The Apologetics of JesusThe Apologetics of Jesus

Copyright by Norman L. Geisler 2007Copyright by Norman L. Geisler 2007

OutlineOutline

I. Definition of Apologetics

II. How Jesus Used Apologetics

III. The Role of the Holy Spirit in Apologetics

I. Definition of Apologetics

II. How Jesus Used Apologetics

III. The Role of the Holy Spirit in Apologetics

I. Definition of Apologetics I. Definition of ApologeticsA. General Definition: A rational defense of the Christian Faith

B. Biblical Defense: 1 Peter 3:15: “Always be prepared to give an answer [apologia] to

everyone who asks you to give the reason for the hope that you have.”

Philippians 1:17: “I am appointed for the defense of the gospel.”

Colossians 4:6: “Let your speech be always with grace, seasoned with salt, that you may know how you ought to answer each one.”

Jude 3: “Dear friends,…I felt I had to write and urge you to contend for the faith that was once for all entrusted to the saints.”

”

A. General Definition: A rational defense of the Christian Faith

B. Biblical Defense: 1 Peter 3:15: “Always be prepared to give an answer [apologia] to

everyone who asks you to give the reason for the hope that you have.”

Philippians 1:17: “I am appointed for the defense of the gospel.”

Colossians 4:6: “Let your speech be always with grace, seasoned with salt, that you may know how you ought to answer each one.”

Jude 3: “Dear friends,…I felt I had to write and urge you to contend for the faith that was once for all entrusted to the saints.”

”

II. How Jesus Used ApologeticsII. How Jesus Used ApologeticsA. His Use of Testimony in Apologetics.B. His Use of Miracles in Apologetics.C. His Use of the Resurrection in Apologetics.D. His Use of Reason in Apologetics.E. His Use of Parables in Apologetics.F. His Use of Discourse in Apologetics.G. His Use of Prophecy in Apologetics.H. His Use of Arguments in Apologetics.I. His Use of His Sinless Life in Apologetics.

A. His Use of Testimony in Apologetics.B. His Use of Miracles in Apologetics.C. His Use of the Resurrection in Apologetics.D. His Use of Reason in Apologetics.E. His Use of Parables in Apologetics.F. His Use of Discourse in Apologetics.G. His Use of Prophecy in Apologetics.H. His Use of Arguments in Apologetics.I. His Use of His Sinless Life in Apologetics.

A. His Use of Testimony in ApologeticsA. His Use of Testimony in Apologetics 1. The Nature of a Witness The key word used in John five is testimony or witness. The

Greek word is martyria in its noun form or martys. It is used 18 times in the Gospels; 14 of these are in John. It describes a witness to the facts.

2. The Number of His WitnessesIn John 5 Jesus offers five witnesses: 1) John the Baptist

(5:32-35), 2) His works (5:36), 3) the Father (5:37), 4) the Old Testament scriptures (5:39-40), and 5) Moses (5:41-46).

3. The Strength of His Witnesses Witness is used of eyewitnesses in a legal context.

According to Jewish law an accusation required the verification of two or more witnesses (Deut.19:15;Mat.18:16).

4. The Conclusion about His WitnessesThe strength of the case relies on the integrity and credibility

of the witnesses that are called forth. Jesus presents five witnesses of impeccable character. He could not have called upon any stronger testimony.

1. The Nature of a Witness The key word used in John five is testimony or witness. The

Greek word is martyria in its noun form or martys. It is used 18 times in the Gospels; 14 of these are in John. It describes a witness to the facts.

2. The Number of His WitnessesIn John 5 Jesus offers five witnesses: 1) John the Baptist

(5:32-35), 2) His works (5:36), 3) the Father (5:37), 4) the Old Testament scriptures (5:39-40), and 5) Moses (5:41-46).

3. The Strength of His Witnesses Witness is used of eyewitnesses in a legal context.

According to Jewish law an accusation required the verification of two or more witnesses (Deut.19:15;Mat.18:16).

4. The Conclusion about His WitnessesThe strength of the case relies on the integrity and credibility

of the witnesses that are called forth. Jesus presents five witnesses of impeccable character. He could not have called upon any stronger testimony.

B. His Use of Miracles in ApologeticsB. His Use of Miracles in Apologetics 1. The Monotheistic Context for Miracles

The monotheistic Jews to whom Jesus spoke understood miracles as a divine confirmation of a truth claim. The Jewish Rabbi Nicodemus said to Jesus: “Rabbi, we know that You are a teacher come from God; for no one can do these signs [miracles] that You do unless God is with Him” (Jn. 3:2).

It was customary for God to validate His spokesperson in this way (Heb. 2:3-4). Both Moses (Ex. 4) and Elijah the prophet (1 Kings 18) were confirmed this way. Indeed, the Jews of Jesus’ day sought for a sign from God (Mt. 12:39).

1. The Monotheistic Context for MiraclesThe monotheistic Jews to whom Jesus spoke

understood miracles as a divine confirmation of a truth claim. The Jewish Rabbi Nicodemus said to Jesus: “Rabbi, we know that You are a teacher come from God; for no one can do these signs [miracles] that You do unless God is with Him” (Jn. 3:2).

It was customary for God to validate His spokesperson in this way (Heb. 2:3-4). Both Moses (Ex. 4) and Elijah the prophet (1 Kings 18) were confirmed this way. Indeed, the Jews of Jesus’ day sought for a sign from God (Mt. 12:39).

2. The Nature of a NT MiracleTeras (wonder) occurs sixteen times in the NT,

always in combination with semeion or “signs.” It stresses amazing aspect of the miraculous event.

. Dunamis (power) emphasizes the spiritual or divine energy behind a miracle.

. Endoxos (glory) stresses the glory of God revealed through it.

. Semeion is used to point to the meaning behind the miracle. It signifies a particular person or thing and serves as an authenticating mark or token. NT miracles are (1) unique and unusual event awakening wonder (teras), (2) brought about by divine power (dunamis), (3) accomplishing some practical and benevolent work (ergon), (4) for the glory (endoxos) of God, (5) and authenticate the message as a sign (semeion) coming from God.

2. The Nature of a NT MiracleTeras (wonder) occurs sixteen times in the NT,

always in combination with semeion or “signs.” It stresses amazing aspect of the miraculous event.

. Dunamis (power) emphasizes the spiritual or divine energy behind a miracle.

. Endoxos (glory) stresses the glory of God revealed through it.

. Semeion is used to point to the meaning behind the miracle. It signifies a particular person or thing and serves as an authenticating mark or token. NT miracles are (1) unique and unusual event awakening wonder (teras), (2) brought about by divine power (dunamis), (3) accomplishing some practical and benevolent work (ergon), (4) for the glory (endoxos) of God, (5) and authenticate the message as a sign (semeion) coming from God.

Miracles Show Jesus Power Over CreationMiracles Show Jesus Power Over Creation

The Greek Philosopher Aristotle listed Ten Categories of the Cosmos.

· Substance (what?) – Turning water into wine · Quantity (how much?) – Feeding 5000· Quality (what kind?) – Blind man gets quality of sight · Relation (to what?) – Raising Lazarus to his relationship · Space (where?) – Healing Nobleman’s son from a distance · Time (when?) – Healing an Invalid of 38 years of time · Position (on what?)–Walking on water, an unnatural

position · Action – (from what?)--His Victorious Death · Passion –(on what?)--His Triumphant Resurrection · State or Habit (under what condition?)--Catching a

Drought of FishThese miracles show Jesus’ authority over all creation.

The Greek Philosopher Aristotle listed Ten Categories of the Cosmos.

