as cutting off a supply of young1uen who are immediately needed in the War effort.

11111111111111111111111II11111111111111111111

M e11'torandum # 2

1. The Architectural Schools are only seeking toserve their country in the way in which they believethat they can be of the n10st service. Many are alreadyoffering accelerated programs, and all will include moreEngineering courses if the National Government willtell us what is desired, to make the training that weprovide more imn1ediately useful in the War effort.

2. National Headquarters of the Selective ServiceSystem has already established the fact that there existstoday a shortage of manpower for Engineering services,including Structural 3:nd Civil Engineers. The NationalRoster of Scientific and Specialized Personnel recog­nizes a further shortage of Architectural Engineers.The latter classification is not generally accepted by theState Registration Boards or by the ArchitecturalSchools as a title or degree. All architectural graduateshave, however, sufficient training in structural subjectsfor a considerable part of the work now being dqne forthe Government under the above classifications.

3. The Architectural Schools are thus a source ofhelping to relieve the recognized shortage of manpo\verin the structural field. The attached surv'ey shovvs thatthey will be practically eliminated as a source of supply,unless their students are recognized for defern1ent onthe same basis as Engineers, Physicists, Chemists, etc.It may be tabulated as follows:

125

21 N on­Me1nberSchools

471524

336 979

92488

836

33 MemberSchools

5 year average1935-1940 3146

1940-1941 3271September 1941 3000 (ca)February 15, 1942 2555September 1942

(estimated) 2062Now deferred 517September 1942

without deferment .. 1545

ture. It points out that there has been a steady declinein architectural graduates since 1930, and that they arevariously employed as Construction and EngineeringDraftsmen, Inspectors, Designers and Superintendentsof Construction in defense projects, and at Army andNavy Bases. In the industries they are included asSupervisors, Industrial Designers, Architectural Drafts­men, Production Men, and in rare cases, Tool Designers.

It concludes that the anticipated and existing shortagein its region warrants deferment, especially of theyounger men who are going into defense activities. ThisBulletin has since been extended to include third yearstudents.

Specific ]1.1 entio'l1 of Architects Exhibit ((E JJ

Bulletins from National Headquarters with respectto occupations in which shortages of manpower existv/ere not intended to be exclusive lists, and the LocalBoards were presumed to exercise discretion with re­gard to occupations not listed. However, in practice,many Local Boards have refused to consider cases ofarchitectural students for the primary reason thatArchitecture was not so listed. The Bulletins have, inpractice, often become "exclusive" lists.

This situation can only be remedied by includingthe title Architect among the classes of students rec­on1mended for deferment. It might be possible toaccomplish the sa1ne result by considering architecturalgraduates as a special type of Engineers (the N a­tional Roster already testifies to a shortage of "Archi­tectural Engineers"). This would meet the immediatesituation, but have the serious objection of futurecomplications with the Registration laws which controlthe practice of architecture in forty-two of our States.These have established procedures for licensing En­gineers and Architects, but do not recognize inter­mediate titles.

The Syllabus of examination requirements issued bythe National Council of Architectural RegistrationBoards dictates the basic training required for archi­tects. The amount of "engineering"· included in thepreparation for such examinations shows clearly whyapproved architectural graduates can serve in structuralfields commonly thought to require "Engineers." Twoentire days out of four are devoted to the Subj ectsStructural Design, Truss Design, Selection and Use ofMaterials of Construction, Mechanical Equipment(plu1ubing, heating, lighting, etc.), Counselling andAdministration, and Supervision of Construction. (Acopy of this Syllabus is attached.)

The educational programs of the Schools which are111embers of the Association require at least five yearsfollowing High School. Our graduates are thus between21 and 25 years of age, and most likely to be calledin the draft. Since the maj ority of them cannot getdeferment from their State Boards, those physicallyqualified are volunteering for various openings for

OF ALPHA RHO CHI Forty-seven

are deferred. Thirty-one of our member schools haveexpressed their approval of the men10randum sent youon February 9, 1942.

4. I f deferment of approved architectural students isauthorized, we suggest that channels should be exploredfor assuring that the services of these men shall bemade available to th~ Nation immediately after theirgraduation.

Respectfully,SHERLEY W. MORGAN, ChairmanSpecial Committee on Selective ServiceAssociation of Collegiate Schools of Architecture

111111111!llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll'

To ALL ARCHITECTURAL SCHOOLS:Your attention is invited to Circular 54#1-281 dated

November 1, 1941, issued by the National Headquartersof the Selective Service System. This states the occu­pations in which shortages of man-power are knownto exist. It may be consulted at the office of any LocalDraft Board.

Among the occupations listed is that of "Draftsman,Construction." It would appear that at least the moreadvanced students in good standing in any adequat~

school of Architecture should be able to qualify underthis category.

