The Apocalypse of St. John-Swete-2

8/12/2019 The Apocalypse of St. John-Swete-2

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CHAPTER22:17.THEMESSAGETOTHEANGELOFTHECHURCHINEPHESUS .

1. ... ] A formula repeated at te ead of ea! addre"". Te MSS.flu!tuate #et$ee% . a%d .& te former a" te #e"t "upport '% 2()* a%d '"

fou%d '% 2(+* 2()+* ,()* ,(-* #ut '" $'tout MS. autor't '% 2()2* ,()/. 0H.* $o 1Notes*p. ), f.3 #el'e4e to #e te or'5'%al read'%5 '% all te "e4e% o!!urre%!e" of tepra"e* !ompare te t'tle of te '5pr'e"t" of te Au5u"ta% !ult 1 []3* $ere '" a%artrou" a" '% te form . ... . .

] I% pr'm't'4e Cr'"t'a% letter" to Cur!e" t'" '" te u"ualmode of lo!at'%5 a Cur!* e.5. ) Cor. )(2 ! " # ! $% *P'l. )() ' ( ... ' ) *++* I5%. Ep. ad init.! " ... !$% ( le"" fre6ue%t form" are to #e fou%d '% Gal. )(2 '

,* ) 123 Te"". )() ! " - /* Clem.R. Cor. ad init.!" # ! +0% &1#. Te Cr'"t'a% !ommu%'t'e" ad a" et %o

terr'tor'al "ettleme%t"& tere $a" a 7Cur! '% Epe"u"*8 #ut %o ecclesia Ephesina'% te

"tr'!ter "e%"e.

Epe"u" "ta%d" f'r"t amo%5 te !'t'e" to $'! addre""e" are "e%t. T'ter te

me""e%5er from Patmo" $ould "a'l # a% ea" !our"e of 9 m'le". Moreo4er o% ma%

5rou%d" t'" !'t too: f'r"t ra%:. I% a "er'e" of '%"!r'pt'o%" fou%d at Aa"alu:* te

moder% Epe"u"* 't re!e'4e" te proud t'tle 2 +3 4 5 51+ 1H'!:"*Inscriptions,. 2* ;/)* ;/-* ;;)* ;;;* ;,3. A libera urbs* $'t 't" o$% 678a%d7* a%d te ead of a conventus(+* )>()93. Tou5 e doe" %ot "eem to a4e 4'"'ted

a% oter !'t '% A"'a* '" Epe"'a% re"'de%!e $a" te o!!a"'o% of a 5e%eral

e4a%5el'=at'o% of te pro4'%!e 1l.c.= + : WH. Westcott and Hort, N.T. in Greek(Cambridge, 1891).


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3/22

7a%5el*8 '" ud5ed # 't" re"ult"* a!!ord'%5 to Cr'"t8" '%4ar'a#le rule 1Mt. -() f.* Apo!.

2(2,* 22()23.

4 ; 1+ 4 : O+58 7] Te "'%5le pro%ou% after O+5. l'%:" a%d1+a%d O+58to5eter* a" '%d'!at'%5 te !ara!ter of te A& te $ere

"'5%al'=ed # t$o %ote" of e!elle%!e* "elf@de%'%5 la#our a%d per"e4era%!e. Compare1$'t L'5tfoot8" %ote3 ) T. )(, 550 O5- A7 +/ 4 1+7 + 4 O+5 +>* $ere o$e4er AJ 1+* a%dO+58are "tr'!tl !oord'%ated. &1+* ofte% fou%d $'t 51#12 Cor. ))(2-* ) T.2(>* 2 T. ,(+3* '" $'t 't" !o5%ate +Calmo"t a te!%'!al $ord for Cr'"t'a% $or:&

!f. Rom. )(* )()2* ) Cor. ,(+* );()9* );(;+* )()* 2 Cor. (;* ))(2,& Gal. /())* P'l.

2()* Col. )(2>* ) T. ;()2* ) T'm. ;()-* Apo!. )/(),. O% O+58"ee )(>* %ote* a%d !f.L!. +(); + O+5!.

4 L D >0% 6 0] A%oter 5ood t'%5 $'! a" %ot e"!aped teee of Cr'"t. Te O+58of te Epe"'a%" d'd %ot 'mpl '%d'ffere%!e to "'%& te

!ould %ot #ear te !ompa% of #ad me%& !f. P". ),>(2) f.* Rom. )2(>* 2 Do. )9 f.* a%d te

"tor of St Do%8" att'tude to$ard" Cer'%tu" 1Ire%. ,(,. /3. Te"e 1!f. P'l. ,(2 3 $o tr'ed te pat'e%!e of te Epe"'a%" $ere %ot te'r pa5a%

%e'5#our" 1Ep. /()- ff.3* #ut te fal"e #retre% me%t'o%ed '% te %et !lau"e& !f. I5%.

Eph.> P D Q +' [: : >>:] Q O5RJ 60 9 S Q ;5: +>B# 9 +15 O+T D-. UF'" to !arr a #urde% 16* Mt.29()2& 71* L!. )/(2-* Do. )>()-& * Gal. (;3. Te form >0%V>0*

!o%dem%ed # Pr%'!u"* o!!ur" al"o '% M!. >(22 f.* L!. )(2 1la""* Gr.p. />3.

4 + .] Te 0 6'fore"ee% # St Paul 1A!t"

29(2>3 ad !ome* a%d '% "eep8" !lot'%5 1Mt. -();3& !f. 2 Cor. ))(), W 9 7>+1J >1J 55F15 Q +17 . Tefal"e tea!er" !la'med to #e +1'% te $'der "e%"e* 't'%era%t tea!er" $'t a

m'""'o% $'! pla!ed tem o% a '5er le4el ta% te lo!al elder" 1) Cor. )2(2+* Ep.

/())& !f. L'5tfoot* Galatians* 7Te %ame a%d off'!e of a% Apo"tle*8 Har%a!:*Die Lehre

der zwlf !postel* p. >, ff.3. 0e% "u! 't'%era%t"* $eter 7Apo"tle"8 or 7Propet"*8

4'"'ted a !ur! $ere te $ere u%:%o$%* u%le"" te #rou5t 7!omme%dator letter"8

12 Cor. ,()3* 't $a" %e!e""ar to te"t te'r !la'm" 1) T. ;(29 f.* ) Do. /()3. A "tra%5el

"uperf'!'al te"t* "u! a" tat e%o'%ed '%Didache!. )) 1+R >X +1 15

+; O5R >#8/ Y &0 ... ' >X 9 5% [25]J 7>+8 3* '"%ot to #e tou5t of ere& +1 >5* a" '% 2 Cor. ),(; E7 +FQ X ! +3 dou#tle"" refer" to "u! a pro#at'o% a" te Lord pre"!r'#e" '% Mt.-() +; - +- D- 3# D0* a%d teDidache't"elf re5ard" a" teult'mate te"t 1infra* 9 A% 1+7 &77. +; ) - 1+/ /#83.

0't E7 +.!f. 2(29 2 7 E7: +& te full formappear" '% 2(> - 1/ ?7>7 H E70. &4 D Q* a pare%te"'"4D Z( !f. )(* 2(>* ,(>.

4 D 7>'( %ot merel fal"e apo"tle"* for "u! m'5t #e "elf@de!e'4ed* #ut de!e'4er"& for t'" u"e of 7>8* !f. 2)(+ +R ' 7>.


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3.4 O+5: AJ 4 6 .0't O+5. A!f. v. AJ L.* ,()) \ A. E%dura%!e $a" o%e of te #e"t a""et" of te Epe"'a% a%5el.

U%a#le to #ear te "o!'et of te de!e'4er"* te fa'tful at Epe"u" ad for te "a:e of

Cr'"t 1>9 ; Z5* !f. M!. ),(),* %ote3 pat'e%tl #or%e te la#our of re"'"t'%5 tem or

e%dur'%5 te'r tau%t" 1Areta"3* a%d ad %ot 5ro$% $ear of te ta":. Te pla '% vv.2*, o% 6Fa%d +C D >0% 6 ... 6J H> ; 1+ 7 ... D+3 a" perpleed te "!r'#e"& "ee app. !r't. &4 D 5of te T. R.

appear" to re"t o% %o #etter autor't ta% a !o%e!ture of Era"mu"* #ut 't 5'4e" te

"e%"e& for +C* to #e $ear* !f. Mt. ))(2+* Do. /(* a%d for te form +"ee0. S!m. p. )),* %ote )* a%d !f. J ++/1vv./* ;3. G ... 6 ...+.( "u! !om#'%at'o%" are fre6ue%t '% te Apo!. 1e.5. ;(-* -(), f.* +(;3 a%d %otal$a" ea" to epla'%& ere te perf. +. '%d'!ate" a !o%d't'o% $'! !o%t'%ued$e% te e%dura%!e 163 $a" at a% e%d.