· Substance (what?) – Turning water into wine · Quantity (how much?) – Feeding 5000· Quality (what kind?) – Blind man gets quality of sight · Relation (to what?) – Raising Lazarus to his relationship · Space (where?) – Healing Nobleman’s son from a distance · Time (when?) – Healing an Invalid of 38 years of time · Position (on what?)–Walking on water, an unnatural

position · Action – (from what?)--His Victorious Death · Passion –(on what?)--His Triumphant Resurrection · State or Habit (under what condition?)--Catching a

Drought of FishThese miracles show Jesus’ authority over all creation.

C. His Use of the Resurrection in It 1. Jesus Predicted It.

C. His Use of the Resurrection in It 1. Jesus Predicted It.

John 2:18-22.—The Jews said to Jesus, “What miraculous sign can you show us to prove your authority to do all this? Jesus answered saying, ‘Destroy this temple, and I will raise it again in three days’…. But the temple he had spoken of was his body.’”

Matthew 12:39-40.—“The only sign I will give them is the sign of the prophet Jonah. For as Jonah was in the belly of the great fish for three days and three nights, so will the Son of Man be in the heart of the earth for three days and three nights.”

Mark 8:31.-- After Peter’s confession, Jesus declared that, “the Son of Man must suffer many things . . . and that he must be killed and after three days rise again.”

John 2:18-22.—The Jews said to Jesus, “What miraculous sign can you show us to prove your authority to do all this? Jesus answered saying, ‘Destroy this temple, and I will raise it again in three days’…. But the temple he had spoken of was his body.’”

Matthew 12:39-40.—“The only sign I will give them is the sign of the prophet Jonah. For as Jonah was in the belly of the great fish for three days and three nights, so will the Son of Man be in the heart of the earth for three days and three nights.”

Mark 8:31.-- After Peter’s confession, Jesus declared that, “the Son of Man must suffer many things . . . and that he must be killed and after three days rise again.”

John. 10:18.--Jesus stated, “No one can take my life from me. I sacrifice it voluntarily. For I have the authority to lay it down when I want to and also to take it up again. For this is what my Father has commanded.”

Matthew 17:9--After his transfiguration, Jesus said, “Tell the vision to no one until the Son of Man is risen from the dead” (Mt. 17:9).

Matthew 17:22.--“The Son of Man is about to be betrayed into the hands of men, and they will kill Him, and the third day He will be raised up.”

Matthew 20:18-19.-- “Behold, we are going up to Jerusalem, and the Son of Man will be betrayed to the chief priests and to the scribes; and they will condemn Him to death, and deliver Him to the Gentiles to mock and to scourge and to crucify. And the third day He will rise again” (Mt. 20:18-19). See also Mk. 20:33; Lk. 9:22.

John. 10:18.--Jesus stated, “No one can take my life from me. I sacrifice it voluntarily. For I have the authority to lay it down when I want to and also to take it up again. For this is what my Father has commanded.”

Matthew 17:9--After his transfiguration, Jesus said, “Tell the vision to no one until the Son of Man is risen from the dead” (Mt. 17:9).

Matthew 17:22.--“The Son of Man is about to be betrayed into the hands of men, and they will kill Him, and the third day He will be raised up.”

Matthew 20:18-19.-- “Behold, we are going up to Jerusalem, and the Son of Man will be betrayed to the chief priests and to the scribes; and they will condemn Him to death, and deliver Him to the Gentiles to mock and to scourge and to crucify. And the third day He will rise again” (Mt. 20:18-19). See also Mk. 20:33; Lk. 9:22.

C. His Use of the Resurrection in It. 1. Jesus Predicted It. 2. Jesus Accomplished It.

C. His Use of the Resurrection in It. 1. Jesus Predicted It. 2. Jesus Accomplished It.

Matthew 28

Mark 16

Luke 24

John 20-21

3. His Disciples Confirmed it. “He presented Himself alive after His

suffering by many convincing (Gk: decisive) proofs” (Acts 1:3).

Matthew 28

Mark 16

Luke 24

John 20-21

3. His Disciples Confirmed it. “He presented Himself alive after His

suffering by many convincing (Gk: decisive) proofs” (Acts 1:3).

The Convincing ProofsPersons Saw Heard Touched Other Evidence

The Convincing ProofsPersons Saw Heard Touched Other Evidence

1. Mary X X X Empty tomb

(Jn. 20:10-18)2. Mary & Women X X X Empty tomb

(Mt. 28:1-10)3. Peter X X Empty tomb/clothes

(1Cor. 15:5)4. Two Disciples X X Ate with Him

(Lk. 24:13-35)5. Ten Apostles X X X** Saw wounds, ate food

(Lk. 24:36-49; Jn. 20:19-23)

6. Eleven Apostles X X X** Saw wounds(Jn. 20:24-31)*Offered Himself to be touched

1. Mary X X X Empty tomb(Jn. 20:10-18)

2. Mary & Women X X X Empty tomb(Mt. 28:1-10)

3. Peter X X Empty tomb/clothes(1Cor. 15:5)

4. Two Disciples X X Ate with Him(Lk. 24:13-35)

5. Ten Apostles X X X** Saw wounds, ate food

(Lk. 24:36-49; Jn. 20:19-23)

6. Eleven Apostles X X X** Saw wounds(Jn. 20:24-31)*Offered Himself to be touched

The Convincing ProofsPersons Saw Heard Touched Other Evidence

The Convincing ProofsPersons Saw Heard Touched Other Evidence

7. Seven Apostles X X Ate food(Jn. 21)

8. All Apostles X X (Mt. 28:16-20;Mk 16:14-18)

9. 500 Brethren X X* (1Cor. 15:6)

10. James X X* (1Cor. 15:7)

11. All Apostles X X Ate with Him(Acts 1:4-8)

12. Paul X X (Acts 9:1-9;1Cor. 15:8)

*Implied

7. Seven Apostles X X Ate food(Jn. 21)

8. All Apostles X X (Mt. 28:16-20;Mk 16:14-18)

9. 500 Brethren X X* (1Cor. 15:6)

10. James X X* (1Cor. 15:7)

11. All Apostles X X Ate with Him(Acts 1:4-8)

12. Paul X X (Acts 9:1-9;1Cor. 15:8)

*Implied

D. His Use of Reason in Apologetics

D. His Use of Reason in Apologetics

Jesus’ Use of The Law of Non-Contradiction

1. Statement of the Law of Non-Contradiction A is not non-A. It is impossible that contradictory

statements can be simultaneously true in the same sense.

2. Jesus’ Use of the Law of Non-Contradiction a. A false prophet cannot be a true prophet (Mt. 7:15;

24:24). b. The children of light cannot be the children of

darkness (Jn. 8:12). c. Those who rejected the truth are in error (Jn. 8:32). d. The children of the Devil can’t be the children of

God (Jn. 8:44). e. The spirit of truth cannot be the spirit of error

(1 John 4:1, 6).

Jesus’ Use of The Law of Non-Contradiction

1. Statement of the Law of Non-Contradiction A is not non-A. It is impossible that contradictory

statements can be simultaneously true in the same sense.

2. Jesus’ Use of the Law of Non-Contradiction a. A false prophet cannot be a true prophet (Mt. 7:15;

24:24). b. The children of light cannot be the children of

darkness (Jn. 8:12). c. Those who rejected the truth are in error (Jn. 8:32). d. The children of the Devil can’t be the children of

God (Jn. 8:44). e. The spirit of truth cannot be the spirit of error

(1 John 4:1, 6).

Jesus’ Use of The Law of Identity

1. The Statement of the Law of Identity A is A. A thing is identical to itself. Without

this principle we cannot even think or talk coherently. If it were not true, then “God” could mean “not God”; “believe” could mean “not believe,” and “good” could mean “not good.”

2. Jesus’ Use of the Law of Identity “Let your ‘Yes’ be ‘Yes,’ and your ‘No’ be ‘No’”

(Mt. 5:37).