Such individuals are justified in asking for this statusunder the Selective Service Act, and the institutions inwhich they are enrolled are justified in recommendingtheir deferment. Decision in each case is made by theLocal Board, subj ect to appeal to higher authorityunder the established regulations.

Sincerely yours,(S) S. W. MORGAN

SHERLEY W. MORGAN, Chair1nanSpecial Committee on Selective ServiceAssociation of Collegiate Schools of Architecture

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII!IIIIIIIIIII!IIIIIIIIIIII

from a letter to R. H. Shreve, President, A.I.A., byMajor Geo. H. Baker, Chief, Manpower Division.

NATIONAL HEADQUARTERSSELECTIVE SERVICE SYSTEM

"... The Selective Service Regulations are broadenough to allow the local boards to classify in ClassII-A any man who is found to be necessary in anactivity supporting the war effort. These activities in­clude those which provide food, clothing, shelter, health,safety, and other requisites of our daily life. In orderthat an activity may be considered essential to the sup­port of the war effort, its facilities must be predomi­nantly devoted to that purpose. Weare of the opinion,therefore, that architects whose efforts are so directedmay be considered for occupational deferment wherethey cannot be replaced and where their removal wouldadversely affect the work in which they are engaged."

Forty-ei 9 ht

"FABRICATOR IGNOTUS"

Weare the music makers,And we are the dreamers of dreams,

Wandering by lone sea-breakers,And sitting by desolate streams;

W orld-10sers and world forsakersOn whom the,pale moon gleams;

Yet we are the movers and shakersOf the world forever, it seems.

With wonderful deathless dittiesWe build up the world's great cities

And out of a fabulous storyWe fashion an empire's glory

One man with a dream, at pleasureShall go forth and conquer a crown;And three with a new song's measure

Can trample an empire down.

We, in the ages lyingIn the buried past of the earth,

Built Nineveh with our sighingAnd Babel itself with our mirth;

And overthrew them with prophesyingTo the old of the new World's worth;

For each age is a dream that is dying,Or one that is coming to birth.

ARTHUR WILLIAM EDGAR 0'SHAUGHNESSy-1874

:JIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

Our lessons in professional practice today, boys andgirls, are found in Volumes II and XX. In case yourprofs haven't told you often enough, this is BrotherVitruvius' specification for an architect:*

The architect should be equipped with knowledgeof many branches of study and varied kinds of learn­ing, for it is by his judgment that all work done bythe other arts is put to test. This knowledge is thechild of practice and theory. Practice is the continuousand regular exercise of employment where manual"'Tork is done with any necessary material accordingto the design of a drawing. Theory, on the otherhand, is the ability to demonstrate and explain theproductions of dexterity on the principles of propor­tion.

It follows therefore, that architects who have aimedat acquiring manual skill without scholars/hip havenever been able to reach a position of authorityto correspond to their pains, while those who reliedonly upon theories and scholarship were obviouslyhunting the shadow, not the substance. But those whohave a thorough knowledge of both, like men armedat all points, have the sooner attained their obj ectand carried authority with them.

... He ought, therefore, to be both naturally gifted

* Reprinted by permission of the President and Fellows ofHarvard College.

THE ARCHI

and amenable to instruction. Neither natural abilitywithout instruction nor instruction without naturalCl,bility can make the perfect artist. Let him be edu­cated, skilful with the pencil, instructed in geometry,know much history, have followed the philosopherswith attention, understand music, have some knowl­edge of medicine, kno\v the opinions of the jurists,and be acquainted with astronomy and the theory ofthe heavens.

The reasons for all this are as follows. An archi­tect ought to be an educated man so as to leave an10re lasting remembrance in his treatises. Secondly,he must have a knowledge of drawing so that hecan readily make sketches to show the appearanceof the work which he proposes. Geometry, also, is ofnluch assistance in architecture, and in particular itteaches us the use of the rule and compasses, by whichespecially we acquire readiness in making plans forbuildings.... It is true that it is by arithmetic thatthe total cost of buildings is calculated and measure­ments are computed, but difficult questions involvingsymmetry are solved by nleans of geometrical theoriesand methods.

A wide kno\vledge of history is requisite because,anlong the ornamental parts of an architect's designfor a work, there are many the underlying idea ofwhose employment he should be able to explain toinquirers....

As for philosophy, it makes an architect high­nlinded and not self-amusing, but rather renders himcourteous, just, and honest without avariciousness.1"'his is very important, for no work can be rightlydone without honesty and incorruptibility. Let him notbe grasping nor have his mind preoccupied with theidea of receiving perquisites, but let him with dignitykeep up his position by cherishing a good reputation.1"'hese are among the precepts of philosophy. Further­n10re philosophy treats of physics where a more care­ful knowledge is required because the problems whichcome under this head are numerous and of very dif­ferent kinds; as, for example, in the case of the con­ducting of water. For at points of intake and at curves,and at places where it is raised to a level, currents ofair naturally form in one way or another; and nobodywho has not learned the fundamental principles ofphysics f rom philosophy will be able to provide againstthe damage which they do. . . .