4.T A/ 9 L .] et o% te oter a%d 13 tere '" 5rou%d for!ompla'%t& for A ^ !f. Do# ,)(,; 1L.3* Mt. ;(2,* M!. ))(2;* %ote*

a%d #elo$* vv.)/* 29. Pat'e%!e a%d u%rem'tt'%5 to'l '% H'" !au"e are %ot all tat Cr'"t

re6u're"* a%d '%deed are of l'ttle 4alue* 'f te "p'r't of lo4e '" a#"e%t. ut at Epe"u" lo4e

$a" $a%'%5* perap" a" te re"ult of te !o%tro4er"'e" trou5 $'! te Cur! ad

pa""ed. (29* 29(,-* !f. Ep. )(, ff. A%oter

5e%erat'o% a" ta:e% te pla!e of te f'r"t !o%4ert"& te loalt a%d a!t'4't of te

Cur! a4e #ee% $ell ma'%ta'%ed* #ut tere '" "ome fall'%5 off '% te 5reate"t of

Cr'"t'a% 5'ft" 1!f. Mt. 2/()2 78 2 +- +-3* "e$% perap"* a" teGree: !omme%tator" "u55e"t* # a !omparat'4e '%d'ffere%!e to te %e!e""'t'e" of te

poorer #retre%. Te pra"e : . . + . . '" pro#a#l a rem'%'"!e%!e of Der.

2(2* E=. )(+ ff. Te %e$ I"rael ad #e5u% too "oo% to follo$ te eample of te a%!'e%t

people of God.

5.5517 ) +1# ++/ .] Comp. ,(, 5517 ) +- _4 7. Te !omme%tator" !o%tra"t C'!. ad !ttic./() %o% re!ordor u%de

!e!'der'm "ed u%de re"urreer'm* J a f'%e "e%t'me%t $'! '" %ot reall '% !o%fl'!t $'t

te !all to remem#er 7u%de !e!'der'"8 a" a mot'4e to repe%ta%!e. St Paul8" 9 5X a+/

+#151P'l. ,()/3 refer" to pa"t "u!!e""e" $'! mu"t #e d'"re5arded '%4'e$ of 9 A5+#


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T'" 4er"e '" fre6ue%tl 6uoted # Cpr'a% $e% e ur5e" repe%ta%!e upo% to"e

$o ad lap"ed '% te ?e!'a% per"e!ut'o% 1de laps.)* epp.)>. )* ,/. )* ;;. 223& a%d

$'t oter pa""a5e" from te Apo!. 't #e!ame a !ommo%pla!e '% te No4at'a%'"t

!o%tro4er" 1ad Novatian.),3.

Q >X 58J A5 ] dQ >X 58* '.e. 9 >X 5: 58%* a" te pra"e '" $r'tte% '%full u"t #elo$& o% te ell'pt'!al form 1 7oter$'"e83* "ee 0M. pp. -2>* -;-& urto%* K2-;. G5refer" to a "pe!'al !om'%5 or 4'"'tat'o%* affe!t'%5 a Cur! or a%

'%d'4'dual* a" '% v.)* ,())& trou5out te Apo!. te pre"e%t of t'" 4er# '" u"ed '% a

6ua"'@future "e%"e& !f. la""* Gr.p. )+>. e'" a dativus inco""odi10M. p. 2;3& for

a%oter 4'e$* "ee la""* Gr.p. )),.

&4 8/ : 7 7* '.e. t !ur!. S'%!e te 7are "eparate a%d do%ot form a "'%5le !a%dela#rum* a% o%e of tem !a% #e remo4ed at plea"ure. &'1!f.()/3 '" preferred to '* perap" a" '%d'!at'%5 del'#erat'o% a%d ud'!'al !alm%e""&

tere $ould #e %o "udde% uproot'%5 a" '% a%5er* #ut a mo4eme%t $'! $ould e%d '%

te lo"" of te pla!e tat te Cur! ad #ee% !alled to f'll& u%le"" tere !ame a !a%5e

for te #etter* te f'r"t of te "e4e% lamp" of A"'a mu"t d'"appear& 't" pla!e mu"t #e

f'lled # a%oter 1!f. Apo!. ,())* Mt. 2)(/,3. T'" $ar%'%5 "eem" to a4e #ee% ta:e% to

eart* "'%!e '% te %et 5e%erat'o% I5%at'u" 1Eph.prol. )3 !ould pro%ou%!e te 7!ur! '%

Epe"u"8 to #e B5* a%d "pea: of 't" +7+ Z5. ut tou5

deferred* te 4'"'tat'o% !ame at la"t. Te Gree: !omme%tator" me%t'o% te !ur'ou" fa%!

tat te remo4al of te !a%dle"t'!: from Epe"u" ad 't" fulf'lme%t '% te r'"e of te See

of Co%"ta%t'%ople* $'! e!l'p"ed te 5lor of te older Cur!. ut te Cur! a%d

See of Epe"u" l'4ed o% for !e%tur'e" after te !reat'o% of te patr'ar!ate of

Co%"ta%t'%ople. After te ele4e%t !e%tur o$e4er te l'%e of Epe"'a% '"op" "eem"

to a4e #e!ome et'%!t 1Gam"*series episc.p. //,3* a%d '% ),9+ te pla!e $a" f'%all

"urre%dered to te Tur:" 1Murra*Handboo#* p. 2+93. Te l'ttle ra'l$a "tat'o% a%d

otel a%d fe$ poor d$ell'%5@ou"e" of Aa"alu: 1f 13* $'! %o$

!omma%d te ru'%" of te !'t* are elo6ue%t of te doom $'! a" o4erta:e% #ot

Epe"u" a%d 't" !ur!.

6.9 AJ L 5' .] T'" "e!o%d mod'f'e" te of v./. If

te lo"" of er f'r"t lo4e $a" a ea4 !ar5e a5a'%"t te Cur! '% Epe"u"* tere mu"t

#e "et a5a'%"t 't a%d '% er fa4our er atred of deed" $'! Cr'"t ated.

Ire%aeu" 1)(2. ,* ,()9. -3* follo$ed # H'ppoltu" 1philos.-(,3* a""ert" tat teN'!ola'ta%" of te Apo!alp"e $ere fou%ded # N'!olau" te pro"elte of A%t'o! $o

$a" o%e of te Se4e% 1A!t" (;3( +9 T D#' >> >>> 67 4 63/1H'pp. l.c.3. Tere $a" a "e!t $'! #ore te %ame atte e%d of te "e!o%d !e%tur* #ut 't" 'de%t't $'t te g'of te Apo!. !a%%ot

#e a""umed 1Tert. de praescr.,, "u%t et %u%! al'' N'!ola'taeJ3 a%d 't" !la'm to #e

"p'r'tuall de"!e%ded from N'!olau" of A%t'o! $a" 6ue"t'o%ed 1Clem. Al.stro".2(29*

K ))+ E7 g h+#J +55175 >; ( !f.'#. ,(/* K 2;& Eu".H. E.,(2>& Constitutions(+ W 7>375 g'* $'t

$'! !f. te '%terpolated I5%at'u"* $rall.))*%hilad.& '!tor'%u" ad l.f'!t' om'%e"

WM. Winer-Moulton, Grammar of N. T. Greek, 8th Engl. ed. (Edinburgh, 18).


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et pe"t'fer' 6u' "u# %om'%e N'!ola' m'%'"tr' fe!eru%t "'#' aere"'mJ3. A moder%

!o%e!ture 1due to C. A. Heuma%%* )-)23 ta:e" g''% Apo!. 2(* 2();

a"U5'1!f. v.)/3* #e'%5 der'4ed e'ter from or .ut 1)3 a pla upo% te etmolo5 of Gree: a%d He#re$ $ord" '" perap" too "u#tle for

te 5e%'u" of te $r'ter* a%d 123 %o etmolo5 a" #ee% "u55e"ted $'! ma:e"g1a true e6u'4ale%t of . O% te $ole 't "eem" #e"t to fall #a!: upo% te"uppo"'t'o% tat a part #ear'%5 t'" %ame e'"ted '% A"'a $e% te Apo!. $a" $r'tte%*

$eter 't o$ed 't" or'5'% to N'!olau" of A%t'o!* $'! '" %ot 'mpro#a#le 1"ee

L'5tfoot* Galatians* p. 2>-* %.3* or to "ome oter fal"e tea!er of tat %ame. A!!ord'%5

to P".@?oroteu" e $a" a Samar'ta% Cr'"t'a% $o o'%ed te part of S'mo% Ma5u"*

#ut te "tateme%t la!:" !o%f'rmat'o%. O% te tea!'%5 of t'" "e!t "ee v.)/* %ote.

i j 5-. Hatred of e4'l deed" 1k* %ot l& !o%tra"t P". ),>(2) f.3 '" a true

!ou%terpart of te lo4e of 5ood* a%d #ot are ?'4'%e& !f. I"a. )(+* e!. +()-. Tere '"

5'a" $ell a" a% a81M!. ,(;* Apo!. () f.3 $'! !a% #e pred'!ated of Cr'"t. To"are H'" atred of e4'l '" to ma%'fe"t a% aff'%'t of !ara!ter $'t H'm* $'! '" a "'5%

of 5ra!e '% Cur!e" a%d '% '%d'4'dual".