Jesus’ Use of The Law of Identity

1. The Statement of the Law of Identity A is A. A thing is identical to itself. Without

this principle we cannot even think or talk coherently. If it were not true, then “God” could mean “not God”; “believe” could mean “not believe,” and “good” could mean “not good.”

2. Jesus’ Use of the Law of Identity “Let your ‘Yes’ be ‘Yes,’ and your ‘No’ be ‘No’”

(Mt. 5:37).

Jesus’ Use of the Law of the Excluded Middle 1. The Statement of the Law of Excluded Middle

Either A or non-A (but not both). A proposition must be either true or false. It can’t be both true and false simultaneously in the same sense.

2. Jesus’ Use of the Law of Excluded Middle “Either you are for Me or against Me” (Matt. 12:30)

and “He who is not with Me is against Me...” (Lk. 11:23). Either we believe in Him or we do not.

Likewise, either one is a child of God or he is not (1 Jn. 3:10). He is either walking in the light or walking in the darkness (1 Jn. 1:5).

Jesus’ Use of the Law of the Excluded Middle 1. The Statement of the Law of Excluded Middle

Either A or non-A (but not both). A proposition must be either true or false. It can’t be both true and false simultaneously in the same sense.

2. Jesus’ Use of the Law of Excluded Middle “Either you are for Me or against Me” (Matt. 12:30)

and “He who is not with Me is against Me...” (Lk. 11:23). Either we believe in Him or we do not.

Likewise, either one is a child of God or he is not (1 Jn. 3:10). He is either walking in the light or walking in the darkness (1 Jn. 1:5).

Jesus’ Use of the Principles of ReasoningJesus’ Use of A Fortiori Arguments (with the greater

force)1. Statement of an A Fortiori Argument “If this is true, then that is true with even greater force.”2. Jesus’ Use of A Fortiori Arguments Matthew 12:9-14.– Jesus said, “Is it lawful to heal on the Sabbath?”

(Mt. 12:12) Then He states, “If any of you has a sheep and it falls into a pit on the Sabbath, will you not take hold of it and lift it out? How much more valuable is a man [I have healed] than a sheep! Therefore it is lawful to do good on the Sabbath.” (Mt. 12:11-12) If they are willing to rescue an animal, how much more should they be willing to restore a man who is created in God’s image?

John 7:21-24.—Jesus argues that If circumcision was allowed on the Sabbath, how much more should Jesus healing a person be allowed on the Sabbath?

John 10:33–41.– In defense against the charge of blasphemy for His claiming to be God’s Son, Jesus answers that in Psalm 82, Israel’s judges were called “gods” but because they spoke for God. He argued, if these men could be called gods, because of the authority delegated to them, how much more could Jesus be called the Son of God after doing the great miracles He performed to demonstrate His claim.

Jesus’ Use of the Principles of ReasoningJesus’ Use of A Fortiori Arguments (with the greater

force)1. Statement of an A Fortiori Argument “If this is true, then that is true with even greater force.”2. Jesus’ Use of A Fortiori Arguments Matthew 12:9-14.– Jesus said, “Is it lawful to heal on the Sabbath?”

(Mt. 12:12) Then He states, “If any of you has a sheep and it falls into a pit on the Sabbath, will you not take hold of it and lift it out? How much more valuable is a man [I have healed] than a sheep! Therefore it is lawful to do good on the Sabbath.” (Mt. 12:11-12) If they are willing to rescue an animal, how much more should they be willing to restore a man who is created in God’s image?

John 7:21-24.—Jesus argues that If circumcision was allowed on the Sabbath, how much more should Jesus healing a person be allowed on the Sabbath?

John 10:33–41.– In defense against the charge of blasphemy for His claiming to be God’s Son, Jesus answers that in Psalm 82, Israel’s judges were called “gods” but because they spoke for God. He argued, if these men could be called gods, because of the authority delegated to them, how much more could Jesus be called the Son of God after doing the great miracles He performed to demonstrate His claim.

Jesus’ Use of the Hypothetical Syllogism1.Statement of the Hypothetical Syllogism Affirming the Antecedent Denying the Consequent If X is true, then Y is true. If X is true, then Y is true. X is true. Y is not true. Therefore, Y is true. Therefore, X is not true

2.Jesus’ use of the Hypothetical syllogism 1) If David (by the Holy Spirit) called the Messiah His “Lord” (in

Psa. 110:1), then the Messiah must have been more than the mere son of David (i.e., human being).

2) David called the Messiah “Lord.” 3) Therefore, the Messiah was more than a mere son of David;

He was also David’s Lord (i.e., God).

Mt. 6:14: “If you forgive men their trespasses, your heavenly Father will also forgive you.” It can be summarized thus:

1) If we forgive others, then God will forgive us. 2) We forgive others. 3) Therefore, God forgives us.

Jesus’ Use of the Hypothetical Syllogism1.Statement of the Hypothetical Syllogism Affirming the Antecedent Denying the Consequent If X is true, then Y is true. If X is true, then Y is true. X is true. Y is not true. Therefore, Y is true. Therefore, X is not true

2.Jesus’ use of the Hypothetical syllogism 1) If David (by the Holy Spirit) called the Messiah His “Lord” (in

Psa. 110:1), then the Messiah must have been more than the mere son of David (i.e., human being).

2) David called the Messiah “Lord.” 3) Therefore, the Messiah was more than a mere son of David;

He was also David’s Lord (i.e., God).

Mt. 6:14: “If you forgive men their trespasses, your heavenly Father will also forgive you.” It can be summarized thus:

1) If we forgive others, then God will forgive us. 2) We forgive others. 3) Therefore, God forgives us.

Jesus’ Use of the Categorical Syllogism Luke 6:6-11.—Jesus asked the Pharisees: “Is it lawful on the Sabbath

to do good...?” They knew it was. 1. It is lawful to do good on the Sabbath. 2. Healing a man’s hand is good. 3. Hence, it is lawful to heal a man on the Sabbath. Matthew 4:4.-- Jesus often used categorical syllogisms in abbreviated

form. His statement that “Man cannot live by bread alone” can be used to formulate an argument for the existence of God from need.

1. Human beings need God (i.e., they can’t live by bread alone).

2. Whatever we really need, really exists. 3. Therefore, God really exists. Jesus affirmed that God provides for real needs (Matt. 6:25-33; 7:7-

11). So does common sense for if we really need food and water, then there must be some somewhere.

Jesus’ Use of the Categorical Syllogism Luke 6:6-11.—Jesus asked the Pharisees: “Is it lawful on the Sabbath

to do good...?” They knew it was. 1. It is lawful to do good on the Sabbath. 2. Healing a man’s hand is good. 3. Hence, it is lawful to heal a man on the Sabbath. Matthew 4:4.-- Jesus often used categorical syllogisms in abbreviated

form. His statement that “Man cannot live by bread alone” can be used to formulate an argument for the existence of God from need.

1. Human beings need God (i.e., they can’t live by bread alone).

2. Whatever we really need, really exists. 3. Therefore, God really exists. Jesus affirmed that God provides for real needs (Matt. 6:25-33; 7:7-

11). So does common sense for if we really need food and water, then there must be some somewhere.

E. His Use of Parables in ApologeticsE. His Use of Parables in Apologetics

1. The Logic of the Parables There is a subtle but powerful logic in many of

Jesus’ parables in support of His own deity. 1. God in the OT refers to Himself as X. 2. I am X. 3.Therefore, I am God.Dr. Philip Payne noted that of the fifty-two

recorded narrative parables, twenty depict Him in imagery which in the Old Testament typically referred to God (“Interpreting Jesus’ Parables,” (Ph.D. dissertation., Cambridge University, 1980).