Music, also, the architect ought to understand sothat he may have knowledge of the canonical andnlathematical theory, and besides be able to tuneballistae, catapultae, and scorpiones to the properkey....

The architect should also have a knowledge ofthe study of medicine on account of the questions ofclimates, air, the healthiness and unhealthiness of sites,and the use of different waters. For without theseconsiderations, the healthiness of a dwelling cannot be

OF ALPHA RHO CHI

assured. And as for principles of law, he should knowthose which are necessary in the case of buildingshaving party walls, with regard to water drippingfrom the eaves, and also the laws about drains, windows,and water supply. And other things of this sort shouldbe known to architects, so that, before they begin uponbuildings, they may be careful not to leave disputedpoints for the householders to settle after the worksare finished, and so that in drawing up contracts theinterests of both employer and contractor may be wiselysafe-guarded. For if a contract is skilfully drawn, eachmay obtain a release from the other without dis­advantage. From astronomy we find the east, west,south, and north, as well as the theory of the heavens,the equinox, solstice, and courses of the stars. Ifone has no knowledge of these matters, he will notbe able to have any comprehension of the theory ofsundials.

Consequently, since this study is so vast in ex­tent, embellished and enriched as it is with manydifferent kinds of learning, I think that men have noright to profess themselves architects hastily, withouthaving climbed from boyhood the steps of these studiesand thus, nursed by the knowledge of many arts andsciences, having reached the heights of the wholeground of architecture.

But perhaps to the inexperienced it \vill seem ;\marvel that human nature can comprehend such a

great number of studies and keep them in the memory.Still, the observation that all studies have a commonbond of union and intercourse with one another, willlead to the belief that this can easily be realized. Fora liberal education forms, as it were, a single bodynlade up of these members....

For an architect ought not to be and cannot besuch a philologian as was Aristarchus, although notilliterate; nor a musician like Aristoxenus, though notabsolutely ignorant of music; nor a painter likeApelles, though not unskilful in drawing; not asculptor such as was Myron or Polyclitus, thoughnot unacquainted with the plastic art; .nor again aphysician like Hippocrates, though not ignorant ofmedicine; nor in the other sciences need he excel ineach, though he should not be unskilful in them....

. . . if among artists working each in a singlefield not all, but only a few in an entire generationacquire fame, and that with difficulty how can anarchitect, who has to be skilful in many arts, accomplishnot merely the feat-in itself a great marvel-of beingdeficient in none of them, but also that of surpassingall those artists who have devoted themselves withunremitting industry to single fields?

. . . the arts are each composed of two things,the actual work and the theory of it. One of these,the doing of the work, is proper to men trained inthe individual subj ect, while the other, the theory, iscommon to all scholars. . . .

Forty-nine

· . . But the actual undertaking of works whichare brought to perfection by the hand and its manipula­tion is the function of those who have been speciallytrained to deal with a single art. It appears, therefore,that he has done enough and to spare who in eachsubj ect possesses a fairly good knowledge of thoseparts, with their principles, which are indispensablefor architecture, so that if he is required to pass judge­ment and to express approval in the case of thosethings or arts, he may not be found ·wanting...."

This might well be the Hippocratic Oath of ourprofession, and it helps a great deal in redeeming ouropinion ofVitruvius, who has been indirectly responsi­ble for vast quantities of stupid architecture, posthum­ously and no doubt unintentionally.

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII!I

The N evv Testament lesson is from none other the.nour late esteemed Master _A.rchitect, Cass Gilbert. Inhis last public utterance, speaking at aNew YorkAlumni Association Founder's Day dinner, he said,among many other wise and helpful things, "There arethree important things in the practice of architecture:the first is to get the job, the second thing is to getthe next job, and the third important thing is to getthe next job." We need not remind you that thisstatement was made by one who was himself a masterdraftsman and designer, no mere purveyor of otherpeople's talents, and not of the ambulance-chaser type.At least his ambulance-chasing was on a very highplane and for high stakes.

It is told that to land the West Virginia StateCapitol commission he shipped out a carload of mountedand framed renderings and large photographs of exe­cuted work. He rented the finest suite in the besthotel, and entertained the committee of the legislatureat dinner in this suite in such an opulent manner,surrounded by so many tons of monumentality, thatit was a complete push-over.

His valet had instructions to keep a bag packed atall times for any kind of a trip. One morning he gota tip that the New York Life Insurance Company hadtoo much money burning holes in its (their?) pockets,for which the probable remedy was a building; also thatMr. Kingsley, New York Life president, would sailfor Europe at noon on a certain ship. The valet wascalled to bring the bag to the ship, and Brother Gilberttoo sailed for Europe. The coincidence of their beingon the same ship proved to be very welcome to Mr.Kingsley and before they reached Europe his namevvas on the dotted line.