7.@ A/ ) 7/ .] A%oter formula !ommo% to te "e4e% me""a5e"

pre!ed'%5 te prom'"e to te !o%6ueror '% te f'r"t tree* a%d follo$'%5 't '% te la"t

four. It re!all" a fam'l'ar "a'%5 of Cr'"t $'! '" fou%d '% te tree S%opt'"t" 1Mt.

))();* ),(>* ),(/,& M!. /(>* /(2,& L!. +(+* )/(,;3* #ut %ot '% te Go"pel of St Do%. O%

4ar'at'o%" '% te form of te "a'%5 "ee M!. /(>* %ote& te !o%"'"te%t u"e of )for S

'% te Apo!.* e4e% '% ),(>* "e$" '%depe%de%!e& et "ee Mt. )9(2-* L!. )2(,. At te e%d

of ea! of te"e '%"tru!t'o%" @ A/ )'" a% '%d'4'dual'='%5 %ote* !all'%5 upo% ea! of

te earer" of te #oo: 1)(,3 to appropr'ate te $ar%'%5" a%d prom'"e" addre""ed to te

Cur!e".


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8/22

/2. ut a!!ord'%5 to 1ita %ol)carpi2 St Paul 4'"'ted Smr%a o% '" $a to Epe"u"

1!f. A!t" )>() >#1 9 /9 53* a%d fou%d d'"!'ple" tere* a" e d'd at

Epe"u". Te Cur! '" "t'll "tro%5 at Smr%a& out of a populat'o% of perap" 2;9*999

more ta% alf are Cr'"t'a%"* $'le te dD: e8$'t 't" f'%e l'#rar

$'t%e""e" to te 4'5our a%d '%tell'5e%!e of te Ortodo !ommu%'t.O% te form q50"ee 0H.2*Notes* p. );;& la""* Gr.p. )9. It o!!ur" o% !o'%" of

te per'od a%d '% '%"!r'pt'o%" 1"ee e.5. CIG,. ,2- ff.3.

> @ +- 4 @ A .] To"e t'tle" 1from )()- f.3 are !o"e% $'t

te 4'e$ of '%"p'r'%5 !o%f'de%!e '%to a Cur! treate%ed $'t "uffer'%5 a%d deat& !f.

ede( apta praefat'o pat'e%t'am "ua"uro.J Ram"a 1Exp.* )>9/* ). p. ,2) f.3 f'%d" a

refere%!e al"o to te earl "tru55le" of te !'t 1Stra#o* / 8 D:3. GFta:e" te pla!e of F- Q5* te purpo"e #e'%5 to f' atte%t'o% upo%

te fa!t of te Re"urre!t'o%. A" te Lord ro"e* "o $'ll H'" martr" tr'ump o4er deat&

!f. 2 T'm. 2(+ 5517 ? o; 5 -. Te parallel '%Apo!. ),()/ '" '%"tru!t'4e( # \ A : +: 5 4 AF1"ee

%ote ad l.3.

9.H> 7 : # .] Te Cur! '% Smr%a $a" !ara!ter'=ed # 't"e%dura%!e of "uffer'%5 a%d po4ert '% te !au"e of te Go"pel. 0't te parado H>7 ... : +/J 9 +0 H!omp. Da!. 2(; D @ #; BB +/ 15 +77 +* 2 Cor. ()9 Y +/4J + >X+7F* a%d !o%tra"t Apo!. ,()- L c01 Q5 4 +0 ... 4D H> L H @ ... +/1. Te %ature of te $ealt po""e""ed # te Cur! '%Smr%a #ut la!:'%5 to te Cur! '% Laod'!ea '" $ell "e$% '% L!. )2(2) Q #;

+7-* ) T'm. ()+ +7' A '. Te po4ert 1+/* %ot merel+& !f. M!. )2(/2* %ote3 of te Apo"tol'! Cur!e"* e4e% '% "o r'! a !'t a" Smr%a*

'" remar:a#le& 't ma a4e #ee% due partl to te fa!t tat te !o%4ert" $ere dra$%

!'efl from te poorer !la""e" 1Da!. l.c.* ) Cor. )(23* partl to te dema%d" made upo%

tem # te'r fa't 1!f. 2 Cor. +(2 2 9 6#7 +/ D- +7 Q ;+ (+1 D-3& #ut al"o '% "ome !a"e" to te p'lla5e of te'r propert

# a De$'" or pa5a% mo# 1He#. )9(,/ : (+: - O+1/ O5- 59R +>B#3. Te !o%tet "u55e"t" tat te po4ert of te Smr%aea% Cur!

$a" at lea"t a55ra4ated # te la"t of te"e !au"e".

4 : 65 .] A%drea"( 9 >X ; H> 4 : 65...J +5. Te De$" at Smr%a $ere #ot %umerou" a%d a55re""'4el o"t'le&

"ee L'5tfoot*I0natius* ). p. /+ f.* S!%rer* Geschichte,* ,. pp. ))* 2>* ,/. I% te

martrdom of Pol!arp te too: a lead'%5 part* e4e% "urpa""'%5 te eate% '% te'r

=eal* a%d t'"* 't '" added* $a" te'r $o%t( Pol!. "art.), f. 5 ?7>/+05/J Y A# D'J Q O+70/. At pre"e%t te !o%te%ted

tem"el4e" $'t #la"pem'%5* ra'l'%5 at Cr'"t a%d Cr'"t'a%" 1!f. 5. et #la"pemar'"

a# '"J3* a" te ad do%e from te f'r"t da" of St Paul8" "%a5o5ue prea!'%5 '% A"'a

M'%or 1A!t" ),(/;3. A5a'%"t te'r "arp to%5ue" te Cr'"t'a%" are fort'f'ed # te

WH. Westcott and Hort, N.T. in Greeksecond edition (189!).

"g. The #atin "ulgate.


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refle'o% tat te"e #la"pemer" are De$" '% %ame o%l. Te !alled tem"el4e" De$"

1for te !o%"tr. "ee v.2* %ote3* #ut $ere %ot "o '% trut& !omp. Rom. 2(2+ D 9 @ ?7>'1 ... T @ 7+ ?7>'J 4 +5: > +05 D 55* Gal. (); f. $ 9 +58 A $ 67J 9

: ... Q8 +T D 4 AJ 4 +4 ; ?: #. So far from#e'%5 #- ?'1Do. )(/-3* "u! me% $ere a 7/: eR1Do. +(//O5' +; >617 3* %ot a 7/: &771Num. )(,* )(2/*2(>* ,)()3. O% 7/8'% 't" relat'o% to "ee Hort*Ecclesia* p. / ff. r7/: eRo!!ur" a5a'% '% ,(>& !omp. 2(), @ #1 e.* 2(2/ 9 6# e.

Te !omme%tator" refer to a% '%"!r'pt'o% of te t'me of Hadr'a% $'! a" #ee%

tou5t to me%t'o% De$'" re%e5ade" 1CIG,)/+ p + ?7>'* !f. L'5tfoot*

I0natius* ). p. /-9& "ee o$e4er Ram"a '% Ha"t'%5"*D.*./. p. ;;; for a%oter 4'e$ of

te $ord"* a%d !f.Exp.* )>9/* ). p. ,2/3. ut te 7"%a5o5ue of Sata%8 at Smr%a

profe""ed Duda'"m a%d perap" "'%!erel* tou5 te'r o"t'l't ma a4e #ee% partl

due to a de"'re to !urr fa4our $'t te pa5a% mo# or te Imper'al autor't'e".

10.5: 6 s 5 + .] Tere $ere $or"e t'%5" '% "tore ta%+/or e4e% 65& 'mpr'"o%me%t* perap" deat m'5t a$a't te fa'tful atSmr%a. e'%d te 7"%a5o5ue of Sata%8 $a" te ?e4'l 'm"elf 1@ >6V@8/ - >-* )2()9@ eR* )2(>* 29(23* $o # mea%" of fal"e !ar5e"la'd #efore te ma5'"trate" $ould !a"t !erta'% mem#er" of te Cur! 1B O5-3 '%to

pr'"o%. H'" purpo"e $a" to tr te fa't of te $ole #od 1p +#3( !f. L!.22(,) @ eR B%8 O5R Y ; '. Tat 't" De$'" a%d pa5a%

ad4er"ar'e" $ere prompted # Sata% $a" te f'rm #el'ef of te earl Cur!& !f. e.0.Pol!. "art.2 +9 9 5R T D- @ >6* Eu".H.E.;() E59 @ >6 +1J 9 9 : W: 1 4 +// 7 .

4 A # 25- >] A%d tat e ma a4e affl'!t'o% for 17dur'%5*8 te

temporal 5e%.* "ee la""* Gr.p. )9>3 te% da".J A furter d'"!lo"ure of Sata%8" pla%"& 't

$a" '" purpo"e to prolo%5 te per"e!ut'o% 'f te fa'tful d'd %ot 'eld at o%!e. T'"

po'%t '" m'""ed # hB* dou#tle"" a !orre!t'o% made '% te '%tere"t" of te "e%"e. n'" perap" "u55e"ted # ?a%. )()/ + D > 25& !f. Ge%. 2/(;;* Num.

