The anti-corn-law almanack .... for 1841

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(ft

THE

ANTI-CORN-LAW

CL.ING 1HF, TIKST HIEK BISSC JT1LE, OR 1EAF YE IRj THE Firrn or the reign of

HEX MOST GRACIOUS MAJLST1-" QUEEN VICTORIA, AM) THE

TWENTY-SIXTH YEAR OF THE BREAD TAX.

Price Fourpence.

JOHN GADSBY, MANCHESTER. S. CRC OAIERIDGF, PANYER-ALLEY, LONDON.

May le k', I of any Bookseller in the tx^.igJon-.



Works published by J. GADBBY, Manchester. Agent far London, R. GROOMBRIDGE, Pamjei-Alley. May be had of any Bookseller.

THE HEIR OF HEAVEN WALKING IN DARKNESS, AND THE HEIR OF HELL WALKING IN LIGHT. Being the Sub¬ stance of a Sennon from Isaiah L. 0, II, preached at North Street Chapel, Stamford, Oct. 23, '836. 13y J. C. Philpot, late Fellow of Worcester Col¬ lege, Oxford. Sixth Edition Price 6d. *' We v.isb eêry professor ;n tbe kiuL'iloui h.id one of these sermons in his hand and would read it v. ith care and rduitt'nr ; miJ we can truly say we w ish it God-speed in the name of the Lord " — Gtr.p'1 Stan 'art, ,>Iay, lbV.7.

A DIALOGUE BETWEEN A BARBER'S BLOCK AND A ME-' TH001ST MINISTER, wherein the Question is asked, " What is it that saves a soul?" and the Impossibility shown of any Arminian or Mongrel Cal-> vinist answering t'ic same. Fourth Thousand. Price 3d.

AN ANSWER to tne Important Question, " What is it that saves a Soul?" By J. C. Philpot. Fourth Thousand. Price 3d. " We cannot speak too higolv of the work before us There is an energy and binning flame

in the language, so as to su/e the mind as it were by violence and compel it to acknow¬ ledge the venu of what is aUun"ed "—G ts^d N'i'j. August, 18.37.

AN EVERLASTING TASK FOR AR.UI>,'i\NS. Bv W. G.-nWiv. (ith Ed. 4d. A CONCISK ACCOUNT OF THE EXPERIENCE OF JAMES WELLS, Mmisterol the Gospel, Surrej Tahern.tcle lioto't^h llou.l, London. Price til. " We read it with interest and pleasure."—Oo^pcl Standard, Sep. 1810. THE MORAL GOVERNMENT OF GOD; wherein it is shown that

the General Exhortations of the Bible are not Founded in the Principle of Man being in a Salvable State, but in the Principle of Moral and Individual Responsibility. By James Wells. Price Is.

A GLORIOUS DISPLAY OF DIVINE SOVEREIGNTY, in the Triumphant Departure of Western Eve, whose Death was occasioned by the Bite ef a Mad Dog. Price Id.

THE COALHEAVER'S COUSIN RESCUED FROM THE BATS, and a Reviving Cordial lor a Sin-Desparing Soul. Being an Account of the Experience, vrith some remarkable Incidents and Providential Deliverances of Junes Barry, Son of a Bishop, and Nephew of the Lord Chief Justice of Ireland, in 1700. With Preface, Notes, etc., by W. Hunliuglon. Price 8tl.

REMARKS ON THE CAUSES OF STARVATION. In Two Dialogues, containing a Few Hints to the Poor and the Extravagant, and the Author's Views of the Corn Laws. By W. Gadsby. Price 2d.

THE GLORY OF GOD'S GRACE; being the Substance of Four Sermons from Ephesians i. 6, preached in the Baptist Chapel, St. George's- Road, Manchester, December 2, 16, and 23, 1839 ; the leading branches of •which were delivered in One Sermon at Coventry, October 3, 1838.' By W. Gadsby. Third Thousand. Price 6d. " They contain the sum and substance of the believer's hope in time, and will be his ever-

lft-stinti theme in the realm of bliss. Here is no mixture of legal righ'eousness, but the pure gold of Oplnr, which will stand the most critical examination as sterling coiu."— gospel May June, 1830.

A LOOKING GLASS, to show the Secrets of TRUE RELIGION. By Daniel Matthews, Rowley Regis. Price 3d. " The second dialogue is but short, but it is exceedinglv sweet; and if our readers feel under

it what He did, they will never begrudge their threepence."—Gospel Standard, Nov., 1838. A SERMON, on the HOLY ANOINTING, from 1 John ii. 27. By

John Kay, a Seeeder from the Establishment. Price 3d. " u is deep, weighty, and searching, and is cle»r and decisive 011 the nature and effects of cue anointing"—Gospel Standard, Nov 1K*8.

THE DKBASRD SINNER EXALTED BY CHRIST. By a Young Man. 4d. ^. SERMON BY MR. TIPTAFT, preached in the Great Parish

Church of Abingdon, on Christmas Day, 1829, at the Appointment of the Masters and Governors of Christ's Hospital; being the last Sermon Mr. T. ever road in the Establ shmctit. Fourth Edition. Price 2d,



THE

ANTI-CORN-LAW

0 FOE. THE YEAR OF OUR LORD

1841, BEING THE FIRST AFTER BISSEXTILE, OR LEAP YEAR; THE FIFTH

OF THE REIGN OF HER MOST GRACIOUS MAJESTY QUEEN VICTORIA;

AND THE TWENTY-SIXTH YEAR OF THE BREAD TAX;

CONTAINING THE RISING AND SETTING OF THE SUN;

TMH »§>®[i«»S ©Kl&MiaESp S®y[]K]@j, MO® £\<§H§

0<Bsges, Entewat, Site, ana otTj« balttaSU ©a&ta; STAMPS AND ASSESSED TAXES;

ISCMDPSBSg TOMMS AWB METWSMB $ STOCKS5 DUTIES ON CORN; IMPORTS AND EXPORTS;

WAGES IN WARSAW; LAW OF LANDLORD AND TENANT, AND MASTER AND SERVANT;

Members of the House of Commons who Voted for and against the Bread Tax;

HARDENERS' AND AGRICULTURISTS' CALENDAR; WEATHER TABLE! LAWCRAFT AND LANDCRAFT;

AKD A GREAT AMOUNT OF VALUABLE STATISTICAL INFORMATION.

MANCHESTER: J. GADSBY, NEWALL'S-BUILDINGS, MARKET-STREET.

LONDON: R. GROOMBRIDGE, PANYER-ALLEY, PATERNOSTER-ROW.

Price Fourpeace.

XI



Rtt WIE¬

THE ANTI CORN-LAW CIRCDLAE Is Published every alternate Thursday.

Persons sending 2s. to J. Gadsby, Manchester, the Publisher, may have 12 successive numbers forwarded by post, free, to any part of the kingdom. 7

MANCHESTER: PRINTED FOR THE NATIONAL ANTI CORN-LAW LEAGUE, BY

J. GADSBY, NEWALL'S-BUILDINGS, MARKET-STREET.



PREFACE.

Courteous Reader, "The heavens declare the glory of God, and the

firmament sheweth forth his handy-work," yet hath not the Creator revealed the mighty wonders of those unknown worlds; and, there¬ fore, it is vain to pretend, as do some, to foretell, hy the movements of the heavenly bodies, what mundane events may come to pass. It sufficeth thee to know that God is holy, just, and wise; that the earth is filled with his goodness. Thou canst not, hy searching, find out the mysteries of creation Commune, then, with thy fellow-men. What seest thou? Poverty in the midst of riches; starvation in the midst of plenty. Are not these mysteries worth searching out What mean, then, these anomalies? Are they the result of natural causes? Are they consistent with the designs of Providence? Search and see. What heholdest thou? The earth teeming with riches; the east, the west, the north, and south, each yielding in abundance their peculiar productions. For what purpose? For the benefit of the few? God hath declared they are for the use of man. For the use of some particular class of men? No. " God is no respecter of per¬ sons;" all are equal in his sight; he hath provided for all ; his sun shineth upon the rich and the poor, the just and the unjust. If, then, the great Father of mankind hath provided for all his children, why do not all partake of the ahnndance? Because wicked rulers, in de¬ fiance of God and their fellow-men, have passed blasphemous laws which declare that the millions shall not enjoy the fruits of the earth unless they be grown by the few.

Behold the wisdom and goodness of God! He hath bountifully provided for the wants of all his creatures by giving to every country- diversities of soil, climate, and capacities. He designed that by the exchange of the productions of each with the other, peace and good¬ will might be promoted between them; that all might taste of his goodness, and all might learn that they are children of the same great family.

Wicked rulers, for their own selfish gains, have passed laws to prohibit mutual interchange, and impiously taught nations whom God hath made of one blood, to hate and destroy each other.

Courteous Reader, ponder what thou hast read, and further Read, mark, and learn that which follows. 1821 Population of the United Kingdom 21.193,458 1831 „ „ „ 24.321,934 1841 At the same rate of increase as the above, viz.,

15 per cent, in ten years, the population will be 27,971,084 Our population increases nearly half a million every year. There

are a thousand persons more in this kingdom to-day than there were yesterday; there will be a thousand more to-morrow than there are



IV- PREFACE.

to-day; and every day there are an additional thousand mouths to be fed. But the land of England does not increase one inch in size in a hundred years. Yet the landowners say you must not eat any corn except it be grown upon their land!

Truly it is a fearful thing that any man, or set of men, should be allowed to stand between us and God's mercies, saying to us and to God, "Hitherto shall ye go, and no further; and here shall ye be stayed for our unjust gain."

Art thou a man? Aid thy fellow-man to obtain justice; and unite thy voice with his to obtain the repeal of the infamous bread tax. Art thou a Christian? As thou hopest for mercy of Him who taught us to pray for " daily bread," seeing thy fellow Christian starving in the midst of plenty, cease not day or night to strive for the fulfil¬ ment of the benign intentions of Providence, who hath provided suffi¬ cient to satisfy the wants of every living thing. Art thou a parent? Canst thou bear to think of thy little ones^crying for bread?—Then let thy voice be heard aloud, "Down with the bread tax!" and teach thy children first, after the endearing names of father, mother, to lisp, "No BREAD TAX!"



1841. ] JANUARY. [31 Days.

Full Moon 7th day, 2h. 58m afternoOD. O Days. Last Quarter. 14th day, 12h. 31m. noon. Sun Sun Moon <

New Moon 22nd day, 5h. fim afternoon. rises South y Fust Quaiter 30th day, lib.. 0m morning. s"

h. m i. m. a. m d 1 F Cncumcision. 8 9 3 59 6a26 8 2 S Edmund Burke born, 1730. 8 9 4 0 7 17 9 3 s Ciceio born, 107 B. C. 8 8 4 1 8 12 10 4 M R. Ascham died, 1568. 8 8 4 2 9 13 11 5 Tu Day increased 12 m. 8 8 4 3 10 20 12 6 W Epiphany.—Old Christmas Day. 8 8 4 5 11 27 13 7 Th 8 7 4 6 0m32 14 8 F Lucian. 8 7 4 7 1 33 15 9 S Twilight hegins 6h. lm. 8 6 4 9 2 28 16

10 S 1st Sunday after Epiphany. 8 6 4 10 3 18 17 11 M Hilary Term hegins. Pough Monday. 8 5 4 11 4 5 18 12 Tu Earl of Clarendon horn, 1800. [4000 att. 8 5 4 13 4 50 19 13 W Great A. C. L. Banquet at Manchr., 1840. 8 4 4 14 5 34 20 14 Th Operatives' ditto, 5000 attended. [StHil 8 3 4 16 6 20 21 15 F 14 Oxford Lent Term begins. 8 2 4 17 7 6 22 16 S 8 1 4 19 7 54 23 17 S 2nd Sunday after Epiphany. 8 0 4 21 8 44 24 18 M Pnsca. Old Twelith Day. 7 59 4 22 9 35 25 19 Tu Hon. C. P. Yilliers born, 1802. 7 58 4 24 10 26 26 20 W 7 57 4 26 11 16 27 21 Th Agnes 7 56 4 27 — 28 22 F Sun eclipsed, invisible. 7 55 4 29 0a 4 29 23 S 7 54 4 31 0 49 0 24 S 3rd Sunday after Epiphany. 7 53 4 32 1 33 1 25 M Conversion of St. Paul. 7 52 4 34 2 15 2 26 Tu 7 50 4 36 2 57 3 27 W Duke of Sussex born, 1773. 7 49 4 38 3 39 4 28 Th 7 48 4 39 4 23 5 29 F George III. died, 1820. 7 46 4 41 5 10 6 30 S 7 45|4 43 6 2 7 31 S 4th Sunday after Epiphany. 7 43|4 45 6 59 8

Agi icultuTist s Calendar—In fiesh weathei the plough may be set in motion Turn over stubble lands intended foi gieen ciops 01 summei iallows liost will correct wet ploughing, but this operation should seldom be peifoimed unless the soil is moderately dry Duung frost apply comports, manuit* maybe taken to distant fields, and deposited in laige heaps 01 scattered on the suilace Thiash gram, so as to afford ample supplies of stiaw foi htteimg courts This and the following month constitute the chief season for comerting straw into manure. Devote attention to live stock, by affording shelter and supplying food at regular hours. Keep fatting cattle dry, andgne themstoied roots dunng fiost Cows require succulent loots, 01 tood piepared by steam or hot water, to Meld milk copiously Shelter new dropt lambs, and gn e their dams roots, hay, and bruised gram, or linseed cake Ewes will not produce fat lambs at this season without nutritious food.

Gardener's Calendm —When the frost is not se\ere, trench, manure, and turn up in ridges all vacant ground, and piepaie hot-beds In open and dry weather, sow in mild exposuies, lor a succession, a few eaily-frame peas, common beans, short-topped radishes, lettuces, canots, onions, spinach, and called parsley, pio- tecting them from the irost by mats or straw, and, in hot-beds, sow cauliflowers, melons, cucumbeis, small salading, euily cabbages, and kidney-beans. Plant, prune, and train standard and wall fruit trees, gooseberiy, rabpberry, and currant bushes Edge beds, form new flower gaidens, and sheltei from host tender evergieens, tulips, lanunculuses, &c Pot choice dahlias, placing them in a sto\e or hot-bed Air and keep dry carnations and stage auriculas. Plant snow drops, ciotuses, gladioluses, irises, &c.

a2



1841.] FEBRUARY. [28 Days.

Days Full Moon 6th day, 2h 5m morning LastQuaiter 13th day, 6h 38m morning New Moon 21st day, llh 20m morning FnstQuaitei 28th day, 8h 3m night

Sun uses Sun sets Moon

South

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

M Tu W Th r s s M Tu W Th F S s M Tit W Th F S S M Tu W Th F S S

Hilaiy Term ends. Purification Candlemas Blaise.

Agatha. [6 King Chailes II. died, 1685 Total eclipst of the moon, visible Septuagesiraa Sunday Fiancis Home) died at Pisa, 1817 Bemouilli died Queen Victoria Marned, 1840 Embei week Lady Jane Giey beheaded, 1555 Length of day 9h 46m Valentine Sexagesima Sunday Old Candlemas day. P Melancthon Michael Angelo died, 1564 Luther died, 1545.

Gamck born, 1716 Qumquagesima Shiove Sunday Sun

Banv died, 1806 [eclipsed, mvis Shiove Tuesday Ash Wednesday St Matthias 24 Duke of Cambridge boin, 1771

Dr Aibuthnot died, 1735 Quadiages 1 st Sunday in Lent

1 59

6 57 6 55

53 6 51

47 48 50 52 54 56 57 59 1 3 5 7 9

10 12 14 16 18 20 21 23 25 27 29 30 32 34 36

h 8a0 9 5

10 10 11 12 OmlO 1 3

6 38 7 2C 8 20 9 10 9 59

10 45 11 30

0 13 0 55

d 9

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 0 1 2 3 4 5

Agi icultuj ist s Calendai —Frost being a powerful agent in obtaining mould for covering seeds, plough grass, and othei lands intended to pi oducc a ciop Whether turnip be folded 01 earned fiom the field, plough the land as the uop is removed, and wheat-sowing may follow Beans and oats may be sown but it is onl\ rich dry soils which < an he seeded so early vv ith prospect of success In mild weather thorn hedges mav be dressed and new ones planted Lav up stoies of seed coin, put implements i ito working trim, and execute many little jobs, that no interrup¬ tion maybe e\penenced m sowing time—Animals about to bung foith ment particular attention, tbe supply of milk and stiength of offspimg being affected by the dam s treatment pi evious to buth Keep calves warm, clean, anddi\ give hay and sliced loots in addition to liquid food to such as are rearing Gaidcnei s Calcndai —Make leady all the ground intended for earh crops, and, when the weather is favourable continue to sow everv loitmght peas beans, onions, spinach, sa\oys, lettuces celery cauliflowers, canots parsnips and ra dishes, as duected in the caltndai for the preceding month Cuttailv kidney potatoes for seed, and put them mto the stove or hot-bed in oidei to start them ioi planting out Clean shrubbenes roll walks and lawns, and plant outeveigieens andshmbs of all kinds paiticulaily loses Put cuttings into nch light soil in well shelteied bordeis and plant stocks of the common wild lose foi standaids on which to bud the Chinese an I othei fine vaneties Protect all tendei plants fiom the effects of fiost, and an gieen house and stage auriculas and polyanthus frames Top diesi all fine auriculas and polyanthuses in pots 01 boxes Stnke dahlias fiom roots in hot-beds anl sou balsams cocl scombs, tncolouis, amaianths, sen sitive and ice plants as well a« othei tender annuals Plant carnation layei s, 1 a nunculuses, anemones, and bulbous roots, and div ide the i oots of bei baceous plants



1841. ] MARCH. [3 Days. Full Moon 7th day, Ih 37m afttmoon «>

Days Last Qua] ter 15th day, 2h. 19m morning New Moon 23id day, 2h 3Gm moiumg FnstQuaiter 30th day, 2h 58m moruiug • Sun uses

Sun sets Moon

South 3 h m h m h m d

1 M St. David. 6 49 5 37 6a53 8 2Tu St Chad 6 47 5 39 7 56 9 3,W Otway bom, 1651. 6 45 5 41 8 57 10 4Th Ember week. 6 42 5 43 9 55 11 5JF Fust appeaiance of Northern Lights 6 40 5 45 10 49 12 6S Corn Law Riots, m L,ondon, 1815. Mi. 6 38'5 46 11 40 13 7 s Robinson, the mover of the Corn Law, 6 365 48 0m28 14 8 M attacked. 6 33 5 50 I 15 15 9 Tu 7 Loid Castleieagh's house attacked by a 6 31 5 51 2 2 16