Be sure to instruct your valet, today. She will objectstrenuously, but it's really quite essential to yoursuccess.

fllllllllilll!IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII!11

"The supreme misfortune is when theory outstripsperformance."-LEoNARDO DA VINCI

Fifty

BOOKS((The world of books is the most remarkable creation of

man. Nothing else that he builds ever lasts. Monu­ments fall, nations perish, civilizations grow old a,:ddie out-and after an era of darkness new races bu·tldothers. But in the world of books are volumes that haveseen this happen again and aga-in and yet live on­still young, still as fresh as the daY' the}' were writt~n,

still telling men's hearts of the hearts of men cent'unesdead.JJ-CLARENCE DAY.

ON BEING AN ARCHITECT. William Lescaze, G. P. Put­nam's Sons-1942.

It is difficult to summarize this book of more than300 pages which is so full of advice, ideas, and enthusi­aS1TI and zeal for the profession of architecture. 1"'hebook is addressed to three different groups; laymen,students of architecture, and architects. The author'searnestness, zeal and concern for the welfare of theprofession carry us beyond the exaggeration and over­emphasis which we might criticize in detail.

In his zeal for modern creative architecture, he doesinj ustice to a whole generation of architects who havedone creative architecture, which, because it involvedsome traditional forms and local materials, is thereforelabelled ec1ectic-traditiona!'

He rightly attributes public misunderstanding of thearchitect to applied decoration, cake-icing architecture,but he greatly exaggerates the use of romantic andhistoric allusion by the conventional architect.

He raises the question as to how much or ho\v accu­rately the architect can foresee and design for futuretrends:

"It is conceivable that the forms which testify to anew state of order may be built now, today, accordingto an architect's vision, years before economics andpolitics have reached that desired state of completeorder. ..."

This seems to be one of the basic concepts of a newtype of architect, the sociologist-reformer-architect,which we question.

The architect should seek the best and most advancedtechnical advice in all related fields, and he should tryto anticipate trends by flexibility in his design, but canthe architect ever be sufficiently expert and \vise inmatters of economics, sociology, etc., to foresee ac­curately?

He should of course, try to do so, but does he thinkhe has a mission to reform society by means of thebuildings he builds, forcing upon his clients types ofbuildings they don't want or need now? It is enoughof a job to design good buildings for this generation.Drawing upon uncertain future is as questionable asdrawing too literally upon the past.

Some of the author's reasoning from history seems

THE ARCHl

to be sonlewhat illogical. For example, he says that theGeorgian style blossomed naturally in England but onanother page, says that the Georgian in America isimitation architecture. In this he fails to understandthat colonial America was culturally part of England.He says that the Louvre is a functional building whilein general he condemns all of 19th century and alsostates that there is no justification for trying to har­monize nevI additions with existing work. The mostconspicuous parts of the Louvre are perfect examplesof 19th century revivalism and of harmony betweenold and new parts. In general the author's statementsregarding the study of history and the use of precedentseemed to us to be sound and quite in harmony vvithpresent day analytical teaching of History of Archi­tecture.

"The modern architect. He too has studied the stylesof the past, but only in order to develop his ability torecognize and to understand the method through whicharchitectural excellence has been achieved, not in orderto adapt the forms of a style. It is the spirit hefollows-not the dead letter."

"It's that nineteenth century gap which makes it sodifficult today to gain acceptance of the architecturalapproach which has been that of great architecture ofthe past. Don't jump at the conclusion that because ofthat gap you can afford to turn your back on every­thing which was built before 1942. You would be afool. In the first place you would be much poorerspiritually. In the second place, you would remainignorant and not learn how architectural excellence hasbeen achieved in the past, and through that knowledgelearn how to achieve it in your own time."

Mr. Lescaze is thoroughly alive to the problems anddifficulties of the profession and endorses LorimerRich's proposal of Partial Services as the solution forthe problem of bureau architecture.

'However much the author may disagree vvith the typewhom he calls the "conventional" architect, the importantthing. is that he stoutly maintains and intelligentlyexplaIns the professional position of the architect. Wehope that this book will be read by many to whom it is,addressed, especially the laymen.

ACTIVE CHAPTERSTHE ARCHI extends a special welcome and fraternal

~greetings to Stephen Jen Yao Tang, Anthemios '42initiated January 31 of this year. His home addres~1S Bubbling Well Road, Shanghai, China. We look for­ward to meeting this brother soon, in this cou.ntry, and,our wanderlust tells us that whe-n we get to Chinaagain, during or after this war, we shall call on hinlthere. Let him be for all of us a symbol of the \viderreach of our national and fraternal interests.