))()>* 2/(22* Do# )>(,. eatu" t'%:" of te 7te% per"e!ut'o%"*8 #ut 't '" u%%e!e""ar to"ee: for a% '"tor'!al fulf'lme%t. E6uall $'de of te mar: '" te '%terpretat'o%

preferred # ede( totum tempu" "'5%'f'!at '% 6uo ?e!alo5' "u%t memor'ae ma%data.J

Te %um#er te% '" pro#a#l !o"e% #e!au"e* $'le 't '" "uff'!'e%t to "u55e"t !o%t'%ued

"uffer'%5* 't po'%t" to a% approa!'%5 e%d. Te% da" of "uffer'%5 a%d "u"pe%"e m'5t

"eem a% eter%'t $'le te la"ted* et '% te retro"pe!t te $ould #e #ut a mome%t 12

Cor. /()- ; +0 ; #/( !f. Areta"( 85 2 +J 4L Q 4 25- > B753. Te tr'al m'5t #e prolo%5ed* #ut 't ad a l'm't

:%o$% to God.

Hastings, $. Hastings, Dictionary of the Bible(Edinburgh, 1898%19&').


10/22

7 +; M #7 .] 7Pro4e t"elf loal a%d true* to te ete%t of #e'%5read to d'e for M "a:e.8 ,7 +.* !f. ,(27 -* Do. 29(2- 58 7 M+9+1. Here +1'" 7tru"t$ort8 rater ta% 7#el'e4'%5*8 a" '% Mt. 2;(2)* 2;(2,*L!. )()9 f.* Apo!. 2(),* ,()/. t #7'%t" tat te "upreme tr'al of martrdom

ma follo$& !omp. P'l. 2(+ 15 O+8 5 #.* a%d !o%tra"t He#. )2(/ $+/5 p5 . to!!ur" '% t'" #oo: ele4e% t'me"* 5%ot o%!e&

te oter Doa%%'%e $r't'%5"* a" 't appe%"* a4e %e'ter* #ut '% te re"t of te N.T. te

proport'o% '" a l'ttle o4er 2 to ).

4 >3/ ; F/] 7A%d "o*8 te !o%"e!ut'4e $'! '""pe!'all fou%d after 'mperat'4e"J 1la""* Gr.p. 223. q/"ta%d" '% "arp !o%tra"t$'t #7* a%d . !ome" %aturall after te prope! of a !om'%5"tru55le. Te ea!t pra"e @ . F.o!!ur" '% te 4er "'m'lar pa""a5e* Da!. )()25 : \ O+5 +51J L >15 15 85 ; . . F.J\ + ' +- D1( el"e$ere $e a4e @ . +>1I"a. 2+(;3* 78/1E=. )()2* 2,(/2* ) T. 2()>3* >012 T'm. /(+3* >1B1) Pet. ;(/3* #1Pol!. "art.)-* )>* Eu".H.E.;. )3. So fam'l'ar a metapor

%eed %ot a4e #ee% "u55e"ted # lo!al !'r!um"ta%!e"* et 't '" %ote$ort tat Smr%a

$a" famou" for 't" 5ame" 1Pau". ()/. ,* !'ted '%Enc. *ibl.* /23 '% $'! te pr'=e

$a" a 5arla%d. Tere ma #e a refere%!e to t'"* or a5a'%* a" Ram"a t'%:" 1Ha"t'%5"*

D.*./. p. ;;; ff.3 te $r'ter ma a4e '% '" m'%d te 5arla%d" $or% '% te "er4'!e of

te pa5a% temple". I% a% !a"e te '" %ot a roal d'adem* #ut a% em#lem offe"t'4't( !f. M!. );()-* %ote. #! .] Te "pe!'al prom'"e of te "e!o%d me""a5e*

appropr'ate to a Cur! $'! ma pre"e%tl #e !alled to martrdom. He $o !o%6uer"

# pro4'%5 'm"elf fa'tful u%to deat "all po""e"" 'mmu%'t from te "e!o%d deat. u>0 #o!!ur" a5a'% '% c.29(* 29()/* 2)(+* $ere 't '" def'%ed a" 2 5 +71& "ee %ote" ad l. Te !o%!ept'o% '" partl a%t'!'pated '% ?a%. )2(, a%d Do.;(2>* a%d et more d'"t'%!tl # P'lo* de prae". et poen.2. /)> #7 9 >;H>J ; 5X 9 ; # ... ; >X 59 ; +#8J \ >: ; +/. ut

te ea!t epre""'o% $a" pro#a#l !urre%t '% De$'" !'r!le"* for 't o!!ur" fre6ue%tl '%

te Tar5um"& !f. e.5. $ar0. Hieros.o% ?eut. ,,( 4'4at Reu#e% '% o! "ae!ulo et %o%mor'atur morte "e!u%daJ( oter e. ma #e "ee% '% 0et"te'%. ID 5: >#!* 7"all '%%o $'"e #e urt8& "ee la""* Gr.p. 29> f. For >''% t'" "e%"e "ee I"a. )9(29* Apo!.

(* -(2 f.* >(/* >()9* >()>* ))(; #'". Te attempt to reta'% '% te"e !o%tet" te

etmolo5'!al mea%'%5 of >'1e%"o%*!pocal)pse* pp. ). f.* -, n.3 !a%%ot #ere5arded a" "u!!e""ful& '% u"a5e >'* l':e our 7'%ure*8 a" a!6u'red a $ea:er "e%"ea%d '" %earl a "%o%m of 6+1!f. Tu!. 2(-)* e%. de re e'u.. ,3.

1217.THEMESSAGETOTHEANGELOFTHECHURCHINPERGAMUM.

12. c5] After lea4'%5 Smr%a te road from Epe"u" follo$ed te

!oa"t for a#out /9 m'le" a%d te% "tru!: N.E. up te 4alle of te Ca'!u"* for a furterd'"ta%!e of ); m'le"* $e% 't rea!ed Per5amum. Per5amum '% M"'a* o% te Ca'!u" 12


11/22

c5'% e%opo%* Pau"a%'a" a%d ?'o% Ca""'u"* #ut ; c5'% Stra#o a%d

Pol#'u" a%d mo"t oter $r'ter" a%d '% te '%"!r'pt'o%"& te term'%at'o% '" left u%!erta'%

'% Apo!. )())* 2()23* %o$ er5ama* te !ap'tal of te Attal'd '%5dom 1.C. 2/)Q),,3*

eld a "'m'lar po"'t'o% '% Roma% A"'a 1Pl'%.H.N.;(,9 lo%5e !lar'""'mum A"'aeJ3 u%t'l

't" pla!e $a" ta:e% # Epe"u". If Per5amum ad %o Artem'"'o%* 't $a" r'!er '%temple" a%d !ult" ta% Epe"u". eu" Soter* Ate%a Pol'a"* ?'o%"o"* A":lep'o" $ere

te !'ef lo!al de't'e"& te temple of Ate%a !ro$%ed te "teep 'll of te A!ropol'"* a%d

#e%eat 't o% te e'5t $a" a 5reat altar of eu". e"'de te"e* te !'t po""e""ed a"

earl a" A.?. 2> a temple ded'!ated to Rome a%d Au5u"tu" 1Ta!. ann.,(,-3& a "e!o%d

temple $a" ere!ted '% te t'me of Traa%* $e% Per5amum a!6u'red te t'tle of >4/1. At "o "tro%5 a !e%tre of pa5a%'"m te Cur! $a" !o%fro%ted $'t u%u"ual

d'ff'!ult'e"* a%d to te"e te me""a5e to Per5amum refer" 1v.), f.3.

@ A/ : v5( te v5of c.)()* $ere "ee %ote. To $at

u"e 't '" to #e put at Per5amum appear" #elo$* v.).

13.H> + ' .] Te "pe!'al po'%t '% te l'fe of te Cur! at

Per5amum $'! te Lord "'%5le" out for %ot'!e. Se re"'ded '% a !'t $'! $a" al"o

Sata%8" re"'de%!e 1L+7 @ eR '3* %a more* $ere e ad "et '" tro%e.1'% te N.T. '" al$a" te "eat of off'!e or !a'r of "tate* $eter of a Dud5e 1Mt.

)>(2+3* or a '%5 1L!. )(,2* )(;23* or of God or Cr'"t 1Mt. ;(,/* 2;(,)3& '% te Apo!.

te $ord o!!ur" /; t'me" '% t'" "e%"e. At Per5amum Sata% $a" e%tro%ed a%d eld '"

!ourt. Te 6ue"t'o% ar'"e" $at tere $a" at Per5amum to 5a'% for 't t'" !ara!ter. Te

N'!ola'ta%" $ere tere* #ut te $ere al"o at Epe"u"& te De$"* $o at Smr%a formed

a 7"%a5o5ue of Sata%*8 are %ot me%t'o%ed '% te Per5ame%e me""a5e. It rema'%" to "ee:

a u"t'f'!at'o% of te pra"e '% "ome pe!ul'arl da%5erou" form of pa5a% $or"'p.

Per5amum $a" te !'ef "eat '% A"'a of te $or"'p of A":lep'o" 1!f. P'lo"tratu"* 1it.