10 W C. L. mob, ti\o lives lost, 18l5. 6 29 5 53 2 50 17 11 Th 8 Fuithei C. L. nots, in London, 1815 6 27 5 55 3 39 18 12 F 9 Moie C. L. uots, 1815. 6 2.5 5 57 4 29 19 13 S 10 The C. L of 1815 (called the Baj onet 6 22 5 58 5 21 20 14 S Law) passed] the House ot Commons, 6 20 6 0 6 12 21 15 M suiiounded by soldiers. 6 18 6 2 7 3 22 16 Tu 11 H. Com scornfully rejected the prayei 6 16 6 3 7 52 23 17 W ot 500,000 petitioners to be heard by 6 13 6 5 8 39 24 18 Th then deputies at its bar,1839. [17 St Pa. 6 11 6 7 9 24 25 19 F 14 E. Fitzv\ni.'s motn. neg. 224 to 20,1838 6 9 6 910 8 26 20 S 15 Mr. Villieis' motion for a Com. on the 6 6 6 10 10 51 27 21 s C. L. negatived by 300 to 95,1838. 6 4 6 12 11 34 28 22 M 15 Colonel Thompson bom, 1783. 6 2 6 14 29 23 Tu 16 Mi Clay's motion for a Com on the 6 0 6 15 0al8 0 24 W C L. negatived by 223 to 89, 1837 5 57 6 17 1 5 1 25 Th 17 Ebenzi. Elliott, C. L. Rhymei, b, 178] 5 55 6 19 1 54 2 26 F 25 Lady Day. Annunciation. 5 53 6 20 2 48 3 27 S James I. died, 1625. 5 50 6 22 3 46 4 28 s 5th Sunday in Lent. 5 48 6 24 4 47 5 29 M Tnihgbt begins 3h. 46m. 5 46 6 25 5 49 6 30 Tu Sicilian Yespeis, 1282. 5 44 6 27 6 50 7 31 W Mi. Chas. Giant moved C. L. resoln 1828 5 41 6 29 7 47 8

Aq) icultut isl s Calendai —Continue preparations for seedtime Finish wheat- sowing about the middle of the month Sow beans, oats, and barley as soon as the weathei and soil admit, leseivmg cold wet lands till the season advances The seeds of clover andrvegrass will succeed amongst autumnal sown wheats, without hanovvinir 01 rolling the surlace Particular fields intended foi bailev or potatoes may receive a second ploughing Piepare composts and manuies for turnip This is the best time foi planting hedges —In altering the diet ol tatting animals, alwajs let the change bt to one moie nutiitious Part of the fatting cattle may be allowed bruised grain or linseed cake, which will quicklv fit them for the shambles If scarcity oi turnip lenders anchei substitute necessaiy for advanced cattle intended foi glass, give a small allowance, and plenty ol straw Ewes will lamb freely on aiahle faims, and seldom lequire any kind of food but giass and turnip

Gardenei "s Calendar —1 he principal crops of v egetables should be put into the giound this month Sow asparagus, celerv, taulifiower, Biussels spiouts beets, brocoli, spinach, onions, Dutch turnips canots peas, beans, savovs parsnips., and turnip looted radishes Plant red cabbage, sea kah kidney beans, and cauh flowers, fiom fi imes and sow cucumbers and melons in hot beds 1 inish pruning dress boidcrs and stiawbeir; beds Ihisis the best time to giaft fiuit trees and the China, perpetual, moss, and losette loses, on the common biier or blush China rose, and to propagate them by layeis Pot dahlias that have pushed, and also outtings irom the oflsets, placing them in a model ate heat Piotect teudci plant* and blossoms, and sow polyanthus, auricula, and almost every kind of perennial biennial, and annual seeds



1841, ] APRIL. • [30 Days.

Full Moon fith day, lh 3lm morning bo Days Last Quartei 13th dav, lOh lin night New Moon 21st day, 2h 31ra afternoon Sun Sun sets

Moon South First Quai It r 28th day, 8h 57m morning «3

h m h m h m X 1 Th Twilight ends 8b. 32m. 5 39 6 30 8a41 9 2 F Cambudge Lent Term ends. 5 37 6 32 9 31 10 3 S Oxfoid Lent Term ends. 5 34 6 34 10 19 11 4S Palm Sunday. 5 32 6 35 11 6 12 5 M 5 30 6 37 11 52 13 6 Tu Old Lady Day. 5 28 6 38 0m40 14 7 W 5 26 6 40 1 28 15 8 Th King John died, 1364 Maunday Thurs. 5 23 6 42 2 19 16 9 F Good Friday. 5 21 6 43 3 10 17

10 S William Chiseldon died 5 19 6 45 4 3 18 11 S Eastei Sunday 5 17 6 47 4 54 19 12 M Dr. Young died. Easter Monday 5 14 6 49 5 44 20 13 Tu Eastei Tuesday. 5 12 6 50 6 32 21 14 W Handel died, 1759. 5 10 6 52 7 18 22 15 Th Easter Term begins. 5 8 6 54 8 1 23 16 F A. C. L. Cucular, No. 1. published, 1839 5 6 6 55 8 44 24 17 S Benjamin Franklin died, 1790. 5 4 6 57 9 27 25 18 S Low Sunday. 5 1 6 58 10 10 26 19 M St. Alphgge. 4 59 7 0 10 56 27 20 Tu 4 57 7 2 11 45 28 21 W Oxford and Cambge Eastei Term begins 4 55 7 3 — 29 22 Th 4 53 7 5 0a39 0 23 F St. George. 4 51 7 7 1 37 1 24 S Ciomwell born, 1559. 4 49 7 8 2 39 2 25 s Debate in House of Commons on C. L. 4 47 7 10 3 42 3 26 M resolution, 1828. St. Mark. 4 45 7 12 4 44 4 27 Tu Marquis of Chandos' motion for relief to 4 43 7 13 5 43 5 28 W Agriculturists neg. by 208 to 172,1836 4 41 7 15 6 37 fi 29 Th 27 David Hume born, 1711. 4 39 7 17 7 28 7 30 F 4 37 7 18 8 16 8

Agi iculturist s Calendar —This is the most important seed month, and no fa¬ vourable opportunity should be lost to sow giain ciops Hairow and roll clover and lyegrass sown amongst wheat, to msme the seed germinating Store the residue of the turnip crop, to pieseive the bulbs and pievent the exhaustion of soil Drain lands intended foi green ciop where pieviously neglected Potatoes may be planted in favouiable situations Imish planting thorn hedges —On store farms this is the chief lambing season, and thesbephnds utmost attention is necessary Cease folding tuinip, andeithei feed sheep on stoied loots, or lestnct them to grass Fatting lamb hogs lequue good pastuie, being unable to eat turnip freely, fiom shedding teeth When theie is a scaicitv of keep at the homestead, lean cattle maybe allowed to roam ovei permanent pastuies Seedling grasses will seldom admit of being d(pastuied with cattle

Gardeners Calendar—Sow whatever was omitted list month, and plant out such of the pot heibs as aie leady for that purpose Continue to sow and plant out rhubarb, aitichokes, asparagus, nasturtiums, sea kale, Dutch tuimps, Geiman gieens, and small saladmg Earth up peas, tie up lettuces, and in veiy div wea¬ ther water seedling beds Tinish the grafting of liuit tiees, and train and clean walks and edgings Sow annuals, biennials, and peienmals Plant eveigieens, and propagate by cuttings jasmine, lavender, sage, rosemary rue, &c and all the woody kitchen shrubs Sow dahlias, carnations, pinks, hollyhocks, Cape, Biomp ton, and German stocks, China asters, and all kinds of hardy annuals Destroy the greenfly on roses, and pieseive the bloom of stage aunculas irom sun and rain Top dress all flowers in pots bv removing withei ed leav es, and put m fresh eartn Hoe and i ake gravel walks, cut box edgings, and mow grass plots



1841. ] MAY. [3] ,;Days. Full Moon 5th day, 2h 5m afternoon o

Days. Last Quaiter Idth day, 4h 21m afternoon New Moon 20th day, llh 43m night lirstQuaiter 27th day, 3h 10m afternoon

Sun rises

Sun sets.

Moon South a

h m h m h m d 1 S St. Philip and St. James. 4 35 7 20 9a 1 9 2 S 3rd Sunday after Easter. 4 33 7 22 9 47 10 3 M Invention of the Cioss. 4 31 7 23 10 33 11 4 Tu Earl Fitzwilliam bom, 1786. 4 29 7 25 11 21 12 5 W Shakspeaie born, 1564. 4 28 7 26 OmlO 13 6 Th St. John the Evangelist. 4 26 7 28 1 1 14 7 F 4 24 7 30 1 54 15 8 S Bp. Poiteus bom, 1731. Easter T. ends. 4 23 7 31 2 46 16 9 S Com Gunchng Bill lost by 220 to 70,1838 4 21 7 33 3 37 17

10 M Fredenck Schiller died, 1805. 4 19 7 34 4 25 18 11 Tu Eail of Radnor born, 1779. 4 17 7 3b 5 11 19 12 W 11 E. Chatham died, 1778. 4 16 7 37 5 55 20 13 Th T. Rowe died, 1715. Old May day. 4 14 7 39 6 38 21 14 F Anne Boleyn b., 1504. 4 13 7 40 7 20 22 15 S 4 11 7 42 8 2 23 16 s Rogation Sunday. 4 10 7 43 8 46 24 17 M Duke of Marlborough died, 1720. 4 8 7 45 9 33 23 18 Tu 4 7 7 46 10 25 26 19 W Dun Stan. 4 5 7 48 11 21 27 20 Th Ascension Day. Holy Thursday. 4 4 7 49 — 28 21 F 4 3 7 51 0a23 0 22 S Pope born, 1688. Trinity Term begins. 4 1 7 52 1 28 1 23 s Com Importation Bill passed H. C 1828 4 n 7 53 2 33 2 24 M Queen Victoria bom, 1819 3 59 7 55 3 35 3 25 Tu All day, or twilight [26 Augustine. 3 58 7 56 4 32 4 26 W Mi. Villiers' motion for a Com. of Inquiry 3 57 7 57 5 25 5 27 Th into the C. L. lost by 300 to 179,1840. 3 56 7 59 6 14 6 28 F Signatuies to petitions, 1,500,000 3 55 8 0 7 0 7 29 S Restoration of Chailes II. 1660. 3 54 8 1 7 45 8 30 s Penticost. Whit Sunday. 3 53 8 2 8 30 9 31 M Whit Monday 3 52 8 3 9 17 10

Agriculturists Calendar —Concludethe sowing of grain crops, and, with the advance of the season, use early vaneties Trom necessity, barley and peas may be sown up to the end of the month but eaily sown spring crops are generally the most valuable Be diligent in piepanng soils for potatoes and turnips, and, by judiciously using hauovv and lollei, endeavoui to letain moisture, and pioduce a fine tilth Finish potatoe planting Give a second ploughing to summei fallow, and nev er allow vegetation to make pi ogress at this season on its surface —Fatting oattle may be continued on w ell kept Swedish tui nip and potatoes When there is a sufficiency oi gi ass, and the soil becomes diy, slock pastuies with all descrip¬ tions of cattle In cold and wet evenings, shelter milch cows and fat cattle m courts Wean early calves, and turn late onis out to pastuie

Ga?dene) s Calendar—Sow capsicums, cauliflowers, cai rots, lettuces, spinach. Knights marrowfat peas, cucumbeis, red beet for pickling and a full crop of kidney and Fiench beans Tiansplant cabbages, winter gieens lettuces, cauli¬ flowers, andceleiy Hoe and stake peas, vvatei newly-planted crops, and propa gate aromatic plants hy slips or cuttings Plant out dahlias if there be no appear ance of fiost, andpiotect fiom wind and lain choice tulips, lanunculuses, and anemones Piopagate herbaceous plants by dividing the roots wallflowers, sweetwilhams, lychnis, audiockets, bv slips, and China roses, calceolanas, mi muluses, &c by cuttings Put out into the open border calceolanas, pelaigoni- ums, fuchsias, salvias, the verbena melindi is, with other green-house plants Sow biennials and perennials, if iormeily omitted,



1841.] JUNE. [30 Days.

Days.

-1 Tu 2 W 3 Th 4 F 5 S 6 7

s M

-8 Tu 9 W

10 Th 11 F 12 S 13 14

S M

-lOjTu I6W 17 Th 13 F 19S 20 iS SIM 22 Tu 23|W 24Th 25F 26S »B 28M 29iTu su W

Full Moon 4th day, 3h. *'2la. morning. Last Quarter. Ylth. day* ?ti. S?co. morning New Moon 19tU day, Th, 15m. morning First Quarter. SSth day, Mill. 3Tm. uight. Sun rii.es.

Sun sets.

Mr. Cayley's motion tor relief to Agricultu¬ rists negatived toy 216 to 126, 1828. 1 Nicomede.

Adam Smith K, 1723. Ox. T. T. begins. 5 King of Hanover borai, 1771. Boniface.

[Trinity Sunday. C. Hnvgens died, 1625. Dr. A." fees died, 1825. Corpus Christi. Eoxl FitoriJMaui's motion lost in H. of L.

by 142 to 42, 1810. St Barnabas. 12 Trinity Term ends. 13 2nd Reading of Cftrn Bill in House o'

Lords, majority for, 67, 1828. 13 R. L. EdgewQrth. died, 1817. St. Alban.

Magna Charta signed, 1215. 2nd Sunday after Trinity. Yictoria Access. Proclamation of Q. Yictoria. Longest day. Motioni^for admitting foreign Hour into) Ireland lost on a div. of 90 to 79,1840. [Julm the Baptist born. Midsummer Da>., 3rd Reading of C. Bill, carried in H. of L.1 3rd Sunday after Trinity. [1828 '' (Queen Yictoria crowned, 133S. St. Peter.

m h. 518 508 498 IS 8 488 478 47,8 468 468 468 4ols 45)8 45|S 44'8 44|b 448 448 448 448 448 448 448 458 458 458 468 468 468 478 488

Moon South. h. 10a 5 10 55 11 47 Om39 1 30 2 20 3

d. 11 12 13 14 15 16

7 17

8 9

10J 11 3 51 12 4 31 13 5 15 13 5 5621 14l 6 38 15 7 23 !5 8 11 16 9 4 1610 3 17|ll 17 17 181

IS 19 20

22 23 24 25 26 27

-2? 0al3 1 19

18) 2 20 18| 3 17

4 9 18] 4 57 191 5 43 19] 6 29]

7 8

19] 19. 18 8 52 18 9 43

J^ricmMmrufs ®&m&mr.—Tfais is tbe montli for sowing turnips Put Swedes int tu * .-miLfe a«Fiween fWa Hmj End 1 Onto June. All other v aneties may be sown ir - w®Mb~ jOiraBled cnofffi require attention. Weeds are most easily 4 /mrngi anal as a. geoeral rule, use band and horse hoes as soon aa EL J t&* cwmpJ!*^ Bsaamli up early-planted potatoes. Haymaking cc "^ grasses oefore the plants seed, remove the c~ 3<m afterwards carry it to the fetaclc —Cattle m & a ârtuj^ j3 seldom followed, and has little StoMp-sheating; hecomes general. £ satiiiBals; and every progression or

"jaantJty imd quality of wool to rt^codsoi. Fleeces aire jir falling off am mu

Gardeners Cal&sd/i ^ u.eflEêtatjlesdirededla@t month, and plant out toroEoli, ceelte Kuipht s marrow -fat pea§, caaliflower3 in shady Iwotars^ lefks, littotv^ as&mmtiiwi® f#» pickling, and Jsidney-beana. Watering is requisite in oVf wmthev fog&h evenmg sural! rooranog; and also the hoeung of potatoes, ealbfo±£*"j, an I pm*. Thb®4Mt ©nioBSfletfe, carrots, parsnips, and early tiara ip s Gaai^r im& px&mtvsi M&nhzu4vexli@. Kluaile and air raehm. plants, and stnV l w /? &mfe8e waBikiwew*, wclttts, M.nr]«st lychnis, and stocks Xrampla if d.'mi^., Memsial*, sm4 perenBieite, apt! seedling pinks into a. hed. Xiftallliyffliajntlus, tmltjw, anal oSlisribAallte ttfcjs nave cease*! flowering; cut oif the foliage an iiteli above tSue gtetra, and tejtoire pwtem§ hy lay them m Aaurl a fortnight. Be-pot auriculas, polyajjtlsu&es, &s, Mow and roll grass walki an4 plots once a fortnfgM dozing tliis and ilae stljej"flt2BBBaeT £affntli)i.



1841. ] JULY. [31 Days. Full Moon 3rd day, Oh, 28m. evening. a

Dajs. Last Quarter. 11th day, 8h. 30m. evening. New Moon 18th day, 2h. 12m. afternoon. B'irst Quarter 25th day, 8h. 20m. morning.

Sun rises.

Sun sets.