1. The Logic of the Parables There is a subtle but powerful logic in many of

Jesus’ parables in support of His own deity. 1. God in the OT refers to Himself as X. 2. I am X. 3.Therefore, I am God.Dr. Philip Payne noted that of the fifty-two

recorded narrative parables, twenty depict Him in imagery which in the Old Testament typically referred to God (“Interpreting Jesus’ Parables,” (Ph.D. dissertation., Cambridge University, 1980).

OT Images of God Jesus Applied to HimselfGod as the Sower The sower Num. 24:6, Ps. 80:8, 15, 104:16, Jer. 2:21, 11:17, 12:2, and

17:87. Yet In Lk. 8:5-8, Jesus pictured Himself here as the sower who scatters the seed which is the Word of God.

God is the Director of the Harvest God not only plants the seed but He gathers the crops at harvest

time which in the OT (Isa. 27:3-12, Jer. 51:33, Hos. 2:21-23, 6:11; Joel 3:13). But Jesus represents Himself as Director of the Harvest in the NT (Mt. 13:24-30 and Mk. 4:26-29). In Jn. 5:26-27 He stated, “the Father has …given him authority to execute judgment, because he is the Son of Man.”

God is the Rock The image of the rock is used to describe God in the OT (Ps. 19:14,

28:1, 42:9, 61:2, 62:2, 71:3, 78:35). In the parables of Jesus (Mt. 7:24-26; Lk. 6:46-49), He states that those who build their lives upon His teachings have built their lives upon a rock solid foundation.

OT Images of God Jesus Applied to HimselfGod as the Sower The sower Num. 24:6, Ps. 80:8, 15, 104:16, Jer. 2:21, 11:17, 12:2, and

17:87. Yet In Lk. 8:5-8, Jesus pictured Himself here as the sower who scatters the seed which is the Word of God.

God is the Director of the Harvest God not only plants the seed but He gathers the crops at harvest

time which in the OT (Isa. 27:3-12, Jer. 51:33, Hos. 2:21-23, 6:11; Joel 3:13). But Jesus represents Himself as Director of the Harvest in the NT (Mt. 13:24-30 and Mk. 4:26-29). In Jn. 5:26-27 He stated, “the Father has …given him authority to execute judgment, because he is the Son of Man.”

God is the Rock The image of the rock is used to describe God in the OT (Ps. 19:14,

28:1, 42:9, 61:2, 62:2, 71:3, 78:35). In the parables of Jesus (Mt. 7:24-26; Lk. 6:46-49), He states that those who build their lives upon His teachings have built their lives upon a rock solid foundation.

God is the Shepherd God is portrayed as a shepherd in the OT (Ezek. 34:10-22; Psa. 23). Yet

Jesus said “I am the good shepherd” (Jn. 10:11), thus claiming to be God.God is the Bridegroom. In the OT God is pictured as a bridegroom and the people of Israel are the

bride (Isa. 49:14-26, 54:5-8, 62:4, Jer. 2:2, 3:1-14, Ezek. 16:8-14; Hosea). But In Mk. 2:19, Mt. 9:15, and Lk. 5:34-35, Jesus applies the bridegroom image to Himself, thus affirming His deity.

God is a Father Throughout the OT, God is called Father (Deut. 32:6, 2 Sam. 7:14, Ps. 68:5,

89:26, 103:13, Jer. 31:9, Mal. 1:6, 2:10). But in the parable of the Prodigal Son (Lk. 15:11-32), Jesus is identifying His actions with the Father who joyfully welcomes the repentance of sinners into the family of God.

God is the Forgiver of Sins In the OT God alone can grant forgiveness of sins (Ex. 32:32, 34:7, Lev.

4:20, 26, 31, 5:10, 6:7, Num. 14:18-20, Deut. 21:8, Ps. 25:18, 32:1-5; Isa. 33:24). Yet Jesus claims to be able to forgive sins in the NT (Mk. 2:5). When He did, the Jewish Scribes replied, “Who can forgive sins but God alone?”

God is the Vineyard Grower The OT also used this image of Vine Grower for God (Deut. 8:8, Ps. 80:8-16,

Isa. 5:1-7, 27:2-6, 65:21, Jer. 2:21, Ezek. 28:25, Hos. 2:15, 10:1, and Joel 1:7. But in Mt. 20:1-16, Jesus identifies Himself as the generous vineyard owner who rewards those who work in His vineyard. Here again is an implied claim to be God.

God is the Shepherd God is portrayed as a shepherd in the OT (Ezek. 34:10-22; Psa. 23). Yet

Jesus said “I am the good shepherd” (Jn. 10:11), thus claiming to be God.God is the Bridegroom. In the OT God is pictured as a bridegroom and the people of Israel are the

bride (Isa. 49:14-26, 54:5-8, 62:4, Jer. 2:2, 3:1-14, Ezek. 16:8-14; Hosea). But In Mk. 2:19, Mt. 9:15, and Lk. 5:34-35, Jesus applies the bridegroom image to Himself, thus affirming His deity.

God is a Father Throughout the OT, God is called Father (Deut. 32:6, 2 Sam. 7:14, Ps. 68:5,

89:26, 103:13, Jer. 31:9, Mal. 1:6, 2:10). But in the parable of the Prodigal Son (Lk. 15:11-32), Jesus is identifying His actions with the Father who joyfully welcomes the repentance of sinners into the family of God.

God is the Forgiver of Sins In the OT God alone can grant forgiveness of sins (Ex. 32:32, 34:7, Lev.

4:20, 26, 31, 5:10, 6:7, Num. 14:18-20, Deut. 21:8, Ps. 25:18, 32:1-5; Isa. 33:24). Yet Jesus claims to be able to forgive sins in the NT (Mk. 2:5). When He did, the Jewish Scribes replied, “Who can forgive sins but God alone?”

God is the Vineyard Grower The OT also used this image of Vine Grower for God (Deut. 8:8, Ps. 80:8-16,

Isa. 5:1-7, 27:2-6, 65:21, Jer. 2:21, Ezek. 28:25, Hos. 2:15, 10:1, and Joel 1:7. But in Mt. 20:1-16, Jesus identifies Himself as the generous vineyard owner who rewards those who work in His vineyard. Here again is an implied claim to be God.

F. His Use of Discourse in ApologeticsF. His Use of Discourse in Apologetics

1. “I am the Bread of Life” (6:35).

2. “I am the Light of the World” (8:12).

3. “I am the Gate for the sheep” (10:7, 9).

4. “I am the Good Shepherd” (10:11, 14).

5. “I am the Resurrection and the Life” (11:25).

6. “I am the Way and the Truth and the Life”(14:6).

7. “I am the true vine” (Jn. 15:1).

1. “I am the Bread of Life” (6:35).

2. “I am the Light of the World” (8:12).

3. “I am the Gate for the sheep” (10:7, 9).

4. “I am the Good Shepherd” (10:11, 14).

5. “I am the Resurrection and the Life” (11:25).

6. “I am the Way and the Truth and the Life”(14:6).

7. “I am the true vine” (Jn. 15:1).

Jesus Asserted He was God By Claiming: Jesus Asserted He

was God By Claiming:1. To be the great “I Am.”2. To be equal with God.3. To be Jehovah (Yahweh).4. To be honored as God5. To be the Messiah-God.6. To be worthy of worship.7 To be equal in authority with God.8. To be the object of prayer like God.

1. To be the great “I Am.”2. To be equal with God.3. To be Jehovah (Yahweh).4. To be honored as God5. To be the Messiah-God.6. To be worthy of worship.7 To be equal in authority with God.8. To be the object of prayer like God.