!pollon./(,/ 2 Q ; c5 ... B7J* Herod'a%* /(/. + w+# Q c. 8# 6715 #+ +7* Mart. >() Ae"!ulap'u"Per5ame%"'" deu"J( a!!ord'%5 to Gale% a !ommo% form of oat $a" 59 ; c58+3* a%d te "erpe%t $'! $a" te "m#ol of te 5od 1Pau". Cor.2- # >T+4 #1 6 - 8 E - - O+X A >3 '" '% t'" #oo: 1)2(>3 te "m#ol of Sata%. ut attra!t'4e a" t'" epla%at'o%

'"* 't doe" %ot alto5eter "at'"f& te Ae"!ulap'a% !ult* $'t 't" terapeut'! a'm"* !ould

"!ar!el a4e pre"e%ted "pe!'al d'ff'!ult'e" to te Cr'"t'a% #roterood. It '" #etter tof'%d '% 7Sata%8" tro%e8 a% allu"'o% to te rampa%t pa5a%'"m of Per5amum 1Areta"( Y>/ ) O+X : +R3* "m#ol'=ed # te 5reat altar $'! "eemed

to dom'%ate te pla!e from 't" platform !ut '% te A!ropol'" ro!:* #ut !'efl perap" to

te %e$ Cae"ar@$or"'p '% $'! Per5amum $a" preem'%e%t a%d $'! a#o4e all oter

pa5a% r'te" me%a!ed te e'"te%!e of te Cur!. Te '%"'d'ou" plea


12/22


13/22

te!%'!al "e%"e at te e%d of te f'r"t !e%tur& Clem. Cor.; 578 +0# Q; a15 1+ >1B'" %ot de!'"'4e. E4e% '% te "e!o%d alf of te "e!o%d

!e%tur te t'tle !ould #e 5'4e% to !o%fe""or" at Lo%" a%d 'e%%e* tou5 't '"

"'5%'f'!a%t tat te d'"!la'med 't a" due o%l to te Lord 1Apo!. )(;3 a%d to to"e $o

ad d'ed for H'm. tat t'me te te!%'!al "e%"e ad %earl e"ta#l'"ed 't"elf 1"eeL'5tfoot8" %ote o% Clem. l.c.* a%d e%"o%8" C)prian* p. >9 f.3& #ut '% te N.T. t'" "ta5e

a" %ot #ee% rea!ed* tou5 te !our"e of e4e%t" $a" lead'%5 up to 't. Te Lord 5'4e"

A%t'pa" H'" o$% t'tle* @ 57 @ +11)(;* ,()/3* 6ual'f'%5 't # a dou#le 57* 7m

$'t%e""* m fa'tful o%e8& A%t'pa" #ore $'t%e"" to Cr'"t* $a" loal to Cr'"t e4e% u%to

deat* a" Cr'"t to te Fater 1) T'm. (), 578 +4 c7 c7: : @53. +#* "ee M!. +(,) %ote& '% Att'! Gree: +#$oulda4e #ee% preferred* !f. la""* Gr.pp. //* ;;. cT O5' ... 're!all" at te e%d of

te "e%te%!e te "olem% fa!t $'t $'! 't #e5a%( te ome of t'" Cur! $a" al"o te

re"'de%!e of Sata%.

14.T A/ 9 ] At Epe"u" te att'tude of te Cur! to$ard" teN'!ola'ta%" $a" matter for pra'"e* #ut at Per5amum 't '%4'ted !e%"ure& !o%tra"t A/9 $'t v. A. Te Cur! $'! !ould re"'"t Sata% '% te form of te

Emperor@!ult $a" %ot e6uall proof a5a'%"t a% '%"'d'ou" ere".

L A ' : >>: U5J .] A part '% te Cur! atPer5amum 1V+T O5'3 tau5t a" alaam ad do%e. alaam made 't '" a'm totea! 1>>3 ala: o$ to #e5u'le I"rael '%to te dou#le "'% of 'dolatr a%d

for%'!at'o%. Te refere%!e '" to Num. ,)()* $ere te "'% of Peor '" tra!ed to alaam8"

"u55e"t'o% 1!f. P'lo* vit. 2o)s. ). ;/* Do". antt.>. . * Or'5e% in Nu". ho".29.3.

Moder% O.T. "!olar" 1e.5. ?r'4er*Introd.p. 2 f.* F. H. 0ood" '% Ha"t'%5"* Ha"t'%5"*

D.*.). 2,,3 po'%t out tat te "tor of alaam #le%d" t$o a!!ou%t"* Num. 22()Q2;(;

#elo%5'%5 to DE* $'le Num. 2;( ff. '" from P& '% te former alaam after #le""'%5

I"rael retur%" to Petor 1Num. 2/(2;3* '% te latter e '" te autor of ala:8" later

pol'! a%d e4e%tuall '" "la'% # I"rael '% #attle 1Num. ,)(+* !f. Do". ),(223. Do"epu"

l.c.re!o%!'le" te t$o "tor'e" # "uppo"'%5 tat alaam o% rea!'%5 te Euprate" "e%t

for ala: a%d 'mparted '" "!eme& "ome "u! add't'o% to te '"tor $a" dou#tle"" '%

te m'%d of te $r'ter of te Apo!. Tere '" a% '%tere"t'%5 parallel '% te "trata5em

"u55e"ted # A!'or '% Dud't ;(29* ))()) ff.

Te !o%"tru!t'o% >>. U'" perap" a He#ra'"m 1!f. Do# 2)(22 3* #ut more pro#a#l a !ollo6u'al'"m& "ee 0M. p. 2->. U' >*!f. # . '% P". />. 1;9.3 29* Dud't ;()* Ho". /()-* Rom. )/(),. y >1Att.>#3 '" a% o#e!t tat '" apt to tr'p up o%e $o '" $al:'%5 !arele""l& "ee

Hort o% ) Pet. 2(+* a%d Carr*Hor. *ibl.* p. ;+ ff. Te $ome% of Moa# $ere del'#eratel

tro$% '% te $a of u%"u"pe!t'%5 I"rael* '% te ope of #r'%5'%5 a#out te do$%fall of

te latter. Te order ' ... 4 +'" te oppo"'te of tat '% Num. 2;() ff.*

$'! '" follo$ed #elo$* v.29& #ut 't dou#tle"" a%"$er" to te eper'e%!e of te Cur!

at Per5amum* $ere te m'ed !ompa% at pa5a% fea"t" $a" te o!!a"'o% of te 5reater

e4'l. dQ>/1#7* "ee / Ma!!. ;(2* A!t" );(2>* 2)(2;* ) Cor. +() ff.& !f. W1#7'% )Cor. )9(2+.


14/22

15.l/ ... @5/] Gta:e" up te tread of v.)/ 1A ' .3* $'le l/ 0!ompare" te "'tuat'o% at Per5amum $'t tat of I"raelepo"ed to te $'le" of alaam& @5/at te e%d of te "e%te%!e empa"'=e" l/*

a%d :eep" te parallel "t'll '% 4'e$. Te 5e%eral "e%"e of vv.)/* ); $ould a4e* #ee%

!learer 'f te Apo!alpt'"t ad $r'tte%( =+ 9 U95 >> ... l/ A 40J .or A ' ... A 9 : >>: gm-.

For te N'!ola'ta%" "ee %ote o% v.. A" to te'r tea!'%5* 't '" !lear tat te

d'"re5arded te re"tr'!t'o% 'mpo"ed upo% te Ge%t'le Cur!e" # te Apo"tol'! !ou%!'l

eld at Deru"alem '% />Q;9 1A!t" );(2> +# Q>/#0/* !f. 29 +. -5/ - Q>3/3 $'t te pra!t'!al re"ult tat te e%!oura5ed a retur% to

pa5a% la't of moral" 1!f. v.3. 0r't'%5 to Cor'%t "ome f'ftee% ear" after te !ou%!'l

St Paul ad o!!a"'o% to ar5ue $'t Cr'"t'a%" $o re5arded te eat'%5 of Q>/1#7a"

a t'%5 '%d'ffere%t& a%d tou5 e doe" %ot ta:e '" "ta%d o% te Deru"alem de!ree* e

oppo"e" te pra!t'!e o% te 5rou%d tat 't 5a4e offe%!e to $ea: #retre% 1) Cor. +(/* +(>

f.3* a%d al"o #e!au"e of te !o%%e'o% $'! e re5arded a" e'"t'%5 #et$ee% 'dol@

$or"'p a%d u%!lea% "p'r't" 1) Cor. )9(29 s #07 9 A# >5 4 D ##07J D #/ >X O5R / - >5/ #3& to parta:e of te 7ta#leof u%!lea% "p'r't"8 1ib.2) +F >5/3 $a" '%!o%"'"te%t $'t part'!'pat'o% '%

te Eu!ar'"t. I% te fa!e of te"e fa!t" a per4er"e teor* or'5'%at'%5 $'t te T#'%5e%

"!ool* 'de%t'f'e" te N'!ola'ta%" $'t te follo$er" of St Paul& !f. Re%a%* -aint %aul* p.

,9, f.( o% "8a#'tue d"'5%er l8aptre de" 5e%t'l" par le "o#r'6uet de N'!ola" "e"

d'"!'ple" du mVme !oup fure%t appel" %'!olaWte"J& a%d "ee 4a% Ma%e%8" art.