Moon South.

h. m. h. m. h. m. X 1 Th 3 48 8 18 10a34 12 2 F Visitation of the "Virgin Mary. 3 49 8 18 11 26 13 3 S Dog Days begin. 3 50 8 17 0ml6 14 4 S 4th Sun after Trin. Trans, of St. Martin. 3 50 8 17 1 4 15 5 M Bishop Watson died, 1805. 3 51 8 16 1 49 16 6 Tu 3 52 8 16 2 32 17 7 W Thomas a Becket. 3 53 8 15 3 13 18 8 Th 3 54 8 14 3 54 19 9 F Cambridge Easter Term ends. 3 55 8 14 4 35 20

10 S Oxford Trinity Term ends. 3 56 8 13 5 17 21 11 S 5th Sunday after Trinity. 3 57 8 12 6 3 22 12 M Lord Grenville, Author of Lords' Protest 3 58 8 12 6 52 23 13 Tu against the C. L., died, 1834. 3 59 8 11 7 46 24 14 W 4 0 8 10 8 46 23 15 Th Adam Smith died, 1790. St. Swithin. 4 1 8 9 9 51 26 16 F Sir J. Reynolds bom, 1723. 4 2 8 8 10 57 27 17 S Dr. Watts born, 1654. 4 3 8 7 — 28 18 s 6th Sunday after Trinity. Sun eclipsed, 4 5 8 6 Oa 1 29 19 M [invisible. 4 6 8 5 1 1 O 20 Tu St. Margaret. 4 7 8 4 1 57 1 21 W Robert Burns died, 1796. 4 8 8 3 2 48 2 22 Th Mary Magdalen. 4 10 8 1 3 37 3 23 F 4 11 8 0 4 24 4 24 S 4 12 7 59 5 11 5 25 s 7th Sunday after Trinity. St. James. 4 14 7 58 5 59 6 26 M St. Anne. 4 15 7 56 6 48 7 27 Tu Earl Essex beheaded, 1640. 4 17 7 55 7 39 8 28 W Robespierre beheaded, 1794. 4 18 7 53 8 30 9 29 Th 4 20 7 52 9 22 10 30 F 4 21 7 50 10 12 11 31 S Thomas Gray died, 1771. 4 23 7 49 11 1 12

Agriculturist's Calendar.—Conclude haymaking from artificial grasses. Single out turnip, and let hand and horse hoes be in constant requisition, with a view of improving the crops and benefiting succeeding ones. Work fallows thoroughly with plough, harrow, and roller, carefully removing root-weeds by the hand, atmospheric influence being generally insufficient to accomplish their destruction. Execute draining, and apply lime and lime composts when such operations are necessary. Hand-weed grain crops-—In warm weather fatting cattle and milch cows are theTjetter for sheds, to shelter them from the sun. Throughout summer examine flocks daily, to preserve th^m from the attack of flies, and use the com¬ mon remedies for the prevention and destruction of maggots.

Gardener's Calendar.—In this month prepare all unoccupied plots of ground for autumn and winter crops. Sow turnips, French beans, lettuces, and black Spanish radishes. Plant out brocoli, cauliflower, savoys, leeks, and winter cab¬ bages, and earth up celery. Lift full-grown winter onions, and prepare mushroom spawn. In fine weather, gather medicinal flowers and sweet herbs when in bloom, dressing them in the shade for winter use. Divest wall-trees, espaliers, and stand¬ ards, of all superfluous shoots. Continue to water in dry weather, and gather all kinds of seeds as they advance to maturity. Propagate evergreens, roses, and other shrubs, by laying the young wood. Inoculate flowering and other shrubs, bud roses in cloudy weather, and divide the roots of double primroses, polyan¬ thuses, and auriculas. Lay or pipe carnations and pink\ take up anemones and ranunculuses, and put in cuttings of pansiea, calceolarias, dahlias, Chinese chry¬ santhemums, geraniums, Sec.



r 1841. ] AUGUST. [31 Days.

Full Moon 2nd daj, lOh 2m morning Days Last Quarter 10th day, Gh 19m morning New Moon l(»lh day, Oh 33m evening Sun Sun Moon «!

First Quaitei 23rd day, 9h. 10m evening oOUtll a h m h m h m d.

1 s 8th Sunday after Trinity. Lammas Day 4 24 7 47 lla47 13 2 M Moon eclipsed, invisible. 4 26 7 45 0m31 14 3 Tu Arkwright died, 1792. 4 27 7 44 1 13 15 4 W Twilight begins lh 40m. 4 29 7 42 1 54 16 5 Th 4 30 7 40 2 31 17 6 F James II. d, 1701. Transf of our Lord 4 32 7 39 3 16 18 7 S Name of Jesus 4 33 7 37 3 59 19 8 S 9th Sun. af. Tun. G. Canning d, 1827. 4 35 7 35 4 46 20 9 M J. Dryden bom, 1631. 4 36 7 33 5 37 21

10 Tu St. Lawrence. 4 38 7 31 6 33 22 11 W Dog Days end. 4 39 7 30 7 34 23 12 Th Grouse Shooting begins. 4 41 7 28 8 37 24 13 F Dowager Queen Adelaide boin, 1792. Old 4 43 7 26 9 41 25 14 S [Lammas day 4 44 7 24 10 42 26 15 S 10th Sunday aftei Trinity. Assumption 4 46 7 22 11 40 27 16 M Rlanchestei Massacre, at a public meeting 4 47 7 20 — 28 17 Tu to petition for Refoim and Repeal ol 4 49 7 18 0a34 0 18 W the Corn Laws, 1819 Sun eclp inv 4 50 7 16 1 25 1 19 Th 17 Duchess of Kent born, 1786. 4 52 7 14 2 14 2 20 F 18 James Beattie died, 1803. 4 54 7 12 3 3 3 21 S 19 R. Bloomfield died. 4 55 7 10 3 52 4 22 s 11th Sunday after Trinity. 4 57 7 8 4 42 5 23 M 4 58 7 6 5 33 6 24 Tu St. Bartholomew. 5 0 7 3 6 25 7 25 W Jas Watt d., 1819. David Hume d 1776 5 2 7 1 7 17 8 26 Th 5 3 6 59 8 8 9 27 F Prince Albeit born, 1819. 5 5 6 57 8 57 10 28 S St Augustine. 5 6 6 55 9 44 11 29 S 12th Sunday after Trinity. St John the 5 8 6 53 10 29 12 30 M Baptist behd. John Locke born, 1632 5 10 6 51 11 11 13 31 Tu John Bun\ an died, 1688. 5 1L6 48 11 53 14

Agriculturist s Calendai —Conclude hand and horse hoeing turnip. Apply manure to the fallows, and immediately plouc;b it into the soil, putting the ndges into propel iorm, and dealing outwatei couises, to guaid against wet weather Thiash out the lesidue of the grim, to extirpate lats and mice befoie the new crop is stacked In mountain distncts haymaking from natuial glasses engages the attention of stoie iaimers In low situations com harvest will occupy all hands—Lambs notsepaiated fiom then dams last month must be weaned and put on the best pastures On lowly situated aiable faimsget in ewes for early lambing In high distucts select and prepare the <*tock which is to be sent to maiket in couise of autumn

Qardencj's Calendai —Sow onions, eaily cabbages, and parsley, for the suc¬ ceeding year, and lettuces spinach, biocoli, and cauliflowers, to stand the winter Eaitli celeiy, hoe and thin turnips tiunsplant biocoli, savoys, and cauliflowers, and the puncipal ciop of celery into tienches foi blanching Cut those heibg which are adapted for distillation 01 foi winter use Make mushroom beds, pro¬ pagate kitchen heibs by slips, and take up all onions, garlic, and shallots thataie witheied m the stem Continue to bud on iiuit trees, roses, and bushes so long as the bark libes fieely and the weathei is cloudy To obtain new vaneties, sow auricula, polyanthus, and anemone seeds, and migmonette to blow in winter, as also the seeds of tulip*, hyacinths, mses, and all the other bulbous looted flowers Suppoit and thm dahlias to impiove then bloom Shift tendei exotics and hardy green house plants into fresh pots Keep the ground clear of weeds, and continue to water plentifully



1841 ] SEPTEMBER. [.SO Dsys. lull Moon 1st day 111 Jim rooming Last Quarter 8th d iv 2h 13m aftei noon 0

Days New Moon 15th day 6h 2m morning Snn Sun Moon M TirstQuaitei 2Md day, Ih 31m alteinoon uses sets South Full Moon 30th da\ Ih 18m afternoon 3

h m h m h m d 1 W St Giles Paitndqe Shooting begins 5 13 6 48 0m34 15 2 Di London buint, 1666 5 14 6 44 1 15 16 3 r Ctomnell died, 1638 o 16 6 42 1 59 17 4 s Blake bunch 1657 5 18 6 39 2 4J 18 5 s 13th Sunday aftei Inmly Old Baithol 5 19 6 37 3 34 19 6 M 5 21 6 35 4 27 20 7 Tu St Eunurchiis 5 22 6 33 5 25 21 8 W Naltuty of Vngin Maiy 5 24 6 30 6 2.3 22 9 rh 5 26 6 28 7 27 23

10 r Mungo Paik horn, 1771 5 27 6 26 8 27 24 11 s David Ricaido died, 1823 5 29 6 24 9 25 25 13 S 14th Sunday aftei Trinity 5 30 6 21 10 19 26 13 M C J Toxdied, 1806 5 32 6 19 11 11 27 14 In Holy Cioss Ember week 5 34 6 17 — 28 15 W 5 35 6 14 Oa 1 0 16 Hi Louis XVIII died 5 37 6 12 0 51 1 17 r ^t Limbeit 5 38 6 10 1 40 2 18 s S Johnson bora, 1709 5 40 6 8 2 31 3 19 S Loid Biough"m bom, 1779 15th Sunday 5 42 6 5 3 2i 4 20 M aftei Timit> 5 43 6 3 4 16 5 21 Tu St Matthew 5 45 6 1 5 9 6 22 W Chailes V died, 1558 5 46 5 58 6 1 7 23 Th Autumnal Quaiter begins 5 4b 5 56 6 51 8 24 r 5 50 5 51 7 39 9 25 S R Dodsley died, 1761 Equal dav and mgt 5 51 5 51 8 24 10 26 s 16th Sunday after Tnmty St C\pnan o 51 5 49 9 8 11 27 M T Bnndley died 1772 3 55^ 47 9 50 12 28 Tu Buchanan died, 1582 -> 56 5 44 10 31 13 29 W St Michael Michaelmas Day o 58,5 42 11 13 14 30 Th St Jeionie 5 595 40 11 5b 15

Agr icultunst s Calendar —This may be consideied the haivest month Engage plenty of assisting hands loi this iropoitant season Guaid against shaking wmd-> by reaping befoie the juices have left tbe stiaw and to avoid spiouting keep cut crops always standing in an upnghtposition When (he crop is fit loi stacking cany it by da; and by night and cover the stacks as soon is they are built Piu dent faimeis pi ovule stores ol lores and thatch befoie hai v est commences Hand weed tuimps wheie necessaiy Finish fallows md such as me wet and coldlj situated may be sown with wheat —On arable faims weaned lambs and ewes foi early lambing may le allowed to depistme stubbles and needling grass I he breedeis leaieis and feedeis of stock will meet at the diffeient maikets, and make arrangements loi then customaij changes of animals Gardener s Calendar — The opciations of t! is month iienot verynumerous Sow vegetable seeds foi a spnnguop and plmt lio(oh cauliflov ers, savoys Gei man gi eens leeks lettuces, cclei v; and pei ennial ai omatic and pot bei bs Hoe winter spinach and tmnips eaith up eclerv and cuidoons wee 1 caul floweis and \oung onions pucl out cabbage plants gathti npe seeds, and mal e mushroom beds Plant cuttings of goosebeines cunants and laspbernes and alsostiaw hemes taking out all the old stools winch have twice produced fiuit Continue to dividp nn 1 tiansplant biennial and peiennial flowei loots lav almost eveivkind of slnubs and put in cuttings of cveigieens, China loses and tloweiing shiubs Ci t cuses, snowdi ops Pei sian n lses dog s tooth violets, f i ltillanes ci own impe¬ rials naicissuses nnd most of thB othei bulbous loots, maj now be planted \\\ the looted i inks and carnations mn be planted out Sow hardj annuals to stand thewmtei md tiench up giound m which to plant tulips and byaeinths dui in£ Octobei or November



1841 ] OCTOBER [31 Days.

Days

1 2|S

s M

5Tu 6W

Th sir 9

10 II 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

Last Quarter 7th day, 9h 11m night New Moon 14th dav, 4h 27m afternoon Fn*t Quarter 2>nd day 9h 2m morning Full Moon 30th day 5h 57m rooming

S S M Tu W rh r s S M Tu W Th

22,r 23 S 24S 2o 26 27 28 29 30 31

St Remignis Length ol day llh 26m 17th Sunday aftei Timity Old Parr died, 1635 Faith

Hon H Erskmr died, 1817 St Denys 18th Sunday aftei Trinity Ox and Cam

[Michael Teims begin 11 Old Michaelmas Day Tians oi Edwaid the Confessor

Length of twilight lh 54m Di Bowling born, 1792 19th Sunday St Luke Etheldieda [aflei Tnmty Dean Swift died, 1715 Sir C Wien bom, 1632

Twilight ends 6h 45m 20th Sunday aftei Timity St Cnspm Hogaith died, 1764 Captain Cook bom, 1728 St Simon St Judo

King Alfied died, 900 21st Sunday aftei 1 unity

Sun rises

1 3 4 6 8 9

11 13 14

6 16 6 18 6 19 6 21 6 23 6 25 6 26 6 28 6 30 6 31 6 33 6 35 6 37

38 40 42 44 46

6 47 6 49 6 51 16 53

Sun sets

Moon South h m 0m41 1 30 2 23 3 20 4 19 5 20 6 19 7 16 8 10 9 9 50

10 39 11 20

0aI8 1 18 2 4 2 58 3 51 4 43 5 32 6 18 7 2 7 45 8 26 9 7 9 50

10 35 11 23 0ml5 1 12

d 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Agt icultui 1st s Calendar—Han est being finished employ the plough in pre paring soils foi wheat Commence with the wettest lands, and only defei soiuni, such as die diy vnd situated in an eailj climate Tjse the common pie\entati\e« fo smut immediately beloie scatteung the seed and nevei sou unless theie be sufficient moistui in the soil to effect germination A good deal of tin ashing is commonly requisite foi sup| lies of cash shaw and seed wheat Gathei the po tatoe clop and caielully secuie it iiom fiost —Tjnless theie is al undance of glass fatting cattle and sheep '.boil 1 he supplied with turnip on the pastures Towards the middle rf the month iemo\e tatting cattle to the couits, and shelter milth cows during the night Keep weakly calves waim, and allow them a portion of nounshing food

Gardener s Calendar—Sow ladish, lettuce and cairot seeds also earlv peas and beans m a waim exposuie Plant hoise radishes lettuces eaily cabbagis fid

other gieens neglected last month, a shelteied situations also cauhllow ei s mt, and taiiagonm iiames foi wmtei use Eai th up savo\ s and cabbages as

high as the lea\ es Take up canots and paisuips, cut off then tops and bury them in div sand Ciop the tops of paisle\ to male fiesh le-ues for wmtei Plant all deciduous trees and shiubs Commence piuning, taking the vertical blanches m fluit tiees and cutting obliquely to pi eênt lain fiom lodging, also roses hone>suckles, and othei rlowei ink shi ubs Piotect dahlias voungcarna tons andlaveis fioin sudden fiost and about the end of the mount, begin to plant hyacinths tulips, lanunculuscs, and anemones In fa\ouiablc weatbei tiausplant haidv hbious looted plants intcimixiiig them m the boider9, to keep up a succession in the doweling seaaon



1841. ] NOVEMBER. [30 Days.

Last Quarter. 6th day, 4h. 14m. morning. tt) Days. New Moon.. 13th day, 5h. 30m. morning. First Quarter 21st day, Oh. 11m. morning. Full Moon 28th day, 6h. 3Sm. evening.

Sun rises.

Sun sets.

Moon South.

<

h. m. h. m. h. m. -d. 1 M All Saints. Election of Town Councillors 6 54 4 32 2ml2 17 2 Tu All Souls. Michaelmas Term begins. 6 56 4 31 3 14 18 3 W Princess Sophia born. 6 58 4 29 4 14 19 4 Tb King William landed, 1688. 7 0 4 27 5 12 20 5 F 7 2 4 25 6 6 21 6 S St. Leonard. 7 3 4 24 6 57 22 7 S 22nd Sunday after Trinity. 7 5 4 22 7 45 23 8 M Princess Augusta horn. 7 7 4 20 8 33 24 9 Tu Lord Mayor's Day. Mayors elected. 7 9 4 19 9 20 25

10 W Martin Luther born, 1483. 7 10 4 17 10 9 26 11 Th St. Martin. 7 12 4 15 11 0 27 12 F Cam. Michaelmas Term Div., midnight. 7 14 4 14 11 52 28 13 S Britius. 7 16 4 12 — 0 14 s 23rd Sunday after Trinity. 7 17 4 11 0a46 1 15 M St. Machutus. 7 19 4 10 1 40 2 16 Tu 7 21 4 8 2 33 3 17 W St. Hugh. 7 23 4 7 3 24 4 18 Th Cape of Good Hope doubled, 1497. 7 24 4 6 4 11 5 19 F 7 26 4 4 4 56 6 20 S Edward K. and Martyr. 7 28 4 3 5 39 7 21 S Princess Royal Bom, 1840. 24th Sunday 7 29 4 2 6 20 8 22 M St. Cecilia. [after Trinity. 7 31 4 1 7 1 9 23 Tu St. Clement, Old Martinmas Day. 7 33 4 0 7 42 10 24 W Day decreased 8h. 12m. 7 34 3 59 8 25 11 25 Th Michaelmas Term ends. 7 36 3 58 9 12 12 26 F Length of day 8b. 18m. 7 37 8 57 10 2 13 27 S Bishop Lowth born, 1710. 7 39 3 56 10 5S 14 28 s 1st Sunday in Advent. 7 41 3 55 11 58 15 29 M Oliver Goldsmith born, 1731. 42 3 54 1ml 16 30 Tu St. Andrew. 7 44 3 54 2 4 17

Agriculturist's Calendar.—Conclude potatoe havvest. Finish wheat sowing although this grain may be sown any time on rich dry soils up to the middle of March. At this season, as newly ploughed land receiving rain seldom becomes dry, sow wheat from day to day as the soil is turned over/ Store turnips to use in frosty weather ; and wheat may be sown where the crop is removed. Form lime composts for applying in spring and summer. This is the best time for draining soils intended for green crop and fallow. Dress hedges and ditches.—Sheep in¬ tended to be fatted should be folded on turnip, and allowed dry fodder. Lamb- hogs will thrive best with an allowance of turnip on pastures. To all flocks apply the salves and lotions in common use. Cattle of all descriptions shouldreceive fod der and shelter during night, and such as are fatting be shut out from the pastures.

Gardener's Calendar.—Although hazardous, early peas and beans may be sown in a warm border; if neglected, most vegetables recommended in the last two months may still be planted, earthed up, &c, taking care to protect them from frost. Force sea-kale, rhubarb, and asparagus. Prune and plant fruit trees and bushes; and finish flowering shrubs and trees. Transplant seedling stocks, and suckers taken from the roots of the pear, codling, plum, and quince trees, to pre¬ pare them for budding or grafting different fruits upon; also stocks of the tree- rose, for budding upon them the garden and Chinese varieties. Shelter choice flowers. To make the colours of the tulip distinct, the compost ought to be changed every alternate year, an ©peration which should be performed this month. Tulip soil should be one-third of fresh, light, turfy loam, one-third of fine sand, and one-third of sandy peat, or leaf-mould. Take up dahlia roots whenever the bloom is nipped by frost, and keep them in sand free from damp.