(OF ALPHA RHO CHI

Iktinos-Univ. of MichiganIktinos is continuing its successful course which was

\;yell directed last. semester by Brother Richard Gom­ersoll. We are continuing with our singing and doquite well on the Alpha Rho Chi song now. We havehad a few social events which include a coffee hourgiven for the architecture school. In a few weeks \vewill be holding our spring formal.

The week-end of March 27 'was a busy one for us.We initiated Professor Roger Bailey as well as LynnSmith, Leslie Kenyon, David Lewis, James Tibbetts,David Anderson, George Purcell and James Blair, J r.1~his has increased our active membership to 20. Vveare now looking forward to the first week-end in May\\Then we are going to have the honor of initiatingMr. Saarinen.

Three of our brothers have left us recently. BrothersGomersoll and Hassen have graduated and are work­ing in Washington and Detroit respectively. BrotherBrooks Lapp has gone to take a defense job with theAmerican Bridge Company.

An extra semester has been added to our schoolyear so that our studying is becoming quite intensive.We manage .to remain active in interfraternity sportsand are getting lots of fun and exercise in return.

We had an election of officers at the end of thefall term. Our officers are: James Porter, W.A., RobertGaede, W.A.A., Gargeld Laity, W.S. and WalterLaitala, W.E.

GARFIELD H. LAITY, W.S.

Anthemios-Univ. of IllinoisAnthelnios is on the ball this semester although six

n1en were lost to the army, navy, and defense work.Brother Heter is now working as a site planner for adefense housing project in Norfolk, Va., and BrotherBoone is in the engineering department of BoeingAircraft in Wichita, Kansas. Brothers Strong and Desivlarais are with the Navy and are stationed at theNavy Pier in Chicago. Brother Howe is a second­lieutenant in the Army, and Brother Beckwith is novvin the Army Air Corps. Brother Wendell has beenaccepted by the Navy Air Corps and will leave fortraining at the end of this semester.

We all enjoyed a pleasant afternoon \vhen BrotherEly paid us an unexpected visit on February 26. Thehouse looked like hell but vve had a swell time. Give11S advance notice next time, will you, "Pop," huh?

Anthemios now has fifteen actives and nine pledgesbesides several prospective pledges. We are beginning torealize our goal of filling the chapter house before theend of the semester.

This semester's pledge dance was a real hum-dinger.The lounge was decorated as a drafting-room and thevvalls were covered with drawings, nudes, et cetera.

Fifty-one

Really sloppy in a typical drafting room style. The jobof putting on the dance was left completely to thepledges, and they turned out a fine job.

The news that Eliel Saarinen has accepted A.P.X.'sinvitation to become Master Architect was most gratify­ing.

Our new officers are James Viger, W.A.; J. EricAnderson, W.A.A.; Robert H. Theis, W.E.; HowardOhme, W.C.; and Wallace E. Jobusch. Brother Vigerreceived the glad tidings that he is now on the en­gineering staff of Curtiss-Wright in their Buffaloplant in the stress analysis division.

Brother Anderson won the Warren Prize for de­signing a scientific research center.

Brother Stephen Jen Yao Tang of Bubbling WellRoad, Shanghai, China, was initiated in February,the first Chinese student initiated into Anthemios. Heis a fine influence in the chapter.

Anthemios goes on and on, and I go on to bed.WALLACE E. JOBUSCH, W.S.

ALUMNI CHAPTERSCOLUMBUS

Fifty-five alums and actives met to celebrate Found­ers' Day, on the proper date, at the Builder's Exchangeclub rooms. \Valter A. Taylor, Dem. '21, Editor ofTHE ARCHI, came from Syracuse, N.Y. to be the princi­pal speaker, but John "Tim" Kennedy, Dem. '21 heldthe distance record, having stopped in Columbus en­route (?) from New Orleans to Chicago, where he is'with the Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. Charles"Chuck" Sutton, Anth. '21 and Fellow of the Ameri­can Acaden1Y in Rome, professor of Landscape Archi­tecture .at Ohio State, valiantly and singlehanded, up­held the honor of Anthemios and also defended hisdesertion froln the ranks of seemingly invulnerablebachelors. About fifty dollars was contributed at thismeeting as a nucleus for the APX contribution tothe Joseph N. Bradford Scholarship Fund of theOhio State Development Fund.

DETROITThat a goodly number of Detroit alumni still have

time to give a thought of two for APX was evidencedby the turnout at the dinner preceding the annualmeeting (postponed from last Fall at Ann Arbor) ofIktinos Building Association, held at the new quartersof The Engineering Society of Detroit in the RackhamI\1emorial Building, on February 18.

Twenty six alumni and six active members from.A.nn Arbor attended the dinner and meeting, which wascalled to order by President "Morrie" Rogers. Amongthe highlights were a comprehensive financial historyof the Chapter, prepared and presented by Fred Har-

Fifty-two

ley and Dave \Villiams from out the written rec­ords and the memories of the narrators, and servingto illustrate the fact that war time problems inChapter House financing are no worse than othersituations which the Fraternity has met and overcomein times past.