Nicolaitans'% Enc. *ibl.,/)9 f. It $ould #e %earer to te trut to "a tat te $ere te

"p'r'tual de"!e%da%t" of te l'#ert'%e" $o per4erted te Paul'%e do!tr'%e a%d a5a'%"t

$om St Paul "tro%5l prote"t". I% te %et !e%tur te"e 4'e$" $ere em#ra!ed #

!erta'% G%o"t'! tea!er"& "ee Du"t'%* dial.,; E7 7 ... 415 4 # ' /K 4 Q4 D- W 5 05bJ W >X ID .Ire%. )(. , 4 9 Q>/1#7 >1/#7J 5>X 50# O+T D- 205 ... W >X 4 ' ; 2>'1/ >70 .Te N'!ola'ta%" of te %et !e%tur $ere of t'" !la""* !f.Ire%. ,(). , '%d'"!rete 4'4u%tJ& H'ppol.philos.-(, g1 ... >> >67 4 63/& Tert. adv. 2arc.)(2> al'6u' N'!ola'tae a""ertore" l'#'d'%'" at6ue

luur'ae.J A!!ord'%5 to Cleme%t Ale.stro".,(/ te 6uoted a "a'%5 of te'r fou%der*L +8# ! 4 >'* a%d a!ted upo% 't( +07 > W :p D 51. It '" %ote$ort tat te part $a" "tro%5 at Epe"u" a%d

Per5amum& te ad e"ta#l'"ed tem"el4e" at te t$o mo"t 'mporta%t !e%tre" '% A"'a*

te 7metropol'"*8 a%d te a%!'e%t a%d perap" "t'll off'!'al !ap'tal.

16.51 )] Tere $a" o!!a"'o% %ot o%l for 4'5'la%!e* #ut for a% a!t ofrepe%ta%!e 1o% 51"ee v.;3. Te Cur! $a" alread !omprom'"ed # u%due

tolera%!e of te N'!ola'ta%"& "e ad %ot pur5ed er"elf of !ompl'!'t $'t tem a" te

Cur! at Epe"u" ad do%e& 1!o%tra"t v. 5'$'t v.); A3.

Enc. T. . Chene and $. *. +lac, Enccloaedia +iblica (#ondon, 1899%

19&).


15/22

Q >X 58J A5 0 .] For Q >X 58 V 9 >X 5: 58%^"ee v.; %ote&0'" %o$ added* for te matter $ould #roo: %o dela. et te Lord doe" %ot "a+58/ 59 * #ut 5T D-* '.e. 59 - 0/ : >>: -gm-& 'f te Cur! ad tolerated te N'!ola'ta%"* a%d "ome of er mem#er" ad

l'"te%ed to te'r tea!'%5* et "e ad %ot a" a $ole 'de%t'f'ed er"elf $'t te part& !f.A%drea"( ! +! >X 2 #/+K D 9J z59 T J 9 z5T/JT - 0/ . c5' 5 * fre6ue%t '% te L.* '" u"ed

'% te N.T. o%l # te Apo!alpt'"t 12()* )2(-* ),(/* )-()/3* a%d te 4er# 't"elf out"'de

te Apo!. o%l '% Da!. /(2. Te 5lor'f'ed Cr'"t '" '% t'" #oo: a 0arr'or* $o f'5t"

$'t te "arp "$ord of te $ord& !f. )()* )>(), ff.* a%d "ee Ep. ()-* He#. /()2. Te

'dea of a ?'4'%e 0arr'or* $'! appear" f'r"t '% te So%5 of M'r'am 1Eod );(, * e6u'4o!all re%dered # te L. &0 76/ +573 '"a""o!'ated $'t te Lo5o" '% Sap. )+(); @ +>051 7 1 +T D

#1/ 6/ +15 +5: ... {. Te +5of te ?'4'%e 0ord'" d're!ted e"pe!'all a5a'%"t to"e $o tur% te 5ra!e of God '%to la"!'4'ou"%e""*J a"

te N'!ola'ta%" d'd. Po""'#l* a" '% v.)/* tere '" a% allu"'o% to te "tor of al"am

1Num. 22(2,* ,)(+3.

17. - >3/ D 5 .] O% . >. D"ee v.-* %ote. * He#. >(/3 a%d Do"epu" 1antt.,.

). 3. (+ 1ed. Carle"3( at tat "elf@"ame t'me

X$e% te Me""'a '" re4ealed] te trea"ur of ma%%a $'ll a5a'% de"!e%d from o% '5

a%d te $'ll eat of 't '% to"e ear"J& !f. /rac. -ib)ll.-. )/+f. 85 >T D AD>X 7J T k5 +Y 5 : >: 7' a> . A"

for te '%terpretat'o% of te prom'"e* 't" full mea%'%5 '" ardl !o4ered # St Paul8"

# 57J 2 +7551) Cor. 2(-3* or # Or'5e%8" '%telle!tu"4er#' ?e' "u#t'l'" et dul!'"J 1ho".o% Eod. >(/3& rater # ; 5 ; 755

mu"t #e u%der"tood te l'fe@"u"ta'%'%5 po$er of te Sa!red Huma%'t %o$ 'd $'t

Cr'"t '% GodJ 1Col. ,(,3* of $'! te fa'tful f'%d a foreta"te '% te Eu!ar'"t #ut

$'! !a% #e full :%o$% o%l to te !o%6ueror 1Do. (,) f.* ;/ ff.3. '!tor'%u"( "anna

absconditu"'mmortal'ta" e"t.J Pr'ma"'u"* follo$ed # ede( pa%'" '%4'"'#'l'" 6u' de

!aelo de"!e%d't.J Areta" po'%t" out te f't%e"" of t'" refere%!e to te ea4e%l food at

te e%d of a me""a5e $'! !o%dem%" part'!'pat'o% '% eate% fea"t"( -

># ' 5 4 #7 63/X"!. - Q>/#0/]O+.


16/22

4 >3/ D 78 .]|'" a rare $ord '% '#l'!al Gree:

1L.* N.T.,3* $ere 't '" u"ed to de%ote 1)3 a p'e!e of ro!: 1. Eod. /(2;& *Lam. ,()* !f. S'r. )+()93& 123 a !ou%ter or 4ot'%5 pe##le* calculus1/ Re5%. )2(/ 1;3 A*

E!!l. -(2* / Ma!!. );(2* A!t" 2()93. Here 't '" to #e %oted tat te '" $'te*

a%d tat 't #ear" a m"t'!al %ame $'! o%l te po""e""or !a% read. Fe$ of te"olut'o%" 'terto propo"ed "at'"f te"e !o%d't'o%". Te Ra##'%'!al trad't'o% tat

pre!'ou" "to%e" fell $'t te ma%%a 1+o"a+3 ma a4e "u55e"ted te !ollo!at'o% of te

ma%%a a%d te * #ut 't !arr'e" u" %o furter. ll'58" teor* adopted # Tre%!*

tat tere '" a% allu"'o% to te Ur'm 1Eod. 2+(,93* "uppo"ed to a4e #ee% a d'amo%d

e%5ra4ed $'t te Tetra5rammato%* '" too purel !o%e!tural to #e "at'"fa!tor* e4e% 'f 't

$ere %ot ope% to oter o#e!t'o%". If $e tur% to te Gree: "urrou%d'%5" of te A"'at'!

Cur!e"* $'! mu"t %ot #e e!luded* a" Tre%! ma'%ta'%"* from te f'eld of

Apo!alpt'! erme%eut'!"* tere '" a lar5er !o'!e of '%terpretat'o%".|ma refer

to te #allot tro$% '%to te 4ot'%5 ur% 1O4'd* "et.);(/) mo" erat a%t'6u'" %'4e'"atr'"6ue lap'll'"* Y '" dam%are reo"* 'll'" a#"ol4ere !ulpaJ3 or to te !ou%ter" u"ed for

!al!ulat'o% 1!f. Apo!. ),()+ / ; #513& or te 78m'5t #e te

"m#ol of a 5ood t'me 1Pl'%. ep.(/. , o d'em %ota%dum !a%d'd'""'mo !al!uloJ3* or of

4'!tor 1A%drea"* 7 -& Areta"* : +; - ' # 4 '> /F5/ 35 )J ' - +53. Or tere ma #e a

refere%!e to te t'!:et" $'! $ere "omet'me" d'"tr'#uted to te popula!e a%d e%t'tled

te older" to free e%terta'%me%t or amu"eme%t 1!f. 'p'l'%. epit.22+ 9B0 59 M/# Q ; # + 056 A ; 5X >/>571 ... (+ A> +; > D- +' 4 6' ;

+553* or to te tessera fru"entariaor te t. hospitalisof Roma% l'fe 1!f.