1841.] DECEMBER. [31 Days.

] w 2,Th 3F 4 S 5 (> S

M / Tu 8 W 9 Th

10 F 11 S

13 M u!tu 15 W 16 Th 17 F 18 S 19 20 S M 21 Tu 22 W 23 Th 24 F 25 S 26 27

s M

28 Tu 29 W 30 Th 3! F

Last Quarter. 5th day, Ne.v Moon 12th day, First Quarter 2lst da'v, Full Moon 28th day,

IGm. noon. 9h. ooni. night. 2h. -IPni. morning. 6h. 35m, morning.

Alexander of Russia died. Bonaparte crowned, 1804.

C. Richelieu died, 1642. 2nd Sunday in Advent St. Nicholas. Sidney beheaded, 1683. Conception Virgin Mary. Milton born, 1608. Grouse Shooting ends. fohn Gay died, 1732. 3rd Sunday in Advent. St. Lucy, 1721. General Washington died. Mrs. Trimmer died, 1S10. Cambridge Michaelmas Term ends. Oxford Michaelmas Term ends. Ember Week. 4th Sunday in Advent.

St. Thomas. Shortest Day. Winter Quarter begins. Length of day 7h. 44m.

Christmas Day. 1st Sunday after Christmas. St. John the Evangelist. Holy Innocents.

Day increased 4m. Silvester. Wickliffe died, 1387.

Run rises. h, 7 45 7 47 7 48 7 49 7 50

Sun sets.

Moon South. h. 3m 5 4 1 4 54 5 43 6 31 7 18 8 8 54 9 45

10 37 49 11 31 49

0a24 1 16 2 5 2 51 3 4 4

8 8 9 S 9 3

7 48 8 40 9 38

10 40 11 41 0m4S 13 49 14 45

18 19 20 21 22 23 21 25 26 27 2S 29 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

15 38|18 Agriculturist's Calendar.—Continue to X'lough stubbles. Store turnip in mild

weather. A great deal of straw will be requisite; and legwlate thrashiug, so that there may be euoupli to last throughout the season. As general winter employ¬ ment, in inihl wtiulur iliess ditches and repair fences, drain and aldbye*eiy possiMe means to the stores of compost and putrescent m;(n;nv. Dunne: fiosty weather bring forward materials tor drains and composts, and remote all heavy commodities which require a iirm surface for transport.—Cattle of every descrip¬ tion should now be in winter quarters, and receive winter fare. Separate the weak - from the strong. Have a constant supply of water to store catll-i, and apportion their litter and food so that they may last until the arrival of the grass season. Give fatting cattle at all tulles as uiiicu as they can eat, commencing w ith globe turnip, and proceeding with food of increasing richness.

Gardener's Calendar.—Piepare for future operations, by digging, manuring, or trenching vacant ground, and collecting dung, leaves, and turf, to make eompest. In mild weather, a few early peas and radishes may be sown in a warm bolder, and small salads and encumbers in hot-beds Cover with fern, straw, litter, or mats, all such plants as are likely to be injured by the frost, either in the open' ground or in frames, admitting free supplies of air when the weather is favourable.. Plant and prune all kinds of trees and bushes, taking care to stake the trees that are newly planted. In pruning roses, remove the old wood, curtail the young straggling branches, adding good store of decayed manure. Fine auricuLs, pelv- inlliuses, and carnations must now be treated with great care.



17 THINGS TO BE RECOLLECTED.

JANUARY. 8th, Fire Insurances due at Christmas must be paid by this day, or

the policy becomes void. This is the coldest month, yet the mean of the 24h. upon a long average of years, does not fall below the freezing point. MARCH.

1st, Auditors and Assessors elected. Overseers appointed on the 25th, or within 14 days after. Thursday after the 25th, Poor-Law Guardians elected.

APRIL. 5th, The returns for making the assessment of direct taxes are

delivered very soon after this day. 8th, Fire Insurances due at Lady Day must be paid on or before this day, or the Policy becomes void.

may. Licenses to be taken out yearly. Bankers, or other persons issuing

promissory notes for money, payable to the bearer on demand, and allowed to be re-issued. Hawkers and Pedlars on 1st of August. '

JUNE. 10th, Overseers to fix on church doors notices to persons qualified

to vote for counties to make claims. Persons on the register need not make a new claim, unless they have changed their qualification.

JULY. 8th, Fire Insurances due at Midsummer must be paid on or before

this day, or the Policy becomes void. 20th, Assessed Taxes and Poor-rates, due 6th of April, must be paid, or electors will be dis¬ qualified from voting.

AUGUST. 4th and 11th, Borough and County Lists to be affixed to Church-

doors. 20th, Last day for objecting to County Electors. 31st, All Taxes and Rates, payable 1st March, must be paid by persons claim¬ ing to be enrolled as Burgesses. SEPTEMBER.

1st and 8th, List of objections to county electors, and also claims and objections respecting borough lists, to be affixed to church doors. From 8th to 15th, Burgess lists te be fixed in some public place in the borough. OCTOBER.

Mayor to hold an open court to revise burgess lists, between the 1st and 15th; three days' previous notice to be given. Fire insurance due at Michaelmas must be paid by the 13th, or the policy becomes void.

» OYEMBER. 1st, Bprough councillors elected. 9th, Mayors and Aldermen

elected. 15th, Certificate to be taken out yearly by any person ad¬ mitted as an attorney or solicitor, or as a proctor or writer to the signet, or as a notary public, &c.

DECEMBER. 31st, Those who have not kept an account of personal or house¬

hold expenses, should begin from this day. Also those in trade should take an annual account of stock. Without cash-books and stock- books, tiade is little better than a game of chance.

B 2



18 COMMERCIAL AND OTHER STAMPS'.

If RECEIPTS.

5 and undei £ 10 20. 50,

100. 200. 300. 500.

10.. 20 50..

100.. 200.. 300.. 500..

1000..

s. d 0 3 0 6 1 0 1 6 26 4 0 5 0 7 6

10 0 1000 o, upnaids Receipt in full of all demands 10 0

N.B Receipt Hamps are neces¬ sary if Money be paid by piomis soiy notes.

AGREEMENTS. " Of the v alue of £20 and up

wards, containing only 108') woids £1, moielhan 10S0 v>oids,£l I5s. anafor e\eiv fuithei 1080 voids, £1 5s. BILLS AND PROMISSORY NOTLS

Diafts, cvc. to beaier, oi oidei, on demand oi othei wise.

Not evceed.ng 2 months altei datejlongei oi 00 days aftei si] ' ' ' X s £ s s d

It 2 0. 5 5. 1 0 5 5. 20 0. 1 0

20 0. m. 30 0. 2 0 30 0. 50 0. 2 6 50 0. o 100 0. 3 6

100 0. M 200 0. 4 6 200 0. (D 300 0. 5 0 300 0. O 500 0. 6 0 500 0. .Tl • .1000 0. 8 6

1000 0. a .2000 0. .12 6 2000 0. .3000 0. .15 0 3000 0. 95 0

APPRENTICES INDENTURES'. When the pieui is undei £30.. £1 It 30 and under.. 50.. 2

50 100.. 6 100 200.. 8 2d0 300.. 10 300 400.. 20 400 500.. 25 500 600.. 30 600 800.. 40 800 1000.. 50

1000 oi up«aids 60 If no pieimuin £1, oi £1 15s.

if more than 1080 words. AI'PRIISCMENTS.

Appiaisement of Estate and othei Effects when the \ a s. d. hie does not exceed £50.. 2 6

Abo\e506Vnotexcced.lOO.. 5 0 100 200.. 10 0 200 500.. 15 0 500 oi upnaids „. 20 0

BONDS 1ND MOIUGAGES. £ S Nfot exceeding £50. Exc. £50&note\od. 100.

100 200. 200 300. 300 500. 500 1000.

1000 2000. 2000 3000 4000 5000

10000

3000. 4000. 5000-

10000. 15000.

period s d 1 b 2 0 2 6 3 6 4 6 5 0 6 0 8 6

12 0 15 0 25 0 30 0

«. STOCKS TRANSFERABLE AT THE BANK O

Dividends, due Apnl 5 and OctoOei 10. Iianslti days

Bank Stock Tuesday, Thmsday, and Friday Tuesday, Wed., Thins and Fri. Monday,Wednesday, and Sat. Tuesday, Thuisday, and Friday Tuesda\, Wed ,Thuis., and Fu. Tuesdai, Thuisday, and Sat.

15000 20000.

• 9 .12 .15 .20

20000 25

0 10 0 I) O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 ENGLAND.

Reduced 3 per cent Annuities - Consol Long Annuities, 80 yeais 3J per cent Annuities, 1818 3-j pei cent, leduced Annuities - Annuities lor terms of yeais 3 per cent. Annuities, 1726 Consol. 3 pei cent. Annuities Nevv 3\ pei cent. Annuifies New 5 pei cent. Annuities - Annuities foi telms of yeais

Dividend-, due January 5 and Jvly o - Tuesday and Irmisday - Tuesday, Wed Lhurs and Fii. - Tuesday, Wed., Linus and Fri. - Tuesday, Wednesday, and Fri. - Monday, Wednesday, and Fn.

Homs for buying, selling, and tiansfemns at the Bank and South Sea House, from 11 to 1, lor accepting, fiom 9 to 3, foi payment of dividends, iiom 9 to 3 eveiy day of the week.



19 EAST INDIA HOUSE.

Stock, Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday. January 6, July 6-. Dividends payable January 6th and July 6th.

Interest on Inlia Bonds, due March 31, September 30. Payable April 1st and October 1st.

5 per cent. Transfer Loan, January 3rd, July 3rd, payable 12 months after due, in India.

WAGES TABLE.

Yr. Pr M on. Pi Week. PrDay Yr. Pr Mon. Pr W eek.

d. PrDay

£ £ s. d. £ s. d. s. d. £ £ s. d. £ s. s. d. 1 0 1 8 0 0 4h 0 04 15 1 5 0 0 5 9 0 10 2 0 3 4 0 0 y* 0 u 16 1 6 8 0 6 lf o 105 3 0 5 0 0 1 1* 0 2 17 I 8 4 0 6 6i 0 Hi "4 0 6 8 0 1 64 0 SSf' IS 1 10 0 0 6 104 0 11} 5 0 8 4 0 1 11 0 3* 19 1 11 8 0 7 34 1 04 6 0 10 0 0 2 3+ 0 4 20 1 13 4 0 7 8 i H 7 0 11 8 0 2 84- 0 4+ 30 2 10 0 0 11 6 1 74 8 0 13 4 0 3 o* 0 5* 40 3 6 8 J 15 4 2 2£ 9 0 15 0 0 3 5* 0 6 50 4 3 4 0 19 2 2 9

10 0 16 8 0 3 10 0 6+ 60 5 0 0 1 3 04 3 3* 11 0 18 4 1) 4 2} 0 H 70 5 16 8 I 6 10-4: 3 10 12 1 0 0 0 4 n 0 8 80 6 13 4 1 10 8+ 4 4f 13 1 1 8 0 4 m 0 8*' 90 7 10 0 1 14 64- 4 114 14 1 3 4 0 5 H 0 9* 100 H 6 8 I 18 44 5 5|

ECLIPSES OF 1841. In 18-11 there will be four eclipses of the sun, and two of the moon. I. A partial eclipse of the sun, invisible at Greenwich. Begins on

the earth generally, Jan. 22, at 55m. past 4 p.m., and ends 53m. past 5. Greatest eclipse at 24m, past 5. This eclipse will only be visible in a small portion of the Southern Ocean.

II. A total eclipse of the moon, visible at Greenwich. First penumbral contact, Feb. 5, llh. 24m. p.m. First contact with dark shadow, Feb. 6, 12h. 24m. a.m. Middle of the eclipse, 2h. 6m., end 3h. 53m. Final penumbral contact 4h. 49m.

III. A partial eclipse of the sun, invisible at Greenwich. Begins on the earth generally, Feb. 21, at 54m. past 9 a.m., and ends at 14m. past 12. Greatest eclipse at 4m. past 11. Visible in the North Atlantic Ocean, Iceland, and East Greenland.

IV. A partial eclipse of the sun, invisible at Greenwich. Begins on the earth generally, July 18, at 46m. past 12 p.m., and ends 3m. past 4. Greatest eclipse at 25m. past 2. This eclipse will be visible in the Northern Ocean, Norway, Sweden, Russia, Prussia, Italy, North of France, Germany, and Scotland.

V. A total eclipse of the moon, invisible at Greenwich, August 2. First penumbral contact 6h. 54m. a.m. First contact witli dark shadow, 8h. 3m. Middle of the eclipse, 10h., end llh. 58m. Final penumbral contact, lh. 8m. p.m.

VI. A partial eclipse of the sun, invisible at Greenwich. Begins on the earth generally, Aug. 16, at 8 o clock p.m., and ends at 40m. past 10. Greatest eclipse at 20ui. past 9. This eclipse will be visi¬ ble in the South Pacific Ocean, and part of the Southern Ocean.



30 LONDON BANKERS.

Bank of England, Threadndle-st. Barclay & Co. 54, Lombard-st. Barnard and Co. 59, Cornhill Burnetts & Co. 62, Lombard-st. Bosanquet & Co. 73, Lombard-st. Bouverie & Co. 11, Hay market British & Foreign Co., 33, Lom¬

bard-street Brown, Janson & Co. Abchurch-1. Call, Marten, & Co. 25, Old Bond

street Champion & Co., II, Wst-Smfid. Child and Co. 1, Fleet-street. Cockburn & Co. 4, Whitehall-pl. Cocks, Biddulph, and Co. 43,

Charing Cross. Courts, & Co. 59, Strand Cunliffe & Co. 29, Lombard st. Currie, W. & J. 29 Cornhill De Lisle, Janyrin, & Co., 16, De-

vonshire-sq., Bishopsgate-st. Denison & Co. 4, Lombard st. Dixon, Son, & Co. 25, Chancery 1 Dorrien and Co. 22, Finch-lane Drewett and Fowler, Princes-st. Dundee Union Bank, 2, Billiter-sq Drummonds & Co. 49, Charing c. Feltham & Co., 42, Lombard-st. Fullers, R. & G. & Co. 84, Cornh. Glyn and Co. 67, Lombard-street Goslings & Sharpe, 19, Fleet-st. Hanburys & Co. 60, Lombard-st. Hankeys & Co. 7, Fenchurch-st. Herries & Co. 16, St. James's-st. Hoare and Co. 37, Fleet-street Hill, Charles, 17, West Smithfield Hopkinson & Co. 3, Regent-street Johnston, H. & J. 15, Bush-lane Jones, Lloyd & Co. 43, Lothbury Jones & Son, 41, West Smithfield Kinloch, G. F. & Son, 1, New

Broad-street Ladbrokes, Kingcote, and Co.,

Bank-buildings London and Westminster, 37,

Throgmorton street

London & County Banking Co., 71, Lombard-street

London Joint Stock Bank, Prin¬ cess-street

Lubbock & Co. 11, Mansion-house street

MaryleboneBank, 17, Cvndsh-sq. Masterman, Peters & Co. 35, Ni¬

cholas-lane, Lombard-street. National & Provincial Bank, 112,

Bishopsgate-street Within National Bank of Ireland, 13,

Old Broad-street Pocklington & Lacey, 60, West

Smithfield Praeds and Co. 189, Fleet-street Prescot, Grote, & Co.,62, Thread-

needle-street Price and Co. King William-st Provincial Bank of England, 18, Austin friars Prov.Bnk.oflrel.42, Oldbroad-s. Puget & Co. 12, St. Paul's Ch.-yd. Ransoms & Co. 1, Pall Mall East Robarts, Curtis, & Co. 15,Lomb.-s. Rogers, Towgood, and Co. 29, Clement's-lane Scott, Sir C. bart. 1, Cavend.-sq. Smith, Payne, & Smiths, 1, King

William-street Snows, Stracham, & Paul, 217,Std. Spooner & Co. 27, Graceohrch.-st. Stone, Martin, and Co, 6*8, Lom¬

bard-street Stride & Sons, 6, Copthall-oourt TwiningandCo. Devereaux-court,

Strand Union Bauk, Moorgate-street Veres, Sapte, 8c Co. 77,Lombard-s. Wakefield, F. and Co. 70, Old

broad-street. Weston, & Co. 37, Borough Whitmore & Co. 24, Lombard-»t. Williams & Co. 20, Birchen-lane Willis & Co. 76, Lombard-street Wright & Co. 5, Henrietta-street.

THE BANK OF ENGLAND Has Branch Establishments in the following Towns:

Birmingham, Bristol, Gloucester, Hull, Leeds, Liverpool, Manchester, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Norwich, Portsmouth, Plymouth, Swansea.