"OK" Griffith, Henry Ruifrok, and Frank White'were elected to the directorship, succeeding Ed Kriegh­off, Vern Venman and Russ Radford, who have servedlong and faithfully.

Everyone being anxious to present new ideas forrenewed activity, together with the usual business andan interesting side debate on parliamentary procedurebetween Clair Ditchy and D. H. Williams, the meetingstretched out considerably in length,but a 100% affirma­tive vote was given to the suggestion that another,purely social, meeting be held soon.

This meeting was held, also at the Rackham Build­ing, on April 14, \\lith an attendance of 34 IktinosAlumni, 3 Anthemios Alumni (Leo Bauer, WileyPruner and Paul Marxen), and 3 actives, forty in all.As planned, it was merely a get together and goodfellowship evening, the only diversion being a tourof the building-a new addition to Detroit's Art Center,and occupied jointly by the Engineering Society andthe University Extension Service. A few of the groupwere: Jerry Hammond, Harold and Roy Kiefer, TomMurphey, Al Luckham, Fred Fuger, George Everson,Bert Lindblad, Nick Sakellar, Bob Space-and others.

Fred Harley is the new president, of the BuildingAssociation. He, assisted by the rest of the Directors,is planning a series of meetings for the 1942-43 season.Watch for the notice, and be sure the secretary hasyour correct address. Alumni of other chapters thanIktinos, located in Detroit or vicinity, should sendnames and addresses to Julian R. Cowin, 1507 StrohBldg., Detroit, Secy. of Iktinos Association and ofDetroit Alumni Association.

Other officers are Frederick Baessler, Vice Presidentand Frederick J. Schoettley, Treasurer, Henry Ruifrock11aurice V. Rogers, Frank White and Orrin K. Griffith,Directors.

The Detroit Alumni Association, as such, may besaid to be inactive but "\vith activities merged withthese of the Iktinos Building Association.

WASHINGTONFounders' Day banquet in Washington on the 15

of April was attended by the following: Van Vrankin,Kansas; Jacobson, Kendall and Pickett from Illinois;Meade, Tucker, Zeidler and Lieut. \Vhite of Michi­gan; Knobla and Extrand from Minnesota; Draper ofVirginia. Others in Washington at the present timeinclude: Bayliss, Donahy, V osper, Hartgrooves, U nder­wood, Parker, Mitchell, Palms, Bissell, Thorad, Crane,and probably others that we do not know about.

THE ARCHI

ARCHIS IN SERVICE,Lt. Francis W. Benson (Andr.) Marine Detach­

ment, U. S. Naval Air Station, Johnston Island, T.H.,\vas on Midway Island for a year before being sentback to Pearl Harbor, Nov. 18 in time to go throughthe December 7 attack.

Kenneth A.. Smith, Anthemios '35, is back in the.Army again. He is First Lieutenant at 8th RefresherCourse, Engineer School Cantonment, Fort Belvoir,Virginia. Ken says it is the same course that CarlGerfen, '31, and Edgar T. Glinton, '28, (Anth.) tookseveral months ago.

Robert Strong, Anth. '43, "Duke's" son, has enlistedin the Navy, now anchored at Co. 18, Section D, NavyPier, Chicago, Illinois. (THE ARCHI vvould like to knowabout any other 2nd generation Archis in service.)

Lieut. H. F. Pfeiffer, Anthemios, and Fellow of theA.n1erican Academy in ROlne, is now Public WorksOfficer on a new Naval Hospital near New York.

RichardF. King: "Son1e of my fraternity brothersmight be interested to know I haven't been hibernatingthe past year, but have been soldiering at Fort Mac­Arthur, San Pedro, California, where I am a Captain,Corps of Engineers, my assignment being Post UtilitiesOfficer."

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Modernism in Landscape Design(Continued from page 40)

4. Ac.cent focal points within the volume and not theaXIS.

5. Shapes need not be odd or irregular, but they mustbe pleasing and interesting, full of rhythm, har­mony, dominance and contrast.

6. The product must speak of logic and seem anatural result of conditions.

~1uch of the work in our parks illustrates perfectlythe Inisguided hand of romanticists. The designers haveatten1pted to disguise the fact that man might everhave gone before where hundreds visit daily. Theyhave said, "Let us make this thing look as though itjust happened of logs and stones so that n<' one cantell we have defiled it by our presence-man is ashameful invention anyway." They might have said,"We will build this thing of stone, glass, and steel, aslightly as \ve can so as to intrude upon nature as littleas possible, for we respect her; and we will not imitateher but leave this as a proud expression of the fact thatnlan and nature supplement on another."

So WHAT? Is any of this vital? Geneticists tell usthat a human child suckled by a wolf may never learnSOlne of the first lessons of human beings for it learnsnlore in the first two years of its life than all the resttogether. Consequently, who knows what would happenif children were subjected to a super-environment \\Therethe first in1pressions are ones of logic and truth insteadof .sham and stage scenery.