1. Jesus claimed to be the God 1. Jesus claimed to be the God who appeared to Moses. "Before who appeared to Moses. "Before Abraham was, I AM" (Jn. 8:58).Abraham was, I AM" (Jn. 8:58).

2. Jesus said, "Son, your sins are 2. Jesus said, "Son, your sins are forgiven“ The scribes replied: forgiven“ The scribes replied: "Who can forgive sins but God "Who can forgive sins but God alone?" (2:5, 7).alone?" (2:5, 7).

3. Jesus claimed to be Yahweh of 3. Jesus claimed to be Yahweh of the OT. the OT.

1. Jesus claimed to be the God 1. Jesus claimed to be the God who appeared to Moses. "Before who appeared to Moses. "Before Abraham was, I AM" (Jn. 8:58).Abraham was, I AM" (Jn. 8:58).

2. Jesus said, "Son, your sins are 2. Jesus said, "Son, your sins are forgiven“ The scribes replied: forgiven“ The scribes replied: "Who can forgive sins but God "Who can forgive sins but God alone?" (2:5, 7).alone?" (2:5, 7).

3. Jesus claimed to be Yahweh of 3. Jesus claimed to be Yahweh of the OT. the OT.

3. Jesus Claimed to be Yahweh 3. Jesus Claimed to be Yahweh

(LORD)(LORD) NT

Jn. 10:11Rev. 1:17

Mt. 25:31f.Mt. 25:1Jn. 8:12Jn. 4:42Jn. 17:5 Jn.5:21

NTJn. 10:11Rev. 1:17

Mt. 25:31f.Mt. 25:1Jn. 8:12Jn. 4:42Jn. 17:5 Jn.5:21

AttributeShepherd

First & LastJudge

BridegroomLightSavior

God's GloryGiver of

Life

AttributeShepherd

First & LastJudge

BridegroomLightSavior

God's GloryGiver of

Life

OTPsa. 23:1Isa. 44:6 Joel 3:12Isa. 62:5Psa. 27:1Isa. 43:11Isa. 42:8

1 Sam. 2:6

OTPsa. 23:1Isa. 44:6 Joel 3:12Isa. 62:5Psa. 27:1Isa. 43:11Isa. 42:8

1 Sam. 2:6

1. Jesus claimed to be the God who 1. Jesus claimed to be the God who appeared to Moses. "Before appeared to Moses. "Before Abraham was, I AM" (Jn. 8:58).Abraham was, I AM" (Jn. 8:58).

2. Jesus said, "Son, your sins are 2. Jesus said, "Son, your sins are forgiven“ The scribes replied: "Who forgiven“ The scribes replied: "Who can forgive sins but God alone?" can forgive sins but God alone?" (2:5, 7).(2:5, 7).

3. Jesus claimed to be Yahweh of the 3. Jesus claimed to be Yahweh of the OT. OT.

4. Jesus claimed to be honored as 4. Jesus claimed to be honored as God.God.

“ “Honor the Son just as they honor Honor the Son just as they honor the Father. He who does not honor the Father. He who does not honor the Son does not honor the Father, the Son does not honor the Father, who sent him" (Jn. 5:23). who sent him" (Jn. 5:23).

1. Jesus claimed to be the God who 1. Jesus claimed to be the God who appeared to Moses. "Before appeared to Moses. "Before Abraham was, I AM" (Jn. 8:58).Abraham was, I AM" (Jn. 8:58).

2. Jesus said, "Son, your sins are 2. Jesus said, "Son, your sins are forgiven“ The scribes replied: "Who forgiven“ The scribes replied: "Who can forgive sins but God alone?" can forgive sins but God alone?" (2:5, 7).(2:5, 7).

3. Jesus claimed to be Yahweh of the 3. Jesus claimed to be Yahweh of the OT. OT.

4. Jesus claimed to be honored as 4. Jesus claimed to be honored as God.God.

“ “Honor the Son just as they honor Honor the Son just as they honor the Father. He who does not honor the Father. He who does not honor the Son does not honor the Father, the Son does not honor the Father, who sent him" (Jn. 5:23). who sent him" (Jn. 5:23).

5. Jesus Claimed to be Messiah-5. Jesus Claimed to be Messiah-GodGod

(Psa. 45:6; 110:1; Isa. 9:6; Dan. (Psa. 45:6; 110:1; Isa. 9:6; Dan. 7:9 cf. Mk. 14:61-64; Jn. 4:25-26).7:9 cf. Mk. 14:61-64; Jn. 4:25-26).

6. Jesus Claimed to be God by 6. Jesus Claimed to be God by accepting worship nine times.accepting worship nine times.

(Psa. 45:6; 110:1; Isa. 9:6; Dan. (Psa. 45:6; 110:1; Isa. 9:6; Dan. 7:9 cf. Mk. 14:61-64; Jn. 4:25-26).7:9 cf. Mk. 14:61-64; Jn. 4:25-26).

6. Jesus Claimed to be God by 6. Jesus Claimed to be God by accepting worship nine times.accepting worship nine times.

Jesus accepted worship Jesus accepted worship from: from:

1. The mother of James and John (Mt. 20:20); 1. The mother of James and John (Mt. 20:20);

2. The Gerasene demoniac (Mk. 5:6);2. The Gerasene demoniac (Mk. 5:6);

3. A blind man (Jn. 9:38);3. A blind man (Jn. 9:38);

4. Doubting Thomas (Jn. 20:28);4. Doubting Thomas (Jn. 20:28);

5. The women at the tomb (Mt. 28:9);5. The women at the tomb (Mt. 28:9);

6. A Canaanite women (Mt. 15:25); 6. A Canaanite women (Mt. 15:25);

7. His disciples [Mt. 14:33];7. His disciples [Mt. 14:33];

8. A healed leper (Mt. 8:2); 8. A healed leper (Mt. 8:2);

9. A rich young ruler (Mt. 9:18).9. A rich young ruler (Mt. 9:18).

1. The mother of James and John (Mt. 20:20); 1. The mother of James and John (Mt. 20:20);

2. The Gerasene demoniac (Mk. 5:6);2. The Gerasene demoniac (Mk. 5:6);

3. A blind man (Jn. 9:38);3. A blind man (Jn. 9:38);

4. Doubting Thomas (Jn. 20:28);4. Doubting Thomas (Jn. 20:28);

5. The women at the tomb (Mt. 28:9);5. The women at the tomb (Mt. 28:9);

6. A Canaanite women (Mt. 15:25); 6. A Canaanite women (Mt. 15:25);

7. His disciples [Mt. 14:33];7. His disciples [Mt. 14:33];

8. A healed leper (Mt. 8:2); 8. A healed leper (Mt. 8:2);

9. A rich young ruler (Mt. 9:18).9. A rich young ruler (Mt. 9:18).

7. Jesus Claimed to Have Equal 7. Jesus Claimed to Have Equal Authority with God by Putting Authority with God by Putting His words on a par with God's:His words on a par with God's:

• "You have heard that it was said to the "You have heard that it was said to the people long ago.... But I tell you..." (Mt. 5:21, people long ago.... But I tell you..." (Mt. 5:21, 22). 22).

• "All authority in heaven and on earth has "All authority in heaven and on earth has been given to me. Therefore go and make been given to me. Therefore go and make disciples of all nations..." (Mt. 28:18-19). disciples of all nations..." (Mt. 28:18-19).

• "A new commandment I give you: Love one "A new commandment I give you: Love one another" (Jn. 13:34). another" (Jn. 13:34).

• "Heaven and earth will pass away, but my "Heaven and earth will pass away, but my words will never pass away" (Mt. 24:35). words will never pass away" (Mt. 24:35).

• Jesus said, "that very word which I spoke will Jesus said, "that very word which I spoke will condemn him at the last day" (Jn. 12:48). condemn him at the last day" (Jn. 12:48).