I irst Lord of Tieasuiy, Loid Melbourne

Chanoelloi ot the Exchequer, Rt Hon T 1. Baling

Lmd HighChancclloi, Lord Cot- tei h tin

Picsuli nt of the Council, Maiquis of Lansdowne

T oid Piny Seal, Loid Clarendon lust ComunsMonei ol I, md Re

vtnue, Loid DuiHannon Secret u v of StUt, foi the Home

Department, Maiquis of Noi manby

Secietoiy of State for the Foreign Dcpaitment, Vi Palmeiston

Secrelai \ of State foi the Colonies, Loi a John Russell

1 irst Loid of the Admiralty, Lail Mmto

Pi esulent of the Board of Control, Rt. Hon. J C Hobhouse, bart

Chaiicelloi of the Duchy of Lan cartel, Loi a" Claiendon

Seuetuy of Wai, Right Hon. T. B Macaulev

Piesident of the Boaid of Tiade, and Mastei ot the Mint, Right Hon Huny Labouchue

^^ I he above form the Cabinet Post Master Geneial, Larl of

I itcnfield Hastu Geneialof the Oidnance, Sn R H Viuan Loid Chambeilam, Eail of Ux

bi iIge Loid Stenard, Eail of Enol Master of the Iloise, Eail of Al

bemaile Pav mastei Geneial and Treasurei

of the Navy, Sn H. Painel

21 MINISTRY Or ENGLAND.

Vice Piesident of the Board of Iiaile, Right Hon Richard L Sheil

Geneial Commanding m Chief, Gen eial Lord Hill Commissioners foi executing the

Office ol Loid High Admualof the United Kingdom, Pari of Mmto, Real Admiral Sir C Adam, B,eai Admiral William Paiker, Him George Elliot, Captain Su Edward, T Tion- bi ldge, Loi d Dalmeny, Su Jno Ptechell

Attoinev Geneial, Su Jno Camp bell, knight

Solicitor General, Sir Ihomas Wilde

Judge Advocate General, Sir G Grey, bait

Undei Secietanes for the Home Depaittnent, S. M Phillips, Esq Hon T Maule

Ditto foi the Foreign Depaitment, J Backhouse, Esq, Hen. W r T Stiangeways Ditto for the Colonial Depait ment, Veinon Smith, Esq, J. Stephen'-, Esq

IRELAND I oid Lieutenant, Loid Viscount

Lbungton Lord ̂hancclloi, Loid PlunI et Commandei of the lorces, Major

Gcneial Sir Edward Blakeney, K C B Sohcitoi Geneial, Right Hon

Mazieie Biadv Attorney Genual, David Richaid

Pigot, Esq Chief Secietaiy, Lord Morpeth

MITRED BRrAD TAXERS Let the names of the Bishops, viho, upon the occasion of Pari

Fitzwilliam s motion ill the nouse of Lords, 1840, voted tor the ini quitous biead tax, be handed down to all posteiitv, and placed side by «ide as appiopnate companions of the unjust judge wiiom history designates " the infamous Jeffreys "

Bishop of Bangor—Dr Bethel. Bishop of Cork—Dr Kyle Bishop of Caihsle—Di Hugh Peicy Bishop of St Asaph—Di Carey Bishop of Wmchesttr^Di Chailes Richard Summer. Bishop of Exetei—Di. Phillpotts



INTEREST TABLE AT FOUR PER CENT. From One Day to One Hundred, inclusive.

Days. £10 1. s.

0 £90 £80 £70 £ s.

60 £50 £40 £30 ,£ .0 £10 £9 £8 s, d.

£7 i.' d.

£6 s. d.

£5 s. d.

£4 ri¬

£3 d.

£2 £1 d. s. d. s. d. s. d. d s. d. s. d. s. d.s. d. s. d. s. d. S. d. 100 1 1 11 19 9 17 6 15 4 13 2 11 0 8 9 6 74 5 2 2 2 0 1 9 1 6 1 4 1 1- ll 8 5 3 90 19 9 17 9 15 9 13 10 11 10 9 10 7 11 5 113 11 2 0 1 9 1 7 1 5 1 2 1 0 9 7 5 2 so 17 6 15 9 14 0 12 3 10 6 8 9 7 0 5 33 6 I 9 1 7 1 5 1 3 1 1 11 8 6 4 2 70 15 4 13 10 12 3 10 9 9 2 7 8 6 24 73 1 1 6 1 5 1 8 1 1 11 9 7 6 4 2 60 13 2 11 10 10 6 9 2 7 11 6 7 5 33 11,2 8 1 4 1 2 1 1 11 9 8 6 5 3 2 50 11 0 9 10 8 9 7 8 6 7 5 6 4 5 3 32 2 I 1 1 0 11 9 8 7 5 4 3 1 40 8 9 7 11 7 0 6 2 5 O 4 5 3 6 2 8 1 9 11 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 30 6 7 5 11 5 3 4 7 3 11 3 3 2 8 2 0 1 4 8 7 6 6 5 4 3 2 2 1

20 4 5 3 11 3 6 3 1 2 8 2 2 1 9 1 4 11 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 10 2 2 2 0 I 9 1 6 1 4 1 1 11 8 5 3 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 9 2 0 1 9 1 7 1 5 1 2 1 0 9 7 5 2 2 2 2 1 1 8 I 9 1 7 1 5 1 3 1 1 11 8 6 4 2 2 2 L 1 7 1 6 1 5 1 3 1 1 11 9 7 6 4 2 2 1 1 1 6 1 4 1 2 1 1 U 9 8 6 5 3 2 1 1 1 5 1 1 1 0 11 9 8 7 5 4 3 1 1 1 1 4 11 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 1 3 8 7 6 6 5 4 3 2 2 1 1 1 2 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 8 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1

to to

When the fractional part of any of the sums is under a halfpenny it is not noticed; but a halfpenny, or three farthings, is considered as one penny.



When the fractional part of any of the sums is under a halfpenny it is not noticed; but a halfpenny, or three farthings, is considered as one penny.

INTEREST TABLE AT FIVE PER CENT. From One Day to One Hundred, inclusive.

Days £100 £90 .£80 £70 j £60 | £50 £40 £30 £20 £10 £9 £8 £7 £6 | £5 j £4 £3 £2 £l 1. s. d. 1. s. d. 1. s. d. s. d.ls. d. s. d s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. d. d. d.

100 1 7 5 1 4 8 1 I 1119 216 543 8 11 0 8 3 5 62 9 2 62 2 1 11 1 8 1 41 1 10 7 3 90 1 4 8 1 2 2 19 917 314 10 12 4 9 10 7 5 4 life 6 2 3!2 0 1 9 I 6 1 3,1 0 9 6 3 80 1 1 11 19 9 17 6 15 413 2 11 0 8 9 6 7|4 5 2 2 I ll|l 9 1 6 1 4 I 1 11 8 5 3 70 19 2 17 3 15 4 13 511 6 9 7 7 8 5 93 10,1 11 1 9 1 6 1 4 1 2 1 0 9 7 5 2 60 16 5 14 9 13 2 11 6 9 10 8 3 6 7 4 11 3 3,1 8 1 6 I 4 1 2 1 0 10 8 6 4 2 50 13 8 12 4 H 0 9 7 8 2 6 10 5 6 4 1 2 9 1 4 I 3 1 1 11 10 8 7 .5 3 2 40 11 0 9 10 8 9 7 8 6 7 5 6 4 5 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 0 11 9 8 7 5 4 3 1 30 8 3 7 5 6 7 5 9 4 11 4 1 3 3 2 6 1 8 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

8 5 6 4 11 4 5 3 10 3 3 2 9 2 2 1 8 1 1 7 6 5 5 4 3 3 2 1 1 2 9 2 6 2 2 1 11 I 8 1 4 1 1 10 7 3 3 3 2 2 O 1

9 2 6 2 3 1 u 1 9 1 6 1 3 1 0 9 6 3 3 2 2 2 1 1 8 3 2 2 0 1 9 1 6 1 4 1 1 11 8 5 3 2 2 2 2 1 7 1 11 1 9 1 6 I 4 1 2 1 0 9 7 5 2 2 2 2 1 6 1 8 1 6 1 4 1 2 1 0 10 8 6 4 2 2 2 1 1 5 1 4 1 3 1 1 I 0 10 8 7 5 3 2 1 l 1 1 4 1 1 1 0 11 9 8 7 5 4 8 ] 1 1 1 1 3 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 i 1 1 1 2 7 6 5 5 4 £ 3 2 1 I 1 1 3 3 3 2 2 2 1 1 1

to CO

When the ftaetisnnl part of any of the sums is under a halfpenny, it is not noticed ; but a halfpenny, or three farthings, is considered as one penny.



24 HIGH WATER TABLE.

J, fl _ - - t3 w o >, a „ to

hy Hea Port

aMargat nbovoug evern. underlan ntry

Ba

outh.) aGahva pon-Tyn Lc Bay.

Plymout rry Heat

les.) Chepsto ad. aYarm lithead. hton,

Be

ester

Ba

[lye Hai

£ found

the Moon's

age

in

;he mean

time

of High

"Wat

other

columns.

ehaven,

aRamsgate,

aBeet

r Roads,

aCowcs

(I. of W

Harwich,

oSouthampton,

;ham,

Rochester,

a Que<

send,

Wales

(Sea

of), and S

aRerwick,

Denby,

London,

&S

Tinmouth

Bay,

&W kitty,

6Ba

Robin

Hood

Bay,

tTees

(River

M

bcr (entrance

of), aSt.

Ives

aBridlington,

aNewca.-i

ford,

o-Falmoutli,

nBarnstap

ff, aTorbay,

a Swansea,

Milfortl

Haven,

Torbay,

(Be

outh,

Bristol,

Newport

(W?

on,

a Cardigan

Bay,

a

Topsham,

St. Alban's

He Sen iD 3 a is .ja

a rT s S rt rt .rt B S o POT £ -

aHolylread

Bay,

aLiverpool,

Brig

fast,

ol. of Man

(south

side),

Ch

Beaumaris,

aSeaford,

Hastings,

.5 - <u

a i.g 2 Ss £n s a a S

o a Grave aHum aCork Watei aCard Hull, Weym

w) rt a a Carna Roads

AGE. h. m. h. m. h. m. h. m. h. m. h. m h. m. h. m. 0&15 11 38 1 30 2 18 5 20 6 8 7 33 9 3 10 48 1 16 12 26 2 IS 3 6 6 18 6 56 8 21 9 51 11 36 2 17 1 14 3' 6 3 54 7 6 7 44 9 9 10 39 12. 24 3 18 2 2 3 54 4 42 7 54 8 32 9 57 11 27 1 12 4 19 2 50 4 42 5 30 8 42 9 20 10 45 12 15 2 0 5 20 3 38 5 30 6 18 9 3810 8 11 33 1 3 2 48 6 21 4 26 6 18 7 6 10 1810 56 12 21 2 21 3 36 7 22 5 14 7 6 7 54 11 6ill 44 1 9 3 9 4 24 8 23 -6 2 7 54 8 42 11 54 12 32 1 57 3 57 5 12 9 24 6 50 8 42 9 30 12 42 1 20 2 45 4 45 6 0

10 25 7 38 9 30 10 18 1 30 2 8 3 33 5 33 6 48 n 26 8 26 10 18 11 6 2 18 2 56 4 21 6 21 7 36 .12 27 9 14 11 6 11 54 3 6 3 44 5 9 7 9 8 24 13 28 10 2 11 54 12 42 3 54 4 32 5 57 7 57 9 12 14 29 10 50 12 42 1 30 4 42 5 20 6 48 8 45 10 0

The a designates that at those places it is high water rather sooner; the b rather later than the time mentioned.

Explanation.—Find the moon's age in the first column; thus, on the 1 st and 16th days it will be high water at 26 m. past 12 at all the places mentioned in the second column; at 18 m. past 2 in the third column; and so on for all the rest.

When the moon is in perigee, or in that part of her orbit nearest to the earth, the tides are higher than when she is in apegee, or at her farthest distance.

WICKEDNESS OF THE BREAD TAX. By a return recently published by the House of Commons, itap-

pears, that since 1828, when the present execrable bread tax was passed, 2330 qrs. of wheat, 63 qrs. of barley, 783 qrs. of oats, 4 qrs. of rye, 23 qrs. of peas. 38 qrs. of beans, 43 qrs. of Indian corn, and 26 cwt. of flour have been abandoned in bond and destroyed. The return is very particular; fiscal laws made by landlords are very precise. To make sure that not a grain of these more than 3000



25

quarters of corn should be used, it was " all destroyed," so says the return, " all destroyed under the inspection of the proper officers," appointed, of course, to destroy the abandoned corn. The foreign corn thus destroyed under this wicked law would have furnished bread for 6000 souls during a whole year!! What an outrage against the goodness of God!

DR. HERSCHELL'S WEATHER TABLE.

This Table and the accompanying remarks, are the result of many years' actual observation; the whole being constructed on a due consideration of the attraction of the sun and moon in their several positions respecting the earth; and will, by simple inspection, show the observer what kind of weather will most probably follow the en¬ trance of the moon into any of her quarters, and that so near the truth, as to be seldom or neyer found to fail.

MOON CHANGES. IN SUMMER. IN WINTER. Between midnight &

2 in the morn. 2 and 4 4 and 6 6 and 8 8 and 10

)0andl2 12 and 2 Aftem, 2 and 4 4 and 6

Fair Cold with Showers. Rain Wind and Rain... Changeable Frequent Showers. Very Rainy Changeable Fair

6 and 8 Fair if Wind N. W. Rain if S. or S. W.

8 and 10 10 and-'midnight.

Ditto'ditto Fair

Frost, unless Wind be S. or S. W.

Snow and Stormy Rain Stormy Cold Rain if Wind

W.,'Snow if E. Cold & High Winds Snow or Rain Fair and Mild Fair Fair and Frosty, if

Wind N. or N. E. Rain or Snow, if S. or S. W.

Ditto ditto Frosty and Fair

1. The nearer the time of the Moon's Change, First Quarter, Full, and Last Quarter, is to Midnight, the fairer will the weather be during the seven following days.

2. The space for this calculation occupies from ten at night, till two next morning;

3. The nearer to Mid -day, or Noon, these phases of the Moon happen, the more foul or wet the weather may be expected during the seven following days.

4. The space for this calculation occupies from ten in the Forenoon till two in the Afternoon. These observations refer principally to Summer, though they affect Spring and Autumn nearly the same.

5. The Moon's Change, First Quarter, Full, and Last Quarter, happening during six of the afternoon hours, viz:, from four to ten, may be followed by fair weather; but this is mostly dependent on the Wind, as noted in the Table.

6. Though the Weather, from a variety of irregular causes, is mow uncertain in the latter part of Autumn, the whole of Winter, and the beginning of Spring; yet in the main, the above observations will apply to those periods also.

O



26 RULE FOR ASCERTAINING THE WEIGHT OF HAY. Measuro the length and breadth of the stack; then take its height from the ground to the eaves, and add to this last one third of the

height fron the eaves to the top: multiply the length by the breadth, and the product by the height, all expressed in feet; divide the amount by 27, to find the cubit yards, which multiply by the number of stones supposed to be in a cubit yard (viz. in a stack of new hay, six stones; if the stack has stood a considerable time, eight stones; and if old hay, nine stones), and you have the weight in stones. For example, suppose a stack to be 60 feet in length, 30 in breadth, 12 in height from the ground to the eaves, and 9 (the third of which is 3) from the eaves to the top; then 60 multiplied by 30 multiplied by 15 makes 27000: 27000 divided by 27 leaves 1000, and 1000 multi¬ plied by 9 makes 9000 stones of old hay. RULE FOR ASCERTAINING THE WEIGHT OF CATTLE. Measure the girt close behind the shoulder, and the length from

the forepart of of the shoulder-blade along the back to the bone at the tail, which is in a vertical line with the buttock, both in feet. Multiply the square of the girt, expressed in feet, by five times the length, and divide the product by 21; the quotient is the weight, nearly, of the four quarters, in imperial stones of 14 lbs. avoirdupois. For example, if the girt be 64 feet and the length 54- feet, we shall have 64 multiplied by 64, making 424-, and 54- multiplied by 5, ma¬ king 264-; then 424- multiplied by 26J- making 1109 1-16, and this divided by 21 gives 52 4-5th stones nearly, or 52 stones 11 lb. It is to be observed, however, that in very fat cattle the four quarters will be about one-twentieth more, while in those in a very lean state they will be one twentieth less, than the weight obtained by the rule. The four quarters are little more than half the weight of the living animal; the skin weighing about the eighteenth part, and the tallow about the twelfth part of the whole.

ASSESSED TAXES.— Windows, No. Duty. No.

21 Duty. No. Duty. No. Duty.

8 0 16 6 6 0 6 34 11 1 6 75 to 79 23 5 0 9 1 1 0 22 6 9 0 35 11 18 3 80 84 24 7 6

10 1 8 0 23 6 17 6 36 12 6 9 85 89 25 10 0 11 1 16 3 24 7 5 9 37 12 15 3 90 94 26 12 3 12 2 4 0 25 7 14 3 38 13 3 6 95 99 27 14 9 13 2 13 3 26 8 2 9 39 13 12 0 100 109 29 8 6 14 3 1 9 27 8 11 0 40 to 44 14 8 9 110 119 31 13 3 15 3 10 0 28 8 19 6 45 49 15 16 9 120 129 33 18 3 16 3 18 6 29 9 8 0 50 54 17 5 0 130 139 36 3 0 17 4 7 0 30 9 16 3 55 59 18 13 0 140 149 38 8 0 18 4 15 3 31 10 4 9 60 64 19 17 9 150 159 40 12 9 19 5 3 9 32 10 13 3 65 69 20 0 3 160 169 42 17 9 20 1 5 12 3 33 11 0 0 70 74 22 2 6 170 179 180

45 2 6 46 11 3 A nd evei •yl 10US e having n lore th an 80 win do\ vs, m ust b e charged with Is. 6d. for each -window above that number, in addition to the £46 lis. 3d.

Exemptions. Any dwelling-house, being a farm-house, used for purposes of

husbandry only, and occupied by a tenant of a farm at rack rent, the

iTI



27 rent of which shall be less than £200 a year; or any dwelling-house being a farm-house occupied and used as aforesaid by the owner or any tenant, not at rack-rent of a farm or estate, the value of which farm shall be under £100 a-year, provided the occupier of Buch dwel¬ ling-house shall not derive any profit or inconre exceeding £100 a year from any other source than the said farm or estate so occupied by him. Hospitals, charity schools, and poor houses, (excepting the apart¬ ments for officers and servants,) places for divine worship, dairies and cheese rooms, if " Dairy and Cheese Room" is painted over tbe door. Three windows in the shop or warehouse, if on the basement. The windows of a room used solely for a manufactory it not commu¬ nicating with the dwelling house.

male servants. No. Each If kept by a Servant. Bachelor.

1 £1 4 0 £2 4 0 2 I 11 0 2 11 0 3 1 18 0 2 18 0 4 2 3 6 3 3 6 5 2 9 0 3 9 0 6 2 11 6 3 11 6 7 2 12 6 3 12 6 8 2 16 0 3 16 O 9 3 1 0 4 1 0

10 3 6 6 4 6 6 11* 3 16 6 4 16 6 * And so on in the 6ame propor¬

tion for any number of servants. Stage Coachman or guard and

Coachmen, grooms and postilions kept to be let for hire, £1 5s.

Exemptions. Male servants under 18 years

of age, employed by any person residing in the parish in which such servant shall have a legal settlement. Exemption is also granted from the Bachelor's Duty in respect of any servant em¬ ployed by a Roman Catholic priest Officers in the army, navy, or marines, on half pay, who shall have been disabled by the loss of a limb, or a wound received in Her Majesty's sendee, for one

PLEASURE HORSES. Foreacl .£ o. d. For each. £ S d. i 1 8 9 11 3 3 6 2 2 7 3 12 3 3 6 3 2 12 3 13 3 3 9 4 2 15 0 14 3 3 9 5 2 15 9 15 3 3 9 6 2 18 0 16 3 3 9 7 2 19 9 17 3 4 0 8 2 19 9 18 3 4 6 9 3 0 9 19 3 5 0

10 3 3 6 20 3 6 0

1 1 0

And so on at the same rate for any number. Horses rode by butchers

in their trade £1 8 9 Where two only are kept

the second at 0 10 6 Horses not exceeding

theheightof 13 hands Horses let to hire for

riding or drawing any carriage, for any pe riod short of a year

Race horses, each.... Exemptions.