Plaut.%oen.;(). +3. Ea! of te"e epla%at'o%"* o$e4er* lea4e" "omet'%5 to #e

de"'red& e'ter te '" %ot '%"!r'#ed or 't '" %ot %e!e""ar'l $'te. Prof. Ram"a

1Ha"t'%5"*D.*.,(-;)3 "uppo"e" a !o%tra"t $'t te par!me%t $'! too: 't" %ame

1charta %er0a"ena3 from te !'t* a%d '%terpret"( te %ame '" $r'tte% %ot o% $'te

par!me%t "u! a" Per5amum #oa"t" of* #ut o% a% 'mper'"a#le $'te tessera.J Te

$'te "to%e*J e $r'te" el"e$ere 1Exp.* )>9/* ). p. /))3 $a"* dou#tle""* a tessera.J

ut te tesseradoe" %ot "u55e"t 'mper'"a#le%e"". Po""'#l 78ma refer to

te e%5ra4ed "to%e" $'! $ere emploed for ma5'!al purpo"e" a%d #ore m"t'! %ame"&

"ee '%5*En0raved Ge"s* p. >- ff.( Gnostics and their re"ains* pa""'m. Ma5'! '% all 't"form" e%tered lar5el '%to te l'fe of te 5reat !'t'e" of A"'a& for 't" pre4ale%!e at

Epe"u" "ee A!t" )>()>. Te ?'4'%e ma5'! $'! '%"!r'#e" o% te uma% !ara!ter a%d

l'fe te Name of God a%d of Cr'"t '" pla!ed '% !o%tra"t $'t te poor 'm'tat'o%" tat

e%tralled pa5a% "o!'et.

It ma #e tat te pre!'"e refere%!e $'ll #e a"!erta'%ed '% te !our"e of eplorat'o%"

$'! are "t'll '% pro5re"" '% A"'a M'%or a%d '% part'!ular at Per5amum. Mea%$'le te

5e%eral "e%"e '" fa'rl !lear. Te $'te "to%e '" te pled5e of te ?'4'%e fa4our $'!

!arr'e" $'t 't "u! '%t'mate :%o$led5e of God a%d of Cr'"t a" o%l te po""e""or !a%

!ompree%d( !f. ,()2 @ - ... / +T D; ; Z5 # 57 ... 4 ;Z5 57 ; 1* a%d o% t'" :%o$led5e a" te 5'ft of Cr'"t "ee Mt. ))(2-. Te


17/22

alter%at'4e '" to re5ard te Z5 1a" te "m#ol of te %e$ l'fe a%d relat'o%" '%to

$'! moral 4'!tor tra%"port" te !o%6ueror* a% '%terpretat'o% "upported # I"a. 2(2

; Z5 ; ; \ @ 0 a5 D1* ;(); ' >X >707 5#8 Z5 1* a%d "u55e"t'%5 a refere%!e to te m"ter'e" a%d te

pre4ale%t ma5'!al r'te" 1Ram"a*Exp.* )>9/* ). p. /)/& "ee al"o '" refere%!e to a0#5re!e'4ed # Ar'"t'de" of Smr%a from A":lep'o"* ib.p. /)> f.3. If t'" 4'e$ #e

a!!epted#8J >>8J 8J ?785J J}>8J ; D; 4 : 3& !f. 2 Cor. ;()-* Apo!. 2)(;. g'" u"ed '% t'"!o%%e'o% o%l '% He#. )2(2/& 't '" %ot te re!e%t or'5'% of te Go"pel9/* 2(/93& te

'%"!r'pt'o%" "e$ tat te !'t $a" remar:a#le e4e% amo%5 A"'at'! to$%" for te

%um#er of 't" 5u'ld" 1Ram"a* Cities and *ishoprics* ). p. )9;3* amo%5 $'! ma #e

me%t'o%ed te 1+J 6'J 67'J W57151!lot'er"3* 5'JJ 7J 715J 'J 0+& to te 6'tere '" arefere%!e '% A!t" )()/7: a15 7>1$a" "e "o !alled a" !om'%5 from aLd'a% to$%B3* +71+/ +1/ 7/. Tere $ere temple" of Apollo1Ram"a*Exp.& l.c./23 a%d Artem'" '% te !'t* a%d %ear 't te "r'%e of Sam#ate 1;e756#'3* a% Or'e%tal 1Caldea% or Per"'a%3 S'#l& #ut Tat'ra ad %o temple

ded'!ated to te Emperor". Te Cur! '% T. $a" pro#a#l "mall* e4e% relat'4el to te

populat'o%& a!!ord'%5 to Ep'pa%'u" 1haer.;)(,,3 te Alo5' to$ard" te e%d of te"e!o%d !e%tur a""erted tat %o Cur! $a" te% to #e fou%d tere. It" da%5er" aro"e

from $'t'% rater ta% from De$" or pa5a%". Ep'pa%'u" 1l.c.3 repre"e%t" te pla!e a"

a4'%5 #e!ome at a later date a "tro%5old of Mo%ta%'"m.

> @ 7W; # .] 7W; . #.o!!ur" ere o%l '% te Apo!.* #ut te

t'tle '" 'mpl'ed '% )(* 2(2-* ,(;* ,(2)* )/()& o% 't" 'mport "ee ?r Sa%da8" art. -on of

God'% Ha"t'%5"8D. *./. ;-9 ff. I% t'" pla!e 't add" "olem%'t to te 6ua"'@uma%

feature" $'! are re!'ted from te 4'"'o% of !. ). For @ A/ a#5 ... 4 W+1> .* "ee te %ote" o% )()/ f. T'" me%t'o% of te ee" tat fla" $'t r'5teou"

Exp. The Expositor.


18/22

'%d'5%at'o% a%d te feet tat !a% "tamp do$% te e%em'e" of te trut prepare" te

reader for te "e4ere to%e of te uttera%!e $'! follo$".

19.H> 7 9 A .] A fuller a%d ampler tr'#ute of pra'"e ta% tata$arded to te Cur! '% Epe"u" 1v.23( : + 4 : + 4 : >

e%umerate" te mot'4e for!e" of Cr'"t'a% a!t'4't a%d te'r mo"t !ara!ter'"t'! re"ult.Lo4e '" !ara!ter'"t'!all pla!ed f'r"t '% a Doa%%'%e #oo:* tou5 fa't '" %ot

o4erloo:ed 1!f. 2(),* ),()9* )/()23& te Paul'%e order '" te re4er"e 1) T. ,(* ;(+& )

T'm. )()/* 2();* ())& 2 T'm. )(),* 2(22& T't. 2(2& te o%l e!ept'o% '" P'lem. ;3. Te

"!r'#e"* a" te apparatu" "e$"* a4e e%dea4oured to !o%form St Do%8" order to St

Paul8". 0at :'%d of 7"er4'!e8 '" '%te%ded # >ma #e 5atered from Rom.

);(2;* );(,)* ) Cor. )();* 2 Cor. +(/* >()* He#. ()9. Te a!t" of "er4'!e ad "e$% %o

te%de%! to d'm'%'"* a" at Epe"u" 1!f. vv./* ;3& o% te !o%trar te $ere "t'll

'%!rea"'%5 '% %um#er* te la"t more ta% te f'r"t.J It '" %ote$ort tat '% te"e

addre""e" pra'"e '" more l'#erall 5'4e%* 'f 't !a% #e 5'4e% $'t u"t'!e* $e% #lame '" to

follo$& more '" "a'd of te 5ood deed" of te Epe"'a%" a%d Tat'ra%" ta% of to"e of

te Smr%aea%" a%d P'ladelp'a%"* $'t $om %o fault '" fou%d.

20.T A/ 9 L ' : 7' ?F6 .] L':e te Per5ame%e"*

te Tat'ra% Cr'"t'a%" $ere ar#our'%5 a% e%em of Cr'"t* #ut te'r 5u'lt "eem" to

a4e #ee% 5reater* "'%!e ''mpl'e" a tolera%!e of e4'l $'! '" %ot "u55e"ted #A1v.)/3& a%d te'r att'tude $a" !erta'%l te 4er oppo"'te of tat of te Epe"'a%"to$ard" te N'!ola'ta%"& !f. vv.2* D >0% 6J 5'. O% te form '"ee

0H2*Notes* p. )-/* 0. S!m. p. )2,& 't o!!ur" alread '% Eod. ,2(,2 L. De=e#el 1* L. ?F6* Do"epu" ?F6*Isabel3* te Poe%'!'a% $'fe of Aa# 1)'%5" )(,)3* $o "ou5t to for!e upo% te %orter% :'%5dom te $or"'p of aal a%d

A"tarte a%d 12 '%5" >(223 te 'mmoral't'e" a%d ma5'!al pra!t'!e" !o%%e!ted $'t 't*

dou#tle"" repre"e%t" "ome per"o% or part at Tat'ra '% $o"e do'%5" te $r'ter "a$ a

re"em#la%!e to to"e of Aa#8" $'fe& !f. '" u"e of te %ame alaam '% v.)/. ut $'le

7alaam8 '" 'de%t'f'ed # te !o%tet $'t te N'!ola'ta%"* tere '" %o "u! !lue to te

mea%'%5 of 7De=e#el.8 Tere '" mu! to #e "a'd for S!rer8" "u55e"t'o% 1'% $h. !bh.