• "You have heard that it was said to the "You have heard that it was said to the people long ago.... But I tell you..." (Mt. 5:21, people long ago.... But I tell you..." (Mt. 5:21, 22). 22).

• "All authority in heaven and on earth has "All authority in heaven and on earth has been given to me. Therefore go and make been given to me. Therefore go and make disciples of all nations..." (Mt. 28:18-19). disciples of all nations..." (Mt. 28:18-19).

• "A new commandment I give you: Love one "A new commandment I give you: Love one another" (Jn. 13:34). another" (Jn. 13:34).

• "Heaven and earth will pass away, but my "Heaven and earth will pass away, but my words will never pass away" (Mt. 24:35). words will never pass away" (Mt. 24:35).

• Jesus said, "that very word which I spoke will Jesus said, "that very word which I spoke will condemn him at the last day" (Jn. 12:48). condemn him at the last day" (Jn. 12:48).

8. Jesus Claimed to be 8. Jesus Claimed to be God by Requesting God by Requesting Prayer in His Name.Prayer in His Name.

• ““Whatever You ask [the Father] Whatever You ask [the Father] in my name, that I will do" (Jn. in my name, that I will do" (Jn. 14:13). 14:13).

• Stephen prayed, "Lord Jesus, Stephen prayed, "Lord Jesus, receive my spirit" (Acts 7:59).receive my spirit" (Acts 7:59).

• ““Whatever You ask [the Father] Whatever You ask [the Father] in my name, that I will do" (Jn. in my name, that I will do" (Jn. 14:13). 14:13).

• Stephen prayed, "Lord Jesus, Stephen prayed, "Lord Jesus, receive my spirit" (Acts 7:59).receive my spirit" (Acts 7:59).

G. His Use of Prophecy in Apologetics.G. His Use of Prophecy in Apologetics.Jesus’ Use of OT Prophecies about HimselfJesus told two disciples to get the donkey on which to

ride into the city (Mt. 21:1-3). The next verse says, “All this was done that it might be fulfilled which was spoken by the prophet, saying: ‘Tell the daughter of Zion, “Behold your King is coming to you, lowly, and sitting on a donkey”’” (v. 4).

Jesus said of those who seized Him to crucify Him, “But all this was done that the Scriptures of the prophets might be fulfilled” (Mt. 26:56).Of course, there were predictions over which He had no control. These include what tribe He would come from (Gen. 49:10); whose dynasty He would be from (2 Sam. 7:12f.); what city He would be born in (Micah 5:2), and that He would be born of a virgin (Isa. 7:14), to name a few.

Jesus’ Use of OT Prophecies about HimselfJesus told two disciples to get the donkey on which to

ride into the city (Mt. 21:1-3). The next verse says, “All this was done that it might be fulfilled which was spoken by the prophet, saying: ‘Tell the daughter of Zion, “Behold your King is coming to you, lowly, and sitting on a donkey”’” (v. 4).

Jesus said of those who seized Him to crucify Him, “But all this was done that the Scriptures of the prophets might be fulfilled” (Mt. 26:56).Of course, there were predictions over which He had no control. These include what tribe He would come from (Gen. 49:10); whose dynasty He would be from (2 Sam. 7:12f.); what city He would be born in (Micah 5:2), and that He would be born of a virgin (Isa. 7:14), to name a few.

Predictions by (or about) Jesus in MatthewMatthew alone lists 81 predictions; 58 are by Jesus. 1. The Word of God will abide forever (5:18)2. Some unbelievers will protest on judgment day (7:19- 23)

3. Abraham, Isaac, and others will be in the kingdom (8:11) 4. The days will come when Christ will be taken away (9:15) 5. There will be degrees of punishment in hell (10:15) 6. The apostles will be persecuted (10:17-23). 7. Jesus would reunite with the apostles before their preaching tour

ended (10:23) 8. Jesus would ascend into heaven (10:32-33) 9. Jesus would die and rise three days later (12:40) 10. Believers will be resurrected in the end times (12:41) 11. The saved will be separated from unsaved in the end time (13:30) 12. The kingdom of heaven will experience great growth (13:31-32)

Predictions by (or about) Jesus in MatthewMatthew alone lists 81 predictions; 58 are by Jesus. 1. The Word of God will abide forever (5:18)2. Some unbelievers will protest on judgment day (7:19- 23)

3. Abraham, Isaac, and others will be in the kingdom (8:11) 4. The days will come when Christ will be taken away (9:15) 5. There will be degrees of punishment in hell (10:15) 6. The apostles will be persecuted (10:17-23). 7. Jesus would reunite with the apostles before their preaching tour

ended (10:23) 8. Jesus would ascend into heaven (10:32-33) 9. Jesus would die and rise three days later (12:40) 10. Believers will be resurrected in the end times (12:41) 11. The saved will be separated from unsaved in the end time (13:30) 12. The kingdom of heaven will experience great growth (13:31-32)

13. The Church Christ will build will never be destroyed (16:18) 14. Christ will return in glory with His angels and reward His followers

(16:27) 15. The twelve apostles will reign with Christ over the tribes of Israel

(19:28) 16. James and John will undergo suffering for Christ (20:23) 17. Christ will be rejected by His people and Gentiles brought in

(21:42-41) 18. There will be a resurrection and no marriage in heaven (22:30) 19. Jerusalem would reject Christ and become desolate (23:38) 20. Jerusalem would be destroyed and the temple destroyed (24:2) 21. Mary’s act of anointing Jesus would be remembered throughout the

world (26:13) 22. Jesus’ betrayer Judas would be doomed (26:24). 23. Jesus’ disciples would flee at His death (26:31). 24. Peter would deny Christ three times (26:34)

13. The Church Christ will build will never be destroyed (16:18) 14. Christ will return in glory with His angels and reward His followers

(16:27) 15. The twelve apostles will reign with Christ over the tribes of Israel

(19:28) 16. James and John will undergo suffering for Christ (20:23) 17. Christ will be rejected by His people and Gentiles brought in

(21:42-41) 18. There will be a resurrection and no marriage in heaven (22:30) 19. Jerusalem would reject Christ and become desolate (23:38) 20. Jerusalem would be destroyed and the temple destroyed (24:2) 21. Mary’s act of anointing Jesus would be remembered throughout the

world (26:13) 22. Jesus’ betrayer Judas would be doomed (26:24). 23. Jesus’ disciples would flee at His death (26:31). 24. Peter would deny Christ three times (26:34)

Predictions in MarkMark has 50 predictions of which Jesus made 47

Predictions in LukeLuke has 75, 26 of these come in the first 2 chapters.

Predictions in JohnJohn has 45 predictions. These Include:1. Jesus had another group of sheep to bring into His fold (10:16)2 Lazarus would be raised from the dead (11:4, 11,23, 40) 3. The Holy Spirit would come and teach the disciples (14 and 16)

4. Those who reject Jesus’ words will be judged by them in the last day (12:48)

5. The disciples would do greater works than Jesus did (14:12)

6. The disciples would get a great catch of fish when they cast their net on the other side of the boat (21:6)

7. John would live to an old age (21:18)

Predictions in MarkMark has 50 predictions of which Jesus made 47

Predictions in LukeLuke has 75, 26 of these come in the first 2 chapters.