One horseonly kept for riding or drawing any carnage not charge¬ able with duty, by any person oc¬ cupying a farm or estate at rack- rent under £500 a year; or kept for the same purpose by the owner or any tenant not at rack-rent of any farm or estate the value of which is under £250 a year; pso-

8 10

male servant retained by him. vided the occupier shall not derive any profit or income exceeding £100 a year from any other source. One horse kept by a clergyman (dissenting or otherwise) not following any secular employment ex¬ cepting that of a schoolmaster, provided he does not derive any profit or income exceeding £120 a year. One horse kept for use by any bailiff or shepherd, or kept for use in trade by market gardeners. Horses employed in husbandry, although occasionally used in draw-



28

ing burdens, or let for hire. Horses used by any post-master, duly licensed, may use the same for purposes of husbandry. Ponies not exceeding 12 hands in height, which are used solely in drawing car¬ riages with wheels of less diameter than 30 inches, and never used for riding upon.

carriages. For every coach, chariot, landau, chaise, caravan, &c, with [four

wheels, except carriages or coaches, &c. (licensed by the commission ers for managing the stamp duties) is to be paid as follows:—

For one such carriage with four wheels, £6; two such ditto, £13; three ditto, £21; four ditto, £30; five ditto, £39 7s. 6d.; six ditto, £49 4s.; seven ditto, £59 10s.; eight ditto, £70 8s.; nine ditto, £81 13s. 6d.; and so on at the same rate for any number of carriages. But if the carriages are never drawn by more than one horse, the duty is only £4 10s.

For every additional body used on the same carriage £3 3s. For every carriage kept for the purpose of being let to hire for any

period of time less than one year, £6. Ditto, if drawn by one horse, £4 10s. For every such carriage let to hire for travelling post, by the day

or by the mile, by any postmaster or innkeeper, &c, duly licensed, and having his name and address painted at length on the door panel, £3.

For every carriage with less than four wheels drawn by one horse, £3 5s.

Ditto, if drawn by two or more horses, £4 10s. And for every additional body used on the same carriage, £1 lis. 6d. By the 3rd Victoria, cap. 17, the above assessments are chargeable

with a further duty often per cent, on the total amount of assessment, with the exception of post chaises, the duty on which is reduced to £3 each.

TERMS AND RETURNS FOR 1841. HILARY TERM.

Begins Jan. 11, ends Feb. 1. 1st Return day, Jan. 8, Mon. 2d Return day, — 15, Mon. 3d Return day, — 25, Thu. 4th Return day, — 29, Mon.

EASTER TERM. Begins April 15, ends May 8. 1st Return day, Apr. 12, Thu. 2d Return day, — 19, Thu. 3d Return day, — 30, Mon. 4thRetum day, May 3, Thu.

TRINITY TERM. Begins May 22, ends June 12.

1st Return day, May 21, Mon. 2d Return day, — 28, Mou- 3d Return day, June 7, Thu. 4th Return day, — 11, Mon.

MICHAELMAS TERM. Begins Nov. 2, ends Nov. 25.

1st Return day, Oct. 30, Tuesday 2d Return day, Nov. 6, Tuesday 3d Return day, — 16, Friday 4th Return day, — 20, Tuesday N. B.—No Sittings in Westminster Sail on the 2nd of Feb., Ascension Day, and Midsummer Day. OXFORD TERMS. Lent Ter. bg. Jan. 14, ends Apr. 3 Eas. Ter. bg. Apr. 21, ends May 29 Trin. Ter.bg.Jun. 2, ends July 10 Mich. Ter. bg. Oct. 10, ends Dec. 17 The Act will be July 3.

CAMBRIDGE TERMS. Lent Ter. bg. Jan. 13, ends Apr. 2 Eas. Ter. bg. Apr. 21, ends July 9 Mich.Ter. bg. Oct. 10, ends Dec. 16 The Commencement will be July 3



29 LAW OF LANDLORD AND TENANT.

Land signifies not only arable ground, meadow, pasture, woods, moors, waters, &c, but alsomessuages and houses; for in conveying the land, the buildings pass with it. Landlord is he of whomlands or tenements are held; tenant is he that possessesland let, or hath it in manual occu pation. A teuantcy continues after the death of either landlord 01 tenant, and a notice to quit is necessary to its dissolution. Where the term of a lease is to end on a precise day, there is no occasion for a notice to quit. There is no distinction between houses and land, as to the time of giving notice to quit, under a tenantcy from year to year; and there must be half a year's notice to quit, ending at the ex¬ piration of the time of the year at which the tenantcy commenced. The delivery of a notice at the tenant's house, without proof of its having been explained to a servant, or of its having reached the tenant, is not sufficient. If a tenant undertake generally to pay taxes, he renders himself liable to the land tax, though it be not specially named. A net rent is a sum to be paid to the land¬ lord clear of all deductions. If a tenant, who may be entitled to remove certain fixtures which he has put up during the term, neg¬ lect to remove them during the term, and leave them on giving up possession, he has in point of law relinquished them to his land¬ lord. A pump erected by a tenant, and so fixed as to be removable without injury to the freehold, may be taken away by him before the expiration of his term. A tenant may by the general rules of husban dry, carry away straw or hay from the premises: but a tenant must manage and cultivate a farm in a husbandlike manner, and according to the custom of the country there used. A landlord in an action against his tenant, for the mismanagement of a farm, set forth a precise custom as to theniode of cultivation: the jury found that the custom was not as the landlord alleged, and the landlord did not recover damages in that action, but a new trial was granted. Where an outgoing tenant does the necessary ploughing, and sows the land in the ordinary and proper course of husbandly, and leaves manure for the benefit of the landlord, which is accepted, and taken by him, the law will employ and enforce a promise on the part of the landlord, to pay the tenant the value. The property in trees is in the landlord; the property in bushes is in the tenant. A tenant from year to year is not bound to do substantial repairs. "When the tenantcy is determined by notice to quit, and the rent does not exceed twenty pounds a year, the landlord may speedily recover pos¬ session by a proper application to the magistrates of the district. A distress cannot be made upon goods removed to avoid distress, unless rent was due at the time of the removal; and a landlord has no right to follow and take under a distress for rent the goods of a lodger, which have been taken off the premises, but only those of his own immediate tenant.

A mill of wood placed on brick work, and a staddle barn of wood erected on blocks of stone, are not fixtures to which the landlord is entitled.

«. LAW OF MASTER AND SERVANT.

Writing is required for an engagement to last beyond a year, or beyond the usual term of verbal engagements by the custom of the neighbourhood. The usual term is renewed, if the servant remains

C 2



30 at the end of the engagement, or if warning is not given within a reasonable time of its termination by the party wishing it ended. The time for giving notice will be regulated by the custom of the neighbourhood in ordinary service—by the importance of the duty in other cases. Farm servants are understood to be engaged for a year at a time, whether there is constant work or not, if no shorter time is specified. Where it is the usual practice of the district to give earnest or arles, if they are not given, the contract can be departed from by either party before its time begins to run, unless it be in writing. The servant is bound to enter his service, and the master to receive him and accommodate him, and either party failing is liable in damages. Where no entry is specified, it will be understood as the next term of Whitsunday or Martinmas. A servant deserting before his engagement is out, forfeits his whole wages, and is liable in damages. If the servant is unjustifiably dis¬ missed, he has a claim for damages. The highest he can claim are, wages for the full period of service, and board wages for the time unfulfilled; but if he has found other service during the time, a deduction will be made accordingly; and even if it is shown that he could readily have obtained other service, he will not receive the highest rate of damages if he choose to remain idle. If the master die during the engagement, the servant will have a similar claim, unless he remain in the family. The usual current wages have a pre¬ ference over other debts, on the death or bankruptcy of the master. A servant will not succeed in an action for wages after three years from the expiry of the term for which they are due, unless he can establish the debt by a written document, or the master's oath. A servant disabled in his master's service during his engagement, is entitled to his full wages, independent of any claim he may have to compensation. If the servant die during the engagement, the mas¬ ter will have to pay wages for the period fulfilled ; the servant's illness for a short time does not affect the engagement. Whether the ser¬ vant has performed his proper duties, kept his master's hours, avoided insolence and interference; and whether, on the other hand, the master has used him with propriety, and has not imposed duties on him which he is not called upon to perform, are questions which must be generally left to the discretion of the judge. No servant is bound to follow his master abroad, unless there is such an under¬ standing in the agreement. The Justices of the Peace have juris¬ diction, and are generally applied to, in questions between master and servant. Persons under twenty-one are prohibited from being employed in manufactories at night; and persons under eighteen from working more than twelve hours a-day, or sixty-nine hours in a week, and in the course of each day an hour and a half must be al¬ lowed for meals. Two holidays and eight half-holidays must be allowed in each year. No children under nine can be employed in manufactories except silk manufactories. Certificates of age and health are required from the children employed, and concealment or infringement incurs penalties. There are provisions for making up the time lost by scarcity of water, &c. (See Act 3d & 4th Wm. IV. cap. 103.)



31

1801 1802 1803 1804 1805 1806 1807

IMPORTS (From

1,396,359 498,359 297,145 398,067 842,879 280,776 379,833

1809 1810 424,709

1,491,341 6,009,468

Annual average of the ten years, from 1S01 to 1810, 600,946 quarters.

1811 IS12 1813 1814 1815 1816 1817 1318 1819 1820

OF WHEAT FOR 35 YEARS. Porter's Progress of the Nation.) Qrs.

238,306 214,385 425,559 681,333

'.'. '225,263 1,020,949 1,593,518 122,133

34,274 4,585,780

Annual average of the ten years, from 1811 to 1820, 458,578 quarters.

1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830

ftrs.

12,137 15,777

525,231 315,892 572,733 842,050 1,364,220

1,701,885 5,349,927

Annual average of the ten years from 1821 to 1830, 584,992 quarters.

1831 1S32 1833 1834 1835

On.' 1,491,631 325,435 82,346 64,653 28,483

1,992,518 Annual average of the five years from 1831 to 1835,

398,509 quarters.

CANNING'S SCALE AND WELLINGTON'S SCALE. The following table contains the scale of duties proposed to be

levied by Canning's bread-tax bill, which passed the House of Com¬ mons in 1S27; as also the scale of duties substituted in the House' of Lords at the instigation of the Duke of Wellington, which after¬ wards became the law, and remains so to this day. Average prices Canning's Wellingt on's Average prices Canning's Wellington's of wheat. Bill. Bil of wheat Bill. Bill. s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d; s. d. 1 0 1 0 62 0 16 0 24 8 1 0 2 8 61 13 0 25 8 1 8 60 0 20 1) 26 8 70 0 1 10 8 59 0 22 2 (1 13 8 58 0 n O 28 8 4 (1 16 8 57 0 MB 0 29 8 6 0 18 8 56 i>H

8 0 20 8 55 0 30 (I 31 8 10 0 21 8 54 M 0 12 0 22 8 53 0 34 63 0 14 0 23 8 DUTIES ch CORN IMPORTED from FOREIGN PORTS.

Average Price of British Corn. Duty pcrqr. Average Price of British Corn, Doty perqr. Wheat.—61s. and under 62s. per qr. For eaeh Is. under 6ls., Is. additl.

62 and under 63 -

•-. d. 25 8

24 8 23 8 22 8 21 8 20 8 18 8 16 S 13 8 10 8 G 8 2 8 1 0

13 10

12 4

1 0

Oats.—24s. & under 25s. per qr. And for each Is. under 24s., such duty to be increased by Is. 6d.

s. a. 10 9

0 3 63 64 64 65 65 66 68 67

And for every additional Is. from 25s. to 31s., such duty to be de¬ creased by Is. 6d. 67 63 68 69 Rye, Peas, and Beans.—35s. and 69 70 70 71 71 „ 7*2

And for each Is. under S5s., such duty to be increased by Is. 6d.

72 73 And at or above 73

Barley, Maize, Buck Wheat, Bear or Bigg,—32s. & under 33s. perqr. And ibr each Is, under 32s., such duty to be increased by Is. 6d.

And for every additional Is. from 36s. to 46s., such duty to be de¬ creased by Is. 6d. Wheat, Mcal,and Flour, per bar¬ rel of 1961bs.—Duty eq*ial to that on 38J gallons of wheat. Oatmeal, per quantity of 18Ulbs.

—Duty equal to that on 1 quarter of oats. And for every additional Is. from 33s. to 41s., such duty to be de- oreased by Is. 6d.



32 tF PRODUCE OF, AND IMPORTED FROM, ANY BRITISH

POSSESSION OUT OF EUROPE. WJieat.—Till British wheat be 67s. When at or above 67s. per quar.. Barley, Maize, Buck Wheat, Bear, or Bigg.—Until British barley be 34s When at or above 34s. per qr..,. Oats.—Until British oats be 25s.. When at or above 25s. per qr

5 0 0 6

2 6 0 6 2 0 0 6

Rye, Peas, and Beans.—Until Bri tish rye, peas, or beans be 41s..

When at or above 41s. per qr,... Wheat, Meal, and Flour, per bar¬

rel of 1961bs.—Duty equal to that on 38£ gallons of wheat.

Oatmeal, per quantity of 181£lbs.— Duty equal to that on 1 qr. oats,

COMPARISON OF RENT AND WAGES. Statement showing the proportion of the wages of the country la¬

bourer to the price of corn. (Table furnished by Mr. Sturgc, of Birmingham.')

Periods. Weekly Pay. Wheat. Wages in Wheat. 1742 to 1752 6.. Od. 30s. Od. 102 pints. 1761 to 1770 7s. 6d. 42s. 6d. 90 „ 1780 to 1790 8s. Od. 511. 2d. 80 „ 1795 to 1799 9«. Od. 70s. 8d. 65 „ 1800 to 1808 lis. Od. 86s. 8d. 60 „ In 1835 8s. Od. 39s. 4d. 105 „ In 1839 8s. Od. 70s. Od. 60 „

Thus, while the landlord in 1839 is probably receiving four times as much rent as in 1750, the labourer is obtaining only 60 pints of wheat instead of 102 pints. Consequently, if he has a sufficiency of food, it must be of barley-bread or potatoes; and yet this is the very class of labourers which the landowners profess the bread tax especially enacted to protect and benefit.

DEATH AND DEAR BREAD. Table of the Mortality in seven of the manufacturing districts in

England, at four different periods, with the average price of wheat at each of those periods.—From " Barton's Essays on the Condi Hon of the Labouring Classes."

Date. Average Price of Wheat per Quarter. Deaths.

Excess of Deaths above the Number in the Tear 1804, when Wheat was at 60s. per Quarter.

1801 1804 1807 1810

118s. 3d. 60s. Id. 73s. 3d.

106s. 2d.

55,965 41,794 48,108 54,884

11,171 3,314 10,070

Statement of the Total Number of Burials within the Bills of Mor¬ tality, as reported in the official lists of each of the four years as under, with the average price of Wheat in each of those years.

Excess ot Burials above Date. Average Price of Number of those of the vear 1804, Wheat per Quarter. Burials. when Wheat was at 60s

per Quarter. 1801 118s. Sd. 10,374 2,336 1804 60s. Id. 17,038 1807 73s. 3d. 18,334 1,21)6 1810 106s. 2d. 19,89.3 2,856



33

AMOUNT OF BREAD AND PROVISION TAXES. " I CONSIDER THAT THE TAXATION IMPOSED UPON THE COUNTRY, BY OOR DUTV ON COPN, AND THE PROVISION DUTIES AND PROHIBI¬ TIONS, ARE FAR GREATER, PROBABLY MUCH MORE THAN DOUBLE THE AMOUNT OF THE TAXATION PAID TO THE TREASURY."

Evidence of John JM'Gregor, Esq., Joint Secretary to the Board of Trade, given before the Committee of the House of Commons on Import Duties, July 16, 1840. (See Minutes of Evidence, p. 80, question 1014.) " I CONCEIVE THE ACTUAL MONEY PAID, AND THE EVIL EFFECT COMPUTED IN MONEY, WOULD BE MORE THAN THE WHOLE REVENUE OF THE COUNTRY."

Statement of James Deacon Hume, Esq., lately retired after thirty-eight years' service in the customs and eleven years as Secretary to the Board of Trade. (See his evidence upon the effect of the corn law before the Committee of the House of Commons on Import Duties, July 16, 1840, p. 101, question 1230.)

We have taken the above estimates as data for making a calcula¬ tion of the amount of the food tax borne by the parliamentary boroughs of England. We have considered each person* to pay 40s. a head. It is not meant to be said by the above great authorities that the landowners gain upwards of fifty millions a year. Mr. M'Cul- loch estimates that one-fifth only of the tax paid goes into the pockets of the legislative landlords; the rest is wasted in the greater cost of raising food from the hogs, wastes, and mountains belonging to nur aristocracy, than it would cost to procure it from the rich soils of the continent of Europe or America. By the following table the electors of every borough in the kingdom may learn how much their towns pay for the landlords' tax, and it will be found, upon the authority of Mr. M'Gregor and Mr. Hume, to be double or treble as much as all their local taxes together.

The first column gives the number of Members returned to Parliament, the second the name of the City or Borough, and the third the amount paid per annum of Food Tax, at £'2 per head upon the estimated population for 1841. The census sometimes includes the population of parishes in boroughs.