FIELDS OF PRACTICE

J OHN R. TANNER writes from his year-old house4460 Royal Palm Ave., Miami Beach, Fla. that he

has been with Kiehnel and Elliot, Architects, most ofthe time since he left New York in 1936. He reportsthat building has been at a high level most of that time,although conditions of architectural practice have beenconsistently bad due to overcrowding of the professionand a very mercenary clientele. With the almost com­plete cessation of private building, the prospect is notvery hopeful.

Frederick C. Boldry, Polyklitos, Registered Architect,Scranton Pa., sends a sheaf of ne\vs. Boldry is Directorof Operations District No.1, Work Projects Adminis­tration, having jurisdiction over the northeastern partof Pennsylvania. Boldry invites visitors and critics tohis two-year-old house, 509 Clark Ave., Clarks Summit,Pa.

Re notes that W. Stuart Forsyth, Polyklitos '26 isliving in Thornhurst suburb of Pittsburgh, and hasrecently been registered in Pennsylvania. Also thatElmer Love, Polyklitos '26 continues as professor inarchitecture at Illnois.

Edward Lerch, Anth. '17, was recently appointedas vice-president of the newly formed Iowa-IllinoisGas and Electric Company, which includes utilities inFort Dodge, Davenport, Cedar Rapids, Iowa City, andOttumwa, Iowa and Rock Island and Moline, Illinois.Ed is a life-long resident of Rock Island, Illinois, anda graduate of University of Iowa in Arch. Engr.; andhas been in charge of the United Light and Power Co.,engineering dept. in Davenport, Iowa, since 1936. Hehas had wide experience in the construction and en­gineering field.

In his new position, Ed will assist in the directionof Iowa-Illinois properties. He is married and has twodaughters. During the World War I he served 11months in the U. S. Air Corps. Ed lives at 211229th Street, Rock Island, Illinois.

R. E. Bryan of Illinois is now located at StewartWarner Con1pany, Dixon, Illinois in ch~rge of con­struction and operation of aNew Green River OrdnancePlant. We do not know whether or not his job andlocation are confidential but he is interested in hiring afew engineers.

Robert E. McClain, Andr. W.G.E. is employed in theLos Angeles office of the U. S. Engineers Dept. On24 hour call, he has been doing 10 hours a day, sevendays a week.

Gilam B. Young, .Anth. '24, is now a Structural En­gineer for the 6th Construction Zone-QuartermasterCorps in Chicago Headquarters. Still lives at 19511yrtle Ave., Elmhurst, Illinois.

Henry E. Fairchild, Dimocrates '34, writes from 120Tunxis Road, West .Hartford, Connecticut vvith newsabout affairs of the profession in Connecticut, inwhich he has been active.

DIRECTORY

THE GRAND COUNCIL

Worthy Grand Architect • • • • • - Dwight Palmer Ely802 Buckeye Bldg., Columbus, Ohio

Worthy Grand Scribe - • • • - • • Robert E. McClain2912 W. Santa Barbara Ave., Los Angeles, Calif.

Worthy Grand Estimator - • • • • • Clifford H. James310 E. 14th St., Austin, Tex.

Grand Lecturer • • • • • • - • • Arthur D. Pickett110 East 42nd St., New York City

THE UNDERGRADUATE CHAPTERS

ANDRONIcus-Univ. of S. Calif.-Chapter House, 710 W. 28thSt., Los Angeles, Calif. Ross Hutchason, W.A.; HenrySilvestri, \V.A.A.; Gerald Bense, W.E.; Harold Basker,W.S. & C.; Rod Garner, Fin. Adv.

ANTHEMIos-Univ. of Illinois-Chapter House, 1108 S. 1st St.,Champaign, Ill. Russell Heter, W.A. ; Warren Pesci,W.A.A.; Daniel Boone, W.E.; Howard Ohme, W.S.; JamesBiger, W.C.

DEMETRIos-Ohio State Univ.-Chapter House, 1919 IndianolaAve., Columbus, Ohio; Warren C. Suter, W.A.; JamesDonaldson, W.S.; Elwood Rensch, W.E.; W. T. Halligan,Fin. Adv.

DINOCRATEs--Univ. of Texas, Austin, Tex.

IKTINos-Univ. of Mich.-Chapter House, 608 E. Madison Ave.,Ann Arbor, Mich.; James Porter, W.A.; Robert Gaede,\V.A.A.; Garfield Laity, W.S.; Walter Laitala, vV.E.; Prof.Geo. M. McConkey, Fin. Adv.

KALLIKRATES-Univ. of Virginia, University, Va.

MNESIcLEs--Univ. of Minnesota-Chapter House, 315 19th Ave.S.E., Minneapolis, Minn.; Anton Dropping, W.A.; ForrestHoganson, W.E.; and James Hussey, W.S.