Predictions in JohnJohn has 45 predictions. These Include:1. Jesus had another group of sheep to bring into His fold (10:16)2 Lazarus would be raised from the dead (11:4, 11,23, 40) 3. The Holy Spirit would come and teach the disciples (14 and 16)

4. Those who reject Jesus’ words will be judged by them in the last day (12:48)

5. The disciples would do greater works than Jesus did (14:12)

6. The disciples would get a great catch of fish when they cast their net on the other side of the boat (21:6)

7. John would live to an old age (21:18)

H. His Use of Arguments in ApologeticsH. His Use of Arguments in ApologeticsIntro: Jesus never had the occasion to confront a non-

theistic world view. But being steeped in the OT, we can assume He would have argued as follows:

The Cosmological Argument God Implied in OT1. One Statement of the Cosmological Argument 1) Everything that had a beginning had a cause. 2) The universe had a beginning. 3) Therefore, the universe had a Beginner. The OT affirms that there was a beginning of all things

(Gen. 1:1). Indeed, there are some 300 verses in the Bible referring to the “beginning” of things and life. But everything that has a beginning has a cause. Hence, the world had a Cause

2. Another statement of the cosmological Argument 1) Everything that changes was caused. 2) The universe is changing (Psa. 102:25-27). 3) Therefore, the universe was caused.

Intro: Jesus never had the occasion to confront a non-theistic world view. But being steeped in the OT, we can assume He would have argued as follows:

The Cosmological Argument God Implied in OT1. One Statement of the Cosmological Argument 1) Everything that had a beginning had a cause. 2) The universe had a beginning. 3) Therefore, the universe had a Beginner. The OT affirms that there was a beginning of all things

(Gen. 1:1). Indeed, there are some 300 verses in the Bible referring to the “beginning” of things and life. But everything that has a beginning has a cause. Hence, the world had a Cause

2. Another statement of the cosmological Argument 1) Everything that changes was caused. 2) The universe is changing (Psa. 102:25-27). 3) Therefore, the universe was caused.

The Argument from the Need to Worship Isaiah declared the stupidity of worshiping an idol in vivid satire: “He

hews down cedars for himself.... He takes some of it and warms himself; Yes, he kindles it and bakes bread; Indeed he makes a god and worships it; He makes a carved image, and falls down to it. He burns half of it in the fire.... He even warms himself.... And the rest of it he makes into a god, his carved image. He falls down before it and worships it” (Isa. 44:14-17).

Within this powerful imagery of the futility of idolatry is an implied argument for God that goes something like this.

1. Everyone needs to worship something. 2. Real needs have real objects. 3. It is futile to worship what is made. 4. Therefore, there really is an unmade Maker who should be

worshiped. Isaiah wrote: “Thus saith the LORD who made you and formed you from the womb...” (Isa. 44:2). Again, “I am the LORD, who makes all things, who stretches out the heavens all alone; who spreads abroad the earth by Myself” (Isa. 44:24).

Only the Creator can fulfill this deep desire.

The Argument from the Need to Worship Isaiah declared the stupidity of worshiping an idol in vivid satire: “He

hews down cedars for himself.... He takes some of it and warms himself; Yes, he kindles it and bakes bread; Indeed he makes a god and worships it; He makes a carved image, and falls down to it. He burns half of it in the fire.... He even warms himself.... And the rest of it he makes into a god, his carved image. He falls down before it and worships it” (Isa. 44:14-17).

Within this powerful imagery of the futility of idolatry is an implied argument for God that goes something like this.

1. Everyone needs to worship something. 2. Real needs have real objects. 3. It is futile to worship what is made. 4. Therefore, there really is an unmade Maker who should be

worshiped. Isaiah wrote: “Thus saith the LORD who made you and formed you from the womb...” (Isa. 44:2). Again, “I am the LORD, who makes all things, who stretches out the heavens all alone; who spreads abroad the earth by Myself” (Isa. 44:24).

Only the Creator can fulfill this deep desire.

Teleological Arguments for God

1. Humans can hear, see, and think. 2. But the cause must be like the effect. 3. Therefore, there must be a Cause (God) who can hear,

see, and think. The psalmist said, for example, “He who planted the ear,

shall He not hear? He who formed the eye, shall He not see?” This implies that every effect not only has a cause but one that is similar to it. He then goes on to speak of “He who teaches man knowledge” (Psa. 94:9-10).

1. The heavens show intelligent design. 2. But all intelligent design has an intelligent designer. 3. Therefore, the heavens have a Designer. David declared: “The heavens declare the glory of God; and the

firmament shows His handiwork” (Psa. 19:1).

Teleological Arguments for God

1. Humans can hear, see, and think. 2. But the cause must be like the effect. 3. Therefore, there must be a Cause (God) who can hear,

see, and think. The psalmist said, for example, “He who planted the ear,

shall He not hear? He who formed the eye, shall He not see?” This implies that every effect not only has a cause but one that is similar to it. He then goes on to speak of “He who teaches man knowledge” (Psa. 94:9-10).

1. The heavens show intelligent design. 2. But all intelligent design has an intelligent designer. 3. Therefore, the heavens have a Designer. David declared: “The heavens declare the glory of God; and the

firmament shows His handiwork” (Psa. 19:1).

The Implied Moral Argument for God 1. Statement of the Moral argument 1) An objective moral law implies a moral law giver. 2) There is an objective moral law. 3) Therefore, there is an objective Moral Law Giver

In Leviticus 18 God sets forth His moral condemnation of the pagan Canaanites in condemning sodomy, bestiality, and other forms of immorality. He declared: “Do not defile yourselves with any of these things for by all these the nations are defiled, which I am casting out before you. For the land is defiled; therefore I visit the punishment of its iniquity upon it, and the land vomits out its inhabitants” (Lev. 18:24-25). Paul says this moral law is clearly “written on the hearts” of the heathen (Rom. 2:15) so that they are justly condemned by God.

The Implied Moral Argument for God 1. Statement of the Moral argument 1) An objective moral law implies a moral law giver. 2) There is an objective moral law. 3) Therefore, there is an objective Moral Law Giver

In Leviticus 18 God sets forth His moral condemnation of the pagan Canaanites in condemning sodomy, bestiality, and other forms of immorality. He declared: “Do not defile yourselves with any of these things for by all these the nations are defiled, which I am casting out before you. For the land is defiled; therefore I visit the punishment of its iniquity upon it, and the land vomits out its inhabitants” (Lev. 18:24-25). Paul says this moral law is clearly “written on the hearts” of the heathen (Rom. 2:15) so that they are justly condemned by God.

An Implied Existential Argument for God 1. Whatever a person really needs, really exists. 2. Everyone needs God. 3. Therefore, there is a God. So strong is the instinct for God that the Old Testament

calls atheists fools. David said, “The fool has said in his heart, ‘There is no God.’” His son Solomon, the wisest man who ever lived, observed that a life without God is meaningless: “‘Vanity of vanities,’ says the Preacher; ‘Vanity of vanities, all is vanity’” (Eccl. 1:2).

It is absurd to believe that if we really need water that there is no water any where. All of nature rushes to fill a vacuum. And if there is a God-sized vacuum in the human heart, then there must really be a God who can fill it.

An Implied Existential Argument for God 1. Whatever a person really needs, really exists. 2. Everyone needs God. 3. Therefore, there is a God. So strong is the instinct for God that the Old Testament

calls atheists fools. David said, “The fool has said in his heart, ‘There is no God.’” His son Solomon, the wisest man who ever lived, observed that a life without God is meaningless: “‘Vanity of vanities,’ says the Preacher; ‘Vanity of vanities, all is vanity’” (Eccl. 1:2).

It is absurd to believe that if we really need water that there is no water any where. All of nature rushes to fill a vacuum. And if there is a God-sized vacuum in the human heart, then there must really be a God who can fill it.