1 Abingdon £10,600 2 Bridgwater £17,188 2 Andover 10-660 I Arundel 6,172 | 1 Ashburton 9,172 i 1 Ashton-under-Lyne.. 73,926 2 Aylesbury 10,000 1 Banbury 19,506 2 Barnstaple 15,048 2 Bath 83,744 2 Bedford 14,000 2 Berwick-on-Tweed 19,624 2 Beverley 18,268 1 Bewdley 8,612 2 Birmingham 323,380 2 Blackburn 59,602 2 Bodmin 8,324 2 Bolton 90,630 2 Boston 24,728 2 Bradford (Wilts). 22,228 2 Bradford (York) 51,118 2 Bridgnorth 11,152

2 Bridport 9,336 2 Brighton 89.402 2 Bristol 257.446 2 Buckingham 7,400 1 Bury 33,200 2 Bury, St.Edmunds.. 25,170 1 Calne 10,738 4 Cambridge 46,000 2 Canterbury 31,824 2 Carlisle 44,024 1 Chatham 37,378 1 Cheltenham 50,476 2 Chester 47,000 2 Chichester 18,194 2 Chippenham 9,538 1 Christchurch 11,764 2 Cirencester 11,924 1 Clitheroe 11,474 2 Cockermouth 9,990 2 Colchester 35,580



34 2 Coventry £59,554 2 Cricklade 3,616 1 Dartmouth 10,126 2 Derby 52,912 1 Devizes 10,040 2 Dorchester 6,678 2 Dover 26,240 1 Droitwioh 5,484 1 Dudley 50,700 2 Durham 22,284 2 Evesham 8,782 2 Exeter 62,044 1 Eye 5,098 1 Frome 26,924 1 Gateshead 33,402 2 Gloucester 26,258 2.Grantham 10,098 2 Greenwich 54,022 1 Grimsby 9,304 2 Guildford 8,626 2 Halifax 33,844 2 Harwich 9,466 2 Hastings 22,226 1 Helston 17,766 2 Hereford 22,616 2 Hertford 11,556 2 High Wycombe 13,000 2 Honiton 7,736- I Horsham 11,240 1 Huddersfield 42,480 2 Hull 109,476 2 Huntingdon 7,200 1 Hythe 5,044 2 Ipswich 45,006 I Kendal 22,042 1 Kidderminster 39,414 2 Kuaresborough 11,662 2 Lancaster 27,754 1 Launcester 7,302 2 Leeds 271,470 2 Leicester 86,484 2 Leominster 11,564 2 Lewes ..- 18,906 2 Lichfield 14,314 2 Lincoln 26,166 1 Liskeard ...; 8,844 2 Liverpool 431,974 2 Ludlow 11,562 1 LymeRegis 5,768 2 Lymington 7,396 2 Lynn Regis 3,014 2 Macclesfield 50,900 2 Maidstone 33,864 2 Maldon 8,430

Malmeebury 7,574

.511,686 2 Manchester i 1 Salford ' 2 Marlborough 11,322 2 Marlow 8,800 1 Midhurst 3,266 1 Monmouth 10,826 1 Morpeth 8,558 2 Newark 21,038 2 NewcastleunderLyne 18,026 2 Newcastle-upon-Tyne 94,072 2 New Malton 9,186 2 Newport (Isle Wight) 8,980 1 Northallerton 6,616 2 Northampton 33,774 2 Norwich 134,222 L 2 Nottingham 111,496 2 Oldham 71,240 4 Oxford £44,962 2 Penryn 9,878 2 Peterborough 12,222 1 Fetersfield 3,972 2 Plymouth 166,182 2 Poole 14,226 2 Portsmouth 110,872 2 Pontefract 10,634 2 Preston 72,850 2 Reading 31,200 1 Reigate 7,486 2 Retford, East 5,482 2 Richmond 8,580 2 Ripon 11,176 1 Rochdale 128,572 2 Rochester 18,074 1 Rye 8,182 2 St. Albans 10,502 1 St. Ives 10,518 2 Salisbury 21,738 2 Sandwich 6,910 2 Scarborough 18,428 1 Shaftesbury 6,736 2 Sheffield 201,726 1 Shields, North 14,844 2 Shoreham 3,312 2 Shrewsbury 46,712 2 Southampton 42,520 1 South Shields 19,970 2 Stafford 15,410 2 Stamford 12,854 2 Stockport 80,768 2 Stroud 18,948 2 Sudbury 10,302 2 Sunderland 37,532 2 Tamworth 15,804 2 Taunton 24,522 2 Tavistock 12,328



35 2 Tewkesbury 12,716 2 Thetford 7,620 1 Thirsk 6.246 2 Tiverton 20,796 2 Totnes 7,576 2 Truro 31,468 I Wakefield 26,914 1 Wallingford 5,000 1 Walsall 23,156 1 Wareham 5,124 1 Warrington 35,254 2 Warwick 20,056 2 Wells 14,644 2 Wenlock 5,340 1 Westburv 16,120 2 Weymouth 16,850 1 Whitehaven '

25,070

Whitby Winchester Wigan Windsor Wolverhampton Woodstock Worcester Yarmouth York City of London' Finsbury Lambeth Marylebone... Southwark Tower Hamlets Westminster J

17,092 20,270 45,710 15,200 54,414 3,036

40,942 46,462 75,816

^ 3,242,968

WAGES IN WARSAW. Table, showing the money or no¬

minal daily wages of various journeymen artizans of the first class at Warsaw, in Poland, aud the real wages of the same when computed in food:

Clas6 of Artizans.

Clotlnvorltcrs Stockingmakers... Cottonweavers Silkweavers Glovers Ropemakers Pyers Pewterers Mechanics Paviors Shoemakers Tailors Carpenters Leather-dressers Soapmakers Tanners Masons

fl. gr. 4 0

It is evident from the above table that the real wages of la¬ bour in Poland greatly exceed those of the United Kingdom; so do we see the benefit of low prices of food, and how greatly they tend to improve the condition of the labourer.

LANDLORDS' LEGISLATION.

The following list of articles of foreign production, and the im¬ port duties to which they are subject, will show to what ex¬ tent the landowners have availed themselves of political power to promote their own interests, by excluding foreign competi¬ tion. j£ s. d

Bacon, per cwt 1 8 0 Beer, per 32 gallons 2 13 3 Butter, per cwt 1 0 0 Bristles, not sorted, per lb.. 0 0 0 Bristles, sorted, per lb 0 0 4 Cider, per ton 21 10 4 Cheese, per cwt 0^10 6 Cucumbers, advalorem 20 0 0 Eggs, for every 120 0 0 10 Hay, per load 1 4 0 Hair, cows and oxen, per cwt. 0 2 6 Hair powder, per cwt 0 15 6 Hops, per cwt 8 11 0 Hempseed, per quarter 2 0 0 Hemp, undressed, per cwt.. 0 4 6 Lard, per cwt 0 8 6 Mules and asses, each 0 10 6 Horses, each 1 0 0 Oil, rape and linseed, per ton. 39 18 0 Perry, per ton 22 13 8 Potatoes, per cwt 0 2 0 Seeds, clover, hay, &c 1 0 0 Spirits, foreign, per gaI.(J.M.) 12 6 Rum, per gallon 0 8 6 Tallow, per cwt 0 3 2 Tares, per quarter 0 10 Q Timber, per load 2 15 0 Beef, lamb, mutton, pork, sheep, and swine are absolutely prohivited to be imported, by 6th Geo. IV. c. 117.



36

EXPORTS OF COALS, IRON, AND MACHINERY. BAR,PIG,& CAST IRON.

Exports Tons Expotts Tons In 1822 284 576 In 1822 59 571

1832 583 '06 1833 104 085 1833 634 ' 18 1S33 113 084 1834 615 iiJ 1834 105 41)7 1835 736 oro 1835 140 060 1836 916 %8 183b 1<«218 1S37 1 11 (10 1S37 1 i 190 1838 l.lll 709 ISjS 1)' 11

MACHINERY AND MTLL WOPK

Expoits Value In 1832 £ 92 715 1833 1 7 064 1831 211 982 1835 307 <\)1 1836 30'092 1837 493 29S 1838 627 <"30

The rapid moietse m oui < \poi s of coals, non, and machineiy shows how fast manu''ictuies ait, mueasmg abioad It must be borne m mind too, that we aie sending abroad moie and more of our raw materials—the very sinews of our strength—and less of those articles in which a greater amount of labour is composed

Hoi nbro B dtc Da tzic Fr Mice Italy Odesan 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 II 1 I) 1 0 3 6 4 6 5 0 S 0 fi fi 12 0 0 4 0 5 0 7 0 S 0 7 1 0 0 0 a 6 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 6 l fi 1 t> 1 fi 1 fi 1 6 0 4 0 4 0 4 0 4 0 4 0 4 0 8 0 8 0 8 0 8 0 8 0 8 0 5 0 S 0 5 0 5 0 fi 0 5 1 6 I 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 fi

CHARGES ON WHEAT AFTER PURCHASE IN FO¬ REIGN PORTS TO DELIVERY IN A PORT OF GREAT BRITAIN, PER IMPERIAL QUARTER. I ower Hambro

Shipping Charges withont Comisn Freight per Imperial Quarter Insurance Sound Dues Uninsured risk from ship damasre, short weight, and heating Local Dues Expense of Landing lhree months' Interest on Cost, at

30s per qr and Bank Comisn 4 per Cent del credere

9 3 10 10 116 10 10 12 6 18 5 Average Co^t of Tiansit from North of Lurope, 10s 6d South of Curope, 13s lid Value of Foieign Wheat as compaied with English would stand thus Dantzic High Mixed, equal to Cnglish White Hambio, Marks, Pomeiama, equal to English Red Mecklenburgh V ed, neaily equal to ditto Danish, V> eser, and Trench, 3s to 4s pel quarter worse than English Red Italian VI heat, 3s to 5s perquaitei ditto ditto Odessa, soft and haid 8s to 10s per quarter ditto ditto Russian, soft and haid, 8s to 10s per quarter ditto ditto

Frcigl t Total Average Puces of "Vt heat m Dantzic, 50 yrs ending 1819, 45s Od 10s 6d 55s 6d

Ditto ditto 10 ditto 1831, 33s 9d 10s 6d 44s 3d Ditto ditto 7 ditto 1838,39s Gd 10s 6d 50s Od

Largest foieign impoitation in 1818, when prices weie upwaids of 80s pei quaitei, in England, of all giain, 3,500,000 quaiters, largest quantity of wheat and floui many one yeai, 2§ million quaiters, aveiage impoitation foi 10 years ending 1837, 800,000

The chaiges and risks incurred by bringing wheat fiom the interim of Poland, to the nvei Bug, and down the Vistula, to Dantzic, a dis tance of fiom 600 to 800 miles, amount to at least 10s per quaiter, and a chaige to almost the same extent is inclined on the wheat biought many hundieds of miles by land to Odessa The expenses of the wheat biought to Hambuigh fiom Mecklenburgh, Anhalt, Biunswick, Maiks, Magdeburgh, and Silesia are fiom 5s to 8s 9d pei quaitei This includes freight down the Elbe, duty, labom, and commission, pievious to its shipment at Hambuigh foi England

The above paiticulais are taken from the books of Messrs Sturge, Bi i mmgham, md of Messrs Booth and Walmsley, Liverpool



37 THE BURDEN OF THE FOOD TAXES ESTIMATED

IN MONEY. We are enabled, by the evidence,of Mr. J. D. Hume and Mr. M'Gre-

gor, Secretaries to the Board of Trade, as published by order of the House of Commons, to make an estimate of the amount which the food tax has cost the people of this kingdom since 1815, when our present system of corn and provision laws first came into operation. These two high authorities estimate that the food tax costs the nation, at p-esent, upwards of fifty millions a year; in other words, two pounds a head for each person. We have ascertained the population, at the different periods, from the government censuses; and computing the tax at two pounds a head per annum, we find that the total amount which the corn and provision laws have cost the people, reaches the enormous sum of upwards of a thousand millions sterling.

We subjoin the process by which we have arrived at this astound¬ ing result: 1815 to 1821, mean population 20 millions. 6 vears,

at £2 per head, or 40 millions of pounds a year.. £240,000,000 1821 to 1831, population 23 millions. 10 years, at 46 millions sterling each £460,000,000

1831 to 1840, population 25 millions. 9 years, at 50 millions sterling each £450,000,000

Total, 25 years.... £1,150,000,000 Let it always be remembered that our calculation is wholly founded

upon the authority of Mr. J. D. Hume, who for 48 years filled the high¬ est situations under government, aud of his successor Mr. M'Gregor. INCREASE OF MANUFACTURED EXPORTS,

PRODUCE OF THE UNITED STATES. THE

Printed and Twist, Yam, Ail oilier Year. r-ilnurcd- and Thread. Man u failures. Uulltm. Dollars Dtltlurs. Dollars. Dollars.

1835 397,412 2,355,202 400 97,808 7,859 1836 256,625 1,950,795 637 32,765 14,912 1837 519,801 2,043,115 1,815 61,702 175,040 1838 252 041 8,250,130 6,017 168,021 82,543 The total value, in dollars, of these exports of cotton manufactured

goods, &c, was in— 1835. I 1836. I 1837. I 1838.

2,858,681 I 2,255,734 | 2,831,473 | 3,758,755 The average annual exports were less by 20 per cent, from 1832 to 1836 than they were" in the five years immediately succeeding the war.—Porter's Progress. COTTON HOSIERY IMPORTED INTO U. S. OF AMERICA.

Years as under. Great Britain. Hause Towns. Other Places. Total.

DOLLARS. DOLLARS. DOLLARS. DOLLARS. 1827 327745 96821 15207 439773 1829 281444 297555 7998 586997 1S30 201787 177664 8003 387454 1831 509470 349810 28677 887957 1832 559854 450262 25397 1035513 1834 394081 338647 16628 749356 1835 466517 414780 25134 906431



1

38

COMPARISON OF AGRICULTURAL AND OTHER POPULATIONS.

(From Porter's Progress of the Nation.) We have seen that, in the twenty years that elapsed between 1811 and 1831, the increase in the total number of families in Great Bri¬ tain was 8(59,960, or at the rate of 34 per cent, upon the numbers of 1811, while the increase in the number of families employed in agri¬ culture was only 65,136, or but little more than 2§ per cent.; the remainder, amounting to 804,824 families, having betaken them¬ selves to trading and manufacturing employments. Hitherto our increased numbers have found an adequate supply of food by means of. the improvements that have been introduced into agricul¬ tural processes, and the large proportion of our augmented popula¬ tion which has thus been fed from the produce of our soil has found profitable employment in various ways without producing an ade¬ quate increase to the amount of foreign commerce. This is a state of things which cannot continue indefinitely in progress. We cannot reasonably expect that the soil can always be made to yield increas¬ ing harvests to meet the constant augmentation of the population, nor that the labours of our artizans, whose additional numbers must be reckoned yearly by hundreds of thousands, can continue to find pro¬ fitable employment in a sphere thus made comparatively narrower from year to year. The onward progress of our population cannot be checked without the arrival of reverses which would plunge the greater part of the nation into a state of misery which it is painful to contemplate, and, on the other hand, such a check can only be averted by a great, a rapid, and permanent extension of commercial relations with countries whose inhabitants, being in different circum¬ stances to those which have here been described, may be always willing to exchange the products of their soil for the results of our manufacturing industry.

COMPARISON OF POPULATION. Agriculture. Trade. Others.

1811 35.2 44.4 20.4 100 1821 33.2 45.9 20.9 100 1831 28.2 42 29.8 100

If the view that has been taken in these pages of our condition and prospects has any true foundation, it seems to be quite impossible that the remaining branches of the restrictive system to which the legislature of this country so long and so pertinaciously adhered, tshould be much longer continued, and that we should still empower the comparatively few amongst us " who have obtained the proprie¬ tary possession of the. soil, to increase artificially the money value of their estates," oy means of a monopoly which threatens to be destruc¬ tive of the happiness and social progress of the nation. The evils consequent upon persistence in a system of virtual exclusion, such as is at present followed, are imminent; they are not of a nature to be put aside or long delayed by temporising measures; it would there¬ fore seem most in agreement with true wisdom at once to meet the difficulty, and to determine upon the adoption of a decisive course of alteration, which, without too rashly interfering with existing con¬ tracts, will lead to a progressive and yet speedy removal of all re¬ strictions that now stand in the way of our obtaining, for a constantly- increasing population, an adequate supply of the first necessaries of life.



39

LIST OF MEMBERS WHO VOTED ON MR. VILLIERS' MOTION, MAY 26, 1840.

The following is the division list of the House of Commons upon the occasion of Mr. Viliiers' last motion, May 26, 1840, for a com¬ mittee of inquiry into the corn law. Recollect, reader, that the motion was merely for the house to resolve itself into a committee of the whole house to consider the corn law. A million and a half of petitioners had prayed for the repeal of the infamous bread tax, and yet the men who call themselves the representatives of the people voted against even taking their prayer into consideration.