PAEONIos-Kansas State College, Manhattan, Kan.

POLYKLITOs--Carnegie Inst. of Technology, Pit burgh, Pa.

THERoN-Oklahoma A. & M. CoIIege, Stillwater, Okla.

THE ALUMNI CHAPTERS

CHICAGO, Edward J. Slygh, A.A., 31 Keystone, River Forest,Ill.; Case M. Rutledge, A.S., 746 Asbury Ave., Evanston,III.

COLUMBUS, W. T. Halligan, A.A., 646 Rhoads Pl., Columbus,Ohio; R. E. Prince, A.S., 7000 Cooper Rd., Westerville,Ohio.

DETROIT, Karl H. Kuhn, A.A., 2164 Baldwin Ave., Detroit; LeoI. Perry, A.S., 2225 David Stott Bldg., Detroit, Mich.

INDIANAPOLIS, William King, A.A., 604 E. 13th St.. Indian­apolis, Ind.; Russell Burkle, A.S., 431 Massachusetts Ave.,Indianapolis, Ind.

Los ANGELES, Lyman W. Bosserman, A.S., 1234 Richard Pl.,Glendale, Calif.

NEw YORK, Directory with A. D. Pickett, 606 Bowery BankBldg., New York City; Livingston H. Elder, A.A., 129 E.55th St., New York City; George H. Ferrenz, A.S.,Mohigan Park, Dobbs Ferry, N.Y.

NATIONAL AUDITOR

George R. Krebs, 11 W. 42nd St., New York City

PAST GRAND COUNCIL OFFICERS

Leo M. Bauer Chandler C. Cohagen George M. McConkeyLorentz Schmidt Clair W. Ditchey Harold R. PetersonTruman J. Strong Harold L. Parr Arthur E. BensonVerle L. Annis George E. Hoedinghaus

NORRIS, TENN., Harry Tour, A.A., Marvin Patterson, A.S.,Lloyd Huntington, Treas.

TOLEDO, M. DeWitt Grow, A.A., 1025 Nicholas Bldg., Toledo,Ohio.

THE ALU~INI ASSOCIATIONS

ANDRONICUS, Whiting S. Thompson, Pres., 10354 LaGrange,West Los Angeles; A. J. McCall, Vice-Pres., 5155 S. St.Andrews Pl., Los Angeles; Robert E. McClain, Sec.-Treas.,2627 Monmouth Ave., Los Angeles.

ANTHEM lOS, Harford Field, Pres., 323 S. Lincoln St., Hinsdale,Ill.; Donald E. Anderson, Vice-Pres., 1183 W. ~Iain St.,Decatur, Ill.; Case M. Rutledge, Treas., 86 Cactus St.,Providence, R.I.; George F. Fritzinger, Sec., 9705 W.Main St., Belleville, Ill.

DEMETRIOS, W. T. Halligan, Pres., 646 Rhoads Pl., Columbus,Ohio; John Stritmatter, Vice-Pres., 248 E. Beaumont Rd.,Columbus, Ohio; Frank E. Wesley, Jr., Sec.-Treas., 128Kenworth Rd., Columbus, Ohio.

IKTINOS, Fred M. Harley, Pres., 1507 Stroh Bldg., Detroit;Frederick Baessler, Vice-Pres., 1791 Burns Ave., Detroit;Julian R. Cowin, Sec., 1507 Stroh Bldg., Detroit; FrederickJ. Schoettley, Treas., 13370 Wilshire, Detroit.

MNESICLES, Milton Bergstedt, Pres., 452 Beacon Ave., St. Paul,Minn.; Earl Beddow, Sec., 1299 Grand Ave., St. Paul,Minn.; Austin Lange, Treas., 4012 12th Ave 5., ~fit)ne:

apolis, ~1inn.

GRAND COUNCIL DEPUTIES

Atlantic States· • • -. • • - • - A. D. Pickett606 Bowery Bank Bldg., New York City

District of Columbia • • - • • - - George L. LindebergRoger Smith Powhatan Hotel, Washington, D.C.

Ohio-Pennsylvania. • • • . • Frank Wesley, Jr.128 W. Kenworth Rd., Columbus, Ohio

Illinois-Indiana • • • - - - • • Marvin Patterson2063 N. Meridian, Indianapolis, Ind.

Michigan-Wisconsin • • • - • • • • • • • H. L. Parr754 W. Morrell St., Jackson, Mich.

Northwest· • • • • •• • • • W. M. Wadsworth2423 Emerson Ave. 5., Minneapolis, Minn.

Southwest • • • • • • •. • • • • • . • Carl Stautz1704 Exposition Bldg., Austin, Tex.

Pacific Coast· • • • • • • • • • Lyman W. Bosserman1234 Richard Pl., Glendale, Calif.