I. Jesus’ Use of His Sinless Life in Apol. I. Jesus’ Use of His Sinless Life in Apol.

His Sinless Life Was Confirmed by— Those Who Knew Him Best“For we…have one who has been tempted in every way,

just as we are—yet was without sin” (Heb. 4:15). Peter said, “Christ [is] a lamb without blemish or defect” (1

Peter 1:19). “He committed no sin, and no deceit was found in his

mouth” (1 Peter 2:22). “For Christ died for sins once for all, the righteous for the

unrighteous…” (1 Peter 3:18). John, Jesus’ “beloved” disciple said, “He is righteous” (1

Jn. 2:29) and “He is pure” (1 Jn. 3:3). Paul asserted that “God made him [Jesus] who had no sin

to be sin for us…” (2 Cor. 5:21).

His Sinless Life Was Confirmed by— Those Who Knew Him Best“For we…have one who has been tempted in every way,

just as we are—yet was without sin” (Heb. 4:15). Peter said, “Christ [is] a lamb without blemish or defect” (1

Peter 1:19). “He committed no sin, and no deceit was found in his

mouth” (1 Peter 2:22). “For Christ died for sins once for all, the righteous for the

unrighteous…” (1 Peter 3:18). John, Jesus’ “beloved” disciple said, “He is righteous” (1

Jn. 2:29) and “He is pure” (1 Jn. 3:3). Paul asserted that “God made him [Jesus] who had no sin

to be sin for us…” (2 Cor. 5:21).

Jesus’ Flawless Character was Confirmed by His Enemies

Judas confessed: “I have sinned by betraying innocent blood” (Mt. 27:4).

Pilate declared: “I am innocent of the blood of this just person” (Mt. 27:24). Pilate’s wife told him: “Have nothing to do with that just man…” (Mt. 27:19).

A Roman Centurion exclaimed: “Certainly this was a righteous man” (Lk. 23:47). Again, a Centurion said: “Truly this was the Son of God!” (Mt. 27:54).

The Thief on the Cross requested: “Lord, remember me when you come into your kingdom” (Lk. 23:42).

Even the Herodians who opposed Jesus admitted: “Teacher, we know that you are true, and teach the way of God in truth: nor do you care about anyone, for you do not regard the person of men” (Mt. 22:16).

Jesus’ Flawless Character was Confirmed by His Enemies

Judas confessed: “I have sinned by betraying innocent blood” (Mt. 27:4).

Pilate declared: “I am innocent of the blood of this just person” (Mt. 27:24). Pilate’s wife told him: “Have nothing to do with that just man…” (Mt. 27:19).

A Roman Centurion exclaimed: “Certainly this was a righteous man” (Lk. 23:47). Again, a Centurion said: “Truly this was the Son of God!” (Mt. 27:54).

The Thief on the Cross requested: “Lord, remember me when you come into your kingdom” (Lk. 23:42).

Even the Herodians who opposed Jesus admitted: “Teacher, we know that you are true, and teach the way of God in truth: nor do you care about anyone, for you do not regard the person of men” (Mt. 22:16).

The Testimony of Jesus’ False AccusersThe Romans: He claimed to be “King of the Jews” (Jn. 19:19)

—but He was (Lk. 23:3). The Pharisees: “This fellow does not cast out demons except

by Beelzebub, the ruler of the demons” (Mt. 12:24). But this implies He could do miracles.

The Passers By at the Cross: “Aha! You who destroy the temple and build it in three days” (Mk. 15:29). But this was evidence of His claim to deity since it referred to His death and resurrection (Jn. 2:19-21).

The Jewish High Priest: “You have heard the blasphemy! [that He claims to be the Christ, the Son of God] What do you think? And they all condemned Him to be worthy of death” (Mk. 14:64).

The Crowd claimed: “We found this fellow subverting the nation, and forbidding to pay taxes to Caesar, saying that He Himself is Christ the King” (Lk. 23:2). But Jesus told them “to render therefore unto Caesar the things that are Caesars” (Mt. 22:21). In addition He paid taxes (Mt. 17:27) and submitted to Rome’s power to kill Him.

The Testimony of Jesus’ False AccusersThe Romans: He claimed to be “King of the Jews” (Jn. 19:19)

—but He was (Lk. 23:3). The Pharisees: “This fellow does not cast out demons except

by Beelzebub, the ruler of the demons” (Mt. 12:24). But this implies He could do miracles.

The Passers By at the Cross: “Aha! You who destroy the temple and build it in three days” (Mk. 15:29). But this was evidence of His claim to deity since it referred to His death and resurrection (Jn. 2:19-21).

The Jewish High Priest: “You have heard the blasphemy! [that He claims to be the Christ, the Son of God] What do you think? And they all condemned Him to be worthy of death” (Mk. 14:64).

The Crowd claimed: “We found this fellow subverting the nation, and forbidding to pay taxes to Caesar, saying that He Himself is Christ the King” (Lk. 23:2). But Jesus told them “to render therefore unto Caesar the things that are Caesars” (Mt. 22:21). In addition He paid taxes (Mt. 17:27) and submitted to Rome’s power to kill Him.

III. The Role of the Holy SpiritIII. The Role of the Holy Spirit A. Only the Holy Spirit can Convict

“When He [the Holy Spirit] has come, He will convict the world of sin, and of righteousness, and of judgment: of sin, because they do not believe in Me” (Jn. 16:8-9).

A. Only the Holy Spirit can Convict

“When He [the Holy Spirit] has come, He will convict the world of sin, and of righteousness, and of judgment: of sin, because they do not believe in Me” (Jn. 16:8-9).

III. The Role of the Holy SpiritIII. The Role of the Holy SpiritA. Only the Holy Spirit can Convict

B. Only the Holy Spirit can Convince “Simon Peter said, ‘You are the Christ, the Son of the living God.’ Jesus answered and said to him, ‘Blessed are you, Simon, Bar-Jonah, flesh and blood has not revealed this to you, but My Father who is in heaven’” (Mt. 16:16-17).

A. Only the Holy Spirit can Convict

B. Only the Holy Spirit can Convince “Simon Peter said, ‘You are the Christ, the Son of the living God.’ Jesus answered and said to him, ‘Blessed are you, Simon, Bar-Jonah, flesh and blood has not revealed this to you, but My Father who is in heaven’” (Mt. 16:16-17).

III. The Role of the Holy SpiritIII. The Role of the Holy SpiritA. Only the Holy Spirit can Convict

B. Only the Holy Spirit can Convince

C. Only the Holy Spirit can Convert

“Unless one is born…of the Spirit, he cannot enter the kingdom of God.... Do not marvel that I said to you, ‘You must be born again’” (Jn. 3:5, 7)

A. Only the Holy Spirit can Convict

B. Only the Holy Spirit can Convince

C. Only the Holy Spirit can Convert

“Unless one is born…of the Spirit, he cannot enter the kingdom of God.... Do not marvel that I said to you, ‘You must be born again’” (Jn. 3:5, 7)

ConclusionsConclusions• Jesus was an apologist—the greatest apologist ever. Jesus

showed that--• Apologetics can lead the “horse” to the water but only the

Holy Spirit can persuade him to “drink.”• Apologetics provides evidence that Christianity is true, but

only the Holy Spirit can convince a person to believe in Christ.

• No one can be forced to believe against their will. Forced freedom is a contradiction.

• Nonetheless, it is important to provide evidence that Christianity is true so that faith in Christ is supported by good reason.

• God wants to reach the heart, but He does not by-pass the head on the way to the heart.

• Jesus was an apologist—the greatest apologist ever. Jesus showed that--

• Apologetics can lead the “horse” to the water but only the Holy Spirit can persuade him to “drink.”

• Apologetics provides evidence that Christianity is true, but only the Holy Spirit can convince a person to believe in Christ.

• No one can be forced to believe against their will. Forced freedom is a contradiction.

• Nonetheless, it is important to provide evidence that Christianity is true so that faith in Christ is supported by good reason.

• God wants to reach the heart, but He does not by-pass the head on the way to the heart.