3eizs4c#er 0ewid"et* )+>23* tat te Tat'ra% De=e#el '" te S'#l of te e56#'1"ee v.)+* %ote3. Her "r'%e $a" "'tuated '% te 7Caldea%8 6uarter 1CIG,;9> +; +1/ +; e56# o>/ +613 a%d "e '" 4ar'ou"l de"!r'#ed

a" Caldea%* He#re$* E5pt'a%* Per"'a%* a%d a#lo%'a% 1Pau". )9()2. > 7:51J Z5 >X D! e66 ... W >X D: U67/J h >X e67 yQ7+( !f. Su'da"s.v.e67 e. o>J 2 4 +; - 6a5F5 4 c3. ut 't '" d'ff'!ult to #el'e4e tat t'" per"o%* e4e% 'f of

Sem't'! or'5'%* !ould a4e 5a'%ed adm'""'o% to te Cur! u%der te 5u'"e of a

Cr'"t'a% propete"" 12 7 E7: +3. More pro#a#l er "u!!e"" a" a51$a" emulated # "ome female mem#er of te Cur! $o !la'med te

5'ft of prope! a%d eer!'"ed 't '% te '%tere"t" of te N'!ola'ta% part 1 vv.)/ f.3& !f.

Tert. de pudic.)>* aeret'!am fem'%am 6uae 6uod d'd'!erat a N'!ola't'" do!ere

"u"!eperat.J Not$'t"ta%d'%5 St Paul8" rule 1) Cor. )/(,/ W 7' ' /J D 9 ++ D' '* ) T'm. 2()2 >> >X


19/22


20/22


21/22

H'ppol.philos.;( + [W g4] E7 /0J 519 6# 3. Tert. adv. 1alent.) %''l ma5'" !ura%t 6uam o!!ultare 6uod

praed'!a%t 1"' tame% praed'!a%t 6u' o!!ulta%t3 "' #o%a f'de 6uaera"* !o%!reto 4ultu*

"u"pe%"e "uper!'l'o* 7Altum e"t8 a'u%t.J Te profe""ed to !omm'"erate to"e $o

rema'%ed '% '5%ora%!e of te'r "e!ret( Tert. de res. carn.)> 4ae 6u' %o% dum '% a!!ar%e e"t !o5%o4er't ar!a%a aeret'!a.J

D 6/ T O5R M 6] A "!ar!el dou#tful refere%!e to te Apo"tol'!de!ree '% A!t" );(2+ A>B ... 5>X + +## O5' 6 +: 0/ -+J +# Q>/#0/ ... 4 +. Te re"t of te pro'#'t'o%"'mpo"ed '% te ear />Q;9 1+# ... p5 4 +-3 are %ot re'mpo"ed.

Co%tra"t t'" $'"e !o%!e""'o% $'t te ea!t'%5 "p'r't of te Par'"ee"* Mt. 2,(/

>507 >X 6 4 +# +4 57 - #3+/.25.+: \ A 8 .] After D 6/ ... M 6te reader epe!t"

+8follo$ed # te 5e%'t'4e 1Ge%. ,>(* ,>(>* M!. )2(,2* A!t"* l.c.3& #ut M'" left"ta%d'%5 # 't"elf* a%d +8#e5'%" a %e$ "e%te%!e a" a !o%. 17o$#e't83. Ne'ter \A%or 8!a% $ell refer to #urde%" alread #e'%5 #or%e& rater te po'%t

#a!: to v.)> 9 A 4 : + .( !f. ,()) \ A( a "'%5le de!'"'4eeffort "eem" to #e '%d'!ated # 8. B/ma #e e'ter te future '%d. or te!o%. of te aor. {B1!f. 0. S!m. p. )9>* %. )93& o% te u"e of te fut. !o%. '% te N.T.

"ee 0H.2Notes* p. )->* 0. S!m. p. )9-.

26 f.4 @ - 4 @ - .] Pr'ma"'u" r'5tl( et 'ui vicerit et 'ui

servaverit. He $o !o%6uer" '" e $o :eep"* #ut te art. '" repeated to empa"'=e te

t$o !o%d't'o%" of "u!!e"". At Tat'ra te #attle $a" to #e $o% # re"olute adere%!e to

te 7$or:" of Cr'"t*8 '.e. to te pur't of te Cr'"t'a% l'fe* a" oppo"ed to te 7$or:" ofDe=e#el8 1v.22 9 A D3. * 2(22 f.* ,() f.* ,(+*

,();. t 7!orre"po%d" $'t M {B/* v.2;& !f. M!. ),(-* %ote.>3/ D B7 .] Te !o%"tru!t'o% re4ert" to tat of vv.-* )-* a" 'f te

"e%te%!e ad #e5u% - 4 ( !omp. te "'m'lar a%a!oluto% '% ,()2*,(2). Te prom'"e '" #a"ed o% P". 2(+ f. >3/ A# : 5 7 ...

+5' D v6> >CJ Y 5/ 7 D0* $ere teL. read "a "1+5'3* $'le M. T. a " .1Smm7s.7#3. Cf. Apo!. )2(;* )>();. c5'* Pr'm.pascet* ul5. re0et*7$'ll do te part of te +58* 8 $eter '% te $a of feed'%5 161* Do. 2)(); ff.3

or of rul'%5 1pa"tor"l'ter re5e"* J a" H'lar o% P". 2(> $ell epre""e" 't3. Here te

"e!o%d po'%t '" empa"'=ed # 1'%"trume%tal3 v6> >C. Te rod of 'ro%J 1# 3 '" te "eperd8" oa:e% !lu#* de4eloped o% te o%e a%d '%to te"!eptre 1Ge%. />()93* a%d o% te oter '%to te form'da#le $eapo%J 1Ce%e*%sal"s* p.

& !f. Ha"t'%5"*D.*./. p. 2>)3& '% te latter !a"e 't $ould #e !apped $'t 'ro%* a%d

!apa#le of '%fl'!t'%5 "e4ere pu%'"me%t. Su! '" 't" !ara!ter '% te P"alm* l.c.& te

Hastings, $. Hastings, Dictionary of the Bible(Edinburgh, 1898%19&').


22/22

Ge%t'le %at'o%" are to #e "attered l':e potter # te ?'4'%e Seperd of I"rael. 9/* 2(/9 f. H'"tor'!all te prom'"e fulf'l" 't"elf '% te Cur!8"

'%flue%!e upo% te $orld& %o oter 4olu%tar So!'et !a% #e !ompared $'t er a" a

fa!tor '% te "ap'%5 of %at'o%al !ara!ter a%d l'fe( a%d te '%d'4'dual d'"!'ple* '%

proport'o% a" e '" loal* #ear" '" "are '% te "u#u5at'o% of te $orld to Cr'"t& !f.

Rom. );()+ o; >T 5 Q O+: #-. ut te deeper

fulf'lme%t of t'" prom'"e a" of te re"t of te "er'e" a$a't" te Parou"'a& !f. L!. )>();

ff. +#' D; 61 : 6 4 H+ /# D >07 ... 4 H+ ... # B7 A/ +/ > +^ +1/. Te %e$order mu"t #e pre!eded # te #rea:'%5 up of te old 1763* #ut te purpo"e of

te Potter '" to re!o%"tru!t& out of te fra5me%t" of te old l'fe tere $'ll r'"e u%der te

Ha%d of Cr'"t a%d of te Cur! %e$ a%d #etter tpe" of "o!'al a%d %at'o%al

or5a%'=at'o%.

28.4 >3/ D ; ; +/m1] Te !o%6ueror '" %ot o%l to "are

Cr'"t8" a!t'4't'e"& e '" to po""e"" Cr'"t. Te a%!'e%t epo"'tor" offer a !o'!e of

'%terpretat'o%"& te mor%'%5 "tar '" te f'r"t re"urre!t'o%J 1'!tor'%%"3* or 't '" te falle%

Lu!'fer put u%der te feet of te "a'%t" 1A%drea"* !'t'%5 I"a. )/()2 +- B+

D @ E/1* a%d add'%5 \ >3 O+; +1> - +- +83&or 't '" Cr'"t H'm"elf 1eatu"( 'd e"t* ?om'%um De"um Cr'"tum 6uem %um6uam

"u"!ep't 4e"per* "ed lu "emp'ter%a e"t* et 'p"! "uper '% lu!e e"tJ& a%d ede( Cr'"tu"

e"t "tella matut'%a 6u' %o!te "ae!ul' tra%"a!ta lu!em 4'tae "a%!t'" prom'tt't et pa%det

aeter%amJ3. Te la"t epla%at'o% '" "urel r'5t* o% te e4'de%!e of te Apo!alp"e

't"elf& "ee 22() 3 Q5 ... @ : @ 5+; @ +/m1. If te Cur!e" are 7a%d te'r a%5el" * te Head of te Cur! ma f'tl #e te : @ +/m1* te

#r'5te"t of "tar"* $o"e ad4e%t u"er" '% te da& !f. 2 Pet. )()> h/ 25>7% 4 /1 % ' > O5-. Tu" te prom'"e po'%t" to

te Parou"'a* a%d et doe" %ot e!lude te foreta"te" $'! are 5'4e% to te fa'tful '%te 5ro$'%5 'llum'%at'o% of te m'%d a%d te o!!a"'o%al fla"'%5" upo% 't of te et

d'"ta%t l'5t of te perfe!t daJ 1Pro4. /()+3.

Documents

The Apocalypse of St. John-Swete-2