The Appendicular Skeleton

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• Pectoral girdle

• Pelvic girdle

• Limbs (appendages)

The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle

Composed of two bones:

Scapula: aka-shoulder blade•posterior component kept in positioned by complex muscular attachments

Clavicle: aka- collarbone-•anterior component receives forces from the upper extremity. (most broken bone in the body.)

Bones of the Upper Limb

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• The upper arm is formed by a single bone

• Humerus

Bones of the Upper Limb

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• The forearm has two bones

• Ulna

• Radius

Bones of the Upper Limb

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• The hand

• Carpals – wrist

• Metacarpals – palm

• Phalanges – fingers

Bones of the Pelvic Girdle

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Composed of three pairs of fused bones• Ilium• Ischium• Pubis

Acetabulum- cavity at the base of the hipbone into which the ball-shaped head of the femur fits

The total weight of the upper body rests on the pelvis

• Protects

1. Reproductive organs

2. Urinary bladder

3. Part of the large intestine

Gender Differences of the Pelvis

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Bones of the Lower Limbs

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• The thigh has one bone

• Femur

Bones of the Lower Limbs

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• The leg has two bones

• Tibia

• Fibula

Bones of the Lower Limbs

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• The foot

• Talus– ankle

• Metatarsals – sole

• Phalanges – toes

• Calcaneus- heel

Common Types of Fractures

• Simple- closed fracture (8-12 wks to heal) bone breaks cleanly; no penetration

• Compound- bone penetrates through skin • Comminuted- bone fragments into many pieces; aged or

brittle bones • Compression- bone is crushed• Spiral- excessive twisting of bone• Oblique- bone is broken diagonally to the axis of the

bone.

Usually treated by realignment

Oblique Comminuted Spiral Compound

• Depressed- broken bone portion is depressed inward• Impacted- broken bone ends are forced into each other• Greenstick- bone breaks incompletely

Steps in Bone Repair

2929 4040 8484 9292

A disease that thins and weakens the bones to the point that they become fragile and break

easily.