Abercromby, Hon. G. R. Aglionby, H. A. (Cockermouth) Ainsworth, Peter Anson, Hon. Colonel Baines, Edward Bannerman, Alexander Baring, Rt. Hn. F. T. (Portsmo.) Ellis, Wynn (Leicester) Barnard, Edward George Erie, William Bellew, Richard Montesquieu Euston, Earl of Berkeley, Hon. H. (Bristol) Ewart, William Berkeley, Hon. Craven (Chelt'h.) Feilden, William (Blackburn)

FOR. Dundas, Sir R. (Richmond) Dundas, David (Sutherlandsh.) Easthope, John Elliott, Hon. John E. (Roxburgh) Ellice, Rt. Hon. Edw. (Coventry) Ellice, Edward (St Andrew's)

Bewes, Thomas Blackett, Christopher Blake, William J. (Newport) Bridgeman, Hewitt Briscoe, John Ivatt Brocklehurst, John Brotherton, Joseph Buller, Charles (Liskeard) Busfeild, William Byng, Rt. Hon. Geo. Stevens Campbell, Sir John (Edinbro') Chalmers, Patrick Chichester, J. P. Bruce Childers, John Walbanke Clay, William Clements, Lord Viscount

Ferguson, Robert (Kirkcaldy) Finch, Francis Fitzroy, Lord Charles Fleetwood, Sir Peter Hesketh Fort, John Gillon, William Downe Gisborhe, Thomas Greg, R. H. (Manchester) Greig, David (Perth) Grey, Rt Hon. Sir Charles Grey, Rt. Hon. Sir George Grosvenor, Lord Robert Grote George Guest, Sir John Hall, Sir Benjamin Hastie, Archibald

Clive, Edward Bolton (Hereford) Hawes, Benjamin Collier, John Collins, William Cowper, Hon. W. F. (Hertford) Craig, William G. Currie, Raikes (Northampton) Dalmeny, Lord Dashwood, George H. Dennistoun, J. D'Eyncourt, Rt. Hon. C. T. Duke, Sir James Duncan, Lord Viscount Dunconib, Thomas (Finsbury)

Hayter, William G. Heathcoat, John (Tiverton) Hector, Cornthwaite John Hill, Lord A. Marcus, Cecil Hindley, Charles Hobhouse, Thomas B. (Rochest) Holland,, Robert Howard, Hn. Ed. G. G. (Morpeth) Howard, Frederick J. (Youghal) Howard, Philip Henry (Carlisle) Howick, Lord Viscount Hume, Joseph Humphery, John Dundas, C. W. D. (Flint)

Dundas, Frederick (Orkney, &c.) Hutchins, Edward John Dundas, Hon. John C. (York) Hutt, William



40

Roche, Edmund B. (Cork Co.) Roche, William (Limerick City) Roche, Sir David (Limerick City) Rundle, John Russell, Lord John Salwey, Colonel Scholefield, Joshua Scrope, George Poufett Seymour, Lord Sharpe, General Slaney, Robert Aglionby Smith, Benjamin (Norwich) Somerville, Sir William M. Standisk, Charles Stanley, Hn. Edw. John (Ghosh.) Stansfield, William R. Crompton Staunton, Sir George Thomas Steuart, Robert (Haddington) Stewai't, James (Honiton) Stuart, Lord James (Ayr) Stuart, W. Villiers (Waterf. Co.) Strickland, Sir George Strtitt, Edward Style, Sir Charles Tancred, Henry AVilliam Thomely, Thomas Troubridge, Sir Edw. Thoaâs Tufnell, Henry Tumer, William (Blackburn) Vemey, Sir Harry Vigors, Nicholas A. (Carlow Co.) Vivian, John Henry (Swansea) Vivian, Rt. Hon. Sir R. Hussey Wakley, Thomas Walker, Richard (Bury)' Ward, Henry George Wemyss, Captain White, Andrew (Sunderland) Wilde, Mr. Serjeant Williams, William (Coventry) Wilshere, William Wood, Charles (Halifax) Wood, George W. (Kendal} Wood, Benjamin Wyse, Thomas

Ingham, Robert Jameslliam, Wi (Cumberland) Jervis, John (Chester) Jervis. SwynfeD (Bridport) Johnson, General (Oldham) Labouchere, Rt. Hon. Henry Lambton, Hedworth Langdale, Hon. Charles Langton, William Gore Lascelles, Hon. W. S. Leader, John Temple Lister, Ellis Cunlili'e Loch, James Macaulay, Rt. Hon. Thomas B. M'Taggart, John Marshall, William Marsland, Henry Martin, John (Tewkesbury)- Maule, Hon. Fox Milton, Lord Viscount Molesworth, Sir William Morpeth, Lord Viscount Morrison, James Muntz, George Frederick Nagle, Sir Richard Norreys, Sir Denham Jephson O'C'onnell, Daniel (Dublin City) O'Connell, John (Athlone) O'ConneU, M. J. (Kerry) O'Ferrall, Richai-d More Ord, William Oswald, James Palmerston, Lord Viscount Parker, John (Sheffield) Parnell, Rt. Hon. Sir Henry Pattison, James Pechell, Captain Philips, Mark (Manchester) Philips, George R. (Poole) Phillpotts, John Ponsonby, Hon. J. (Derby) Protheroe, Edward Pryme, George Ramsbottom, Jolin Rawdon, Jolm Dawson Rice, Edward Royd

Reader! we now present you with the black list of those who scorned the cries of a suffering people. If you be an elector an awful duty devolves upon you; you cannot better discharge it in the sight of God aud man than in voting against the election of a bread taxer at the next election.

AGAINST. Acheson, Lord Viscount Acland, Tho. Dyke (Somersetsh.) Aclandj Sir Tho. Dyke (Devonsh.) A'Court, Captain



41

Adare, Lord Viscount Aglionby, Major (Cumberland) Alford, Lord Viscount Alston, Rowland Arbuthnot, Hon. Hugh Archbold, Robert Archdall, Meryyn Ashley, Lord Attwood, Wolverly (Greenwich)

Cayley, Edward Stillingfleet Chester, Henry Chetwynd, Major Cholmondeley, Hon. Hugh Christopher, Robert Adam Chute, W. L. William Clive, Hon. Robt. Henry (Salop) Codrington, Christopher W. Cole, Hon. Arthur Henry

Attwood, Matthias (Whitehaven) Compton, Henry Combe Bagge, William Bagot, Hon. William Bailey, Joseph, Jun. (Sudbury) Bailey, H. J. (Inverness) Baker, Edward Baldwin, Charles Barry Baring, Henry B. (Marlborough) Crompton, Sir Samuel Baring, Hon. W. B. (Staffordsh.) Darby, George

Conolly, Edward Corbally, Matthew Elias Corry, Hon. Henry Courtenay, Philip Crewe, Sir George Cripps, Joseph

Barneby, John Barrington, Lord Viscount Basset, John Bateson, Sir Robert Bell, Matthew Benett, John Berkeley, Hon. G. (Glo'stersh.) Blackburne, Ireland Blackstone, William Seymour Blair, James

Darlington, Earl of Dennison, William J. De Horsey, Spencer Horsey Dick, Quintin Douglas, Sir Charles E. Douro, Marquis of Dowdeswell, William Drummond, Henry Home Duffield, Thomas Dugdale, William Stratford

Blake, Martin J. (Galway Town) Duncombe, Hon. W. (Yorkshire) Blennerhasset, Arthur Bodkin, John James Boldero, Henry George Botfield, Boriah Bowes, John Brabazon, Lord (Dublin Co.) Bradshaw, James Bramston, Thomas William Broadley, Henry Brodie, William Bird Brooke, Sir Arthur Brinsley Brownrigg, Sludholme Bruce, C. L. Cumming (Elgin) Bruges, W. H. Ludlow

Duncombe, Hon. A. (E. Retford) Du Pre, George East, James Buller Eastnor, Lord Viscount Eaton, Richard Jefferson Egerton, William Tatton Egerton, Sir Philip Eliot, Lord Ellis, John (Newry) Estcourt, Thomas Evans, George (Dublin Co.) Farnham, Edward Basil Fector, John Minett Fellowes, Edward Ferguson, Sir Robert Buck, Lewis W

Buller, Sir Jn. Yarde (Devonsh.) Filmer, Sir Edmund Burr, Higford Fitzpatrick, John W. BurreU, Sir Charles Fitzroy, Hon. Henry Burroughes, Henry N. Fleming, John Byng, George Foley, Edward T. Calcraft, John Hales Follett, Sir William Campbell, Sir Hugh (Berwicksh.) Fox, Sackville Lane Canning, Rt. Hon. Sir Stratford Freemantle, Sir Thomas Castlereagh, Lord Viscount Freshfield, James William Cavendish, Hon. Compton (Suss.) Gaskell, James Milnes Cavendish, Hon. G. H. (Derbysh.) Glynne, Sir Stephen R.

D 2



42

Gordon, Robert (Windsor) Gordon, Hon. Capt. (Aberd'nsh.) Gore, Ormsby J. R. (Carnarvsh.) Gore, Ormsby W. (Salop) Goulburn, Rt. Hon. Henry Graham, Rt. Hon. Sir James Granby, Marquis of Grant, Sir Alexander Cray Grattan, James (Wicklowshire) Greene, Thomas Grimsditch, Thomas Grimston, Lord Viscount Grimston, Hon. Edward H. Hal e, Robert Blagden Halford, Henry Hamilton, Charles John Baillie Hamilton, Lord Claud Harcourt, Geo. Gran. (Oxfords.) Hardinge, Rt. Hon. Sir Henry Harland, William Charles Hawkes, Thomas Hayes, Sir Edmund Heathcote, Sir Wm. (Hunts) Heneage, Edward (Grimsby) Heneage, G. Walker (Devizes) Henniker, Lord Hepburn, Sir T. B. Hemes, Rt. Hon. John Charles Hill, Sir Rowland Hillsborough, Earl of Hinde, John Hodgson Hodges, Thomas Law Hodgson, Fred. (Barnstaple) Hodgson, Richard (Berwick) Holmes, H. W. A'Court (I. of W.) Holmes, William (Berwick) Hope, Hon. Chas. (Linlithgows.) Hope, Geo. W. (Weymouth) Hoskins, Kedgwin Hotham, Lord Houldsworth Thomas Hughes, William Bulkeley Hurst, Robert Henry Hurst, Francis Ingestre, Lord Viscount Irton, Samuel Irving, John Jackson, Mr. Serjeant Jenkins, Sir Richard Jermyn, Earl Johnstone, Hope (Dumfriesshire) Jones John (Carmaithenshire) Jones, Captain (Derry Co.) Kerrison, Sir Edward Kelburne, Lord Viscount

Kirk, Peter Knatchbull, Rt. Hon. Sir Ed, Knight, Henry Gaily Knightley, Sir Charles Lefroy, Rt. Hon. T. Lemon, Sir Charles Lennox, Lord Arthur (Chichest.) Liddell, Hon. Henry Thomas Lincoln, Earl of Litton, Edward Lockhart, Alexander M. Lowther, Hon. Col. (We6tm.) Lowther, Lord Viscount Lowther, John Henry (York) Lygon, Hon. General Mackenzie, Thos. (Ross, Sec.) Mackenzie, Wm. F. (Peebles) Maclean, Donald Macnamara, Major Maher, John Mahon, Lord Viscount Manners, Lord Charles S. Marsland, Thomas Martin, Tho. B. (Galway Co.) Marton, George (Lancaster) Matthew, Geo. Benvenuto Maunsell, Thomas Philip Meynell, Captain Mildmay, Paulet St. John Miles, William (Somersetshire) Miles, Philip W. S. (Bristol) Miller, William Henry Monypenny, Thomas G. Mordaunt, Sir John Moreton, Hon. A. H. Neeld, Joseph (Chippenham) Neeld, John Cricklade Noel, Hon. Charles George Norreys, Lord O'Brien, Cornelius (Clare) O'Conor, Don Ossulston, Lord Owen, Sir John Packe, Charles William Paget, Frederick (Beaumaris?) Pakington, John S. Palmer, Robert (Berkshire) Palmer, George (Essex) Parker, Montague, (Devon) Parker, Thos. A. W. (Oxfordsh.) Patten, John Wilson Pease, Joseph Peel, Rt. Hon. Sir Robert Pemberton Thomas Pendarves, Edward W. W.



43

Perceval, Colonel Perceval Hon. G. J. (Surrey) Philipps, Sir Rich. (Haverfordw.) Planta, Rt. Hon. Joseph Plumptre, John Pemberton Powell, Colonel Power, James (Wexford Co.) Power, John (Waterford Co.) Powerscourt, Lord Viscount Praed, William T. Price, Sir Robert (Herefordshire) Price, Richard (New Radnor) Pryse, Pryse Pusey, Philip Rae, Rt. Hon. Sir William Redington, Thomas N. Reid, Sir John Rae Richards, Richard Rickford, William Rolleston, Lancelot Rose, Rt. Hon. Sir George Round, Charles Gray (Essex) Round, John (Maldon) Rusbbrooke, Colonel Rushout, George Russell, Lord Charles (Beds) St. Paul, Horace Sanderson, Richard Sandon, Lord Viscount Sanford, Edward Ayshford Shaw, Rt. Hon. Frederick Sheppard, Thomas Shirley, Evelyn J. Sibthorp, Colonel Sinclair, Sir G eorge Smith, Abel (Herts) Smith, G. R. (Wycombe) Smyth, Sir George Henry

Somerset, Lord Granville Stanley, Edward, (Cumberland) Stanley, Hon, W. O. (Anglesey) Stewart, John (Lymington) Sturt, Henry Charles Talbot, C. R. Mansell (Glamorg.) Teignmouth, Lord Thesiger, Frederic Thomas, Colonel Henry Thornhill, George Tollemache, Frederic J. Townley, Richard Greaves Trench, Sir Frederick Trevor, Hon. G. Rice Tyrell, Sir John Tyssen Vere, Sir Charles Brokf" Verner, Colonel (Armagh) Vernon, Granville Harcourt Vivian, Major Charles (Bodmin) Vivian, John Ennis (Truro) Waddington, H. S. Wall, Charles Baring Walsh, Sir John White, Henry, (Longford County) Williams, Robert, (Dorchester) Williams, W. Adams (Monm'sh.) Wilmot, Sir John Eardlev Winnington, Sir T. E. (Bewdley) Winnington, H. J. (Worcestersh.) Wodehouse, Edmond Wood, Colonel (Breconshire) Wood, Colonel T. (Middlesex) Worsley, Lord Wyndham, Wadham Wynn, Right Hon. C. W. Yorke, Hon. Eliot Thomas Young, John (Cavan) Young, Sir William (Bucks)

Tellers for the Ayes, Mr. Yilliers and Mr. Warburton. Tellers for the Noes, Mr. Handley and Mr. C. J. Heathcote.

FOR. Mr. Hutton Sir R. Ferguson Mr. Crawley Mr. Rich Sir J. Seale Mr. Lynch Mr. T. Parker Mr. Hoskins Sir C. Adams Mr. Murray

AGAINST. Mr. Kemble LordG. Lennox Mr. Dottin Mr. Pigot Mr. D. Israeli Sir J. Pollen Major Scar-let Mr. E. Tennent Sir W. Clayton Mr. Duff

FOR. Mr. D. Brown Mr. Callaghan Mr. Colquhoun Dr. Stock Mr. Lusbington Sir R. Heron Lord Melgund Lord Advocate Dr. Lushington

AGAINST. Colonel Baillie Mr. Harcourt Mr. Houston General O'Niel Captain Polhill Mr. Hope Lord Northland Sir F. Pollock Mr. Cresswell



44 LAND-CRAFT.

When the landlords want to throw dust in the eyes of the bread- taxed people, they talk of the " landed interest" and the " agri¬ cultural interest." The following definitions will enable every body to understand the meaning of the words landlord, farmer, and labourer.

The landed interest is not the agricultural interest; nor is the agri¬ cultural interest the landed interest. They are not one and the same, but two distinct and opposite interests.

The landed interest consists of landowners, or landlords, deriving an income from the rent paid them for the use of their land by agri¬ culturists.

The agricultural interest comprises the farm tenant and farm labourer, seeking a subsistence by the cultivation of soil rented from the landlord, and in or upon which capital is expended, in the expec¬ tation that by agricultural skill it may pay rent, maintain a family, and realise a profit.

The landlord does not personally contribute either to the existence of the agriculturist or to the success of agriculture, or to social ad¬ vancement, or to national prosperity.- If all our landlords were this night to be swallowed up by an earthquake, the land remaining, there would be no lack of agriculturists to-morrow, nor any conse¬ quent deficiency of produce in the ensuing harvest. Many of these landlords are now in Paris, and many of them at Rome ; yet, inas¬ much as they cannot put their acres in their purse or pocket, their absence no more prevents the cultivation of the soil than their pre¬ sence would promote it. They live upon the money paid to them for permission to render their land available to the support of the popu¬ lation of the country, by the investment of capital and the applica¬ tion of agricultural skill and labour in the production of food.

The agriculturists, (that is, the farmer and husbandman,) on the contrary, personally contribute to the existence of the landlord, to the well-being of society, and to the prosperity of the nation. The coun¬ try cannot do without them. They constitute an important section of the national industry, and worthily occupy their place in the national hive.

The landlord, if not of the wasp, is of the drone species; whilst the farming tenant, or practical agriculturist, is the honey bee, or working contributor to the common stock—to the national wealth.

The landlord subsists, without labour, upon rent. The agricultural tenant lives by labour, and despite rent The higher the rent, the better for the landlord. The lower the rent the better for the agricultural tenant. The landlord is nothing more than a consumer. The tenant is a producer—first for his landlord, and secondly for

himself. Hence it is obvious that the landed interest, (that is, the land¬

owners,) can only attain increased prosperity at the expense or by the agency of the agricultural interest,—by an increased income from an increase of rents, or by an increased value of that income from the decreased value of the productions of the soil.

Land, of itself, is valueless. Witness the millions of uncultivated acres of virgin soil in the wilds of America. The expenditure of capital and labour upon the soil alone gives to it the value which ena-



45 bles the landlord, expending neither capital nor labour, to live in idleness, extravagance, and luxury. The mere landowner is there¬ fore a social surplusage; his pretensions to usefulness, as a mere landowner, an attempt at imposition; his claim to superiority but the echo of feudal usurpation.

It needs to be distinctly stated that the agricultural interest is a combination of the two classes, 1. agricultural capitalists, or farmers; 2. agricultural labourers, or husbandmen.

The position of ihe farmer is, in agricultural, precisely that of the millowner in manufacturing pursuits; whilst the husbandman in the one instance, and the operative in the other, occupy a common point of elevation in the industrial scale of the community.

Land, then, of itself valueless, is charged with a rent as the condi¬ tion upon which alone it may have a value given to it; that rent is paid by the farmer, who then invests his own capital and labour, and the hired labour of his husbandman in the soil, and subsequently charges his rent, interest of capital, and outlay for labour, with the additional item of profit on the produce, to the consumer.

Thus, the consumers, the people, pay the landlord his rent through the farmer as his middle-man; this rent is the purchase-money of the landowner's sanction that food be produced from his land ; whence it is clear that the bread-eater pays the landlord's rent as the condition of life, whilst the landowner lives on the industry of farmer and husbandman, manufacturer and operative! This is land-craft!

Land-craft prospers at tho expense of labour-craft, by the agency of law-crajt, which devised and procured the bread tax and rent law for the sole benefit of the lords of the land, the only " noble " and the only " honourable.'" Under such infliction the children of industry starve, justice blushes, and leligion mourns.

THE LAW-CRAFT OF THE LAND-CRAFT. The legislative landlords have pretended that the agriculturists are

more heavily taxed than the other portions of the community. The following facts, derived from our statute books, will be the best answer to this assertion. It must not be supposed, however, that the laws passed in favour of the farmers have been of any advantage to them; as the landlords have merely enacted them in order to be able to obtain higher rents!

When the legislative landowners imposed a tax upon the houses of the merchant, manufacturer, and tradesman, they enacted that the houses of their farm tenants should not be liable to such tax!

In like manner they favoured the same class of individuals in the imposition of window duty, horse duty, and dog tax!

They enacted an auction duty, payable from the proceeds of all sales save those of farmers' stock and husbandry implements!

They imposed a toll upon lime on its way to the builder's yard for manufacture into mortar, and exempted from toll all lime on its road to the farmer's fields for the purpose of manure.

They subjected cow-dung, on its transit to the dye-works of the calico printer (where it is largely used in the process of dying,) to the pay¬ ment of a highway-rate at the turnpike—as also all dung on its way to the gardens of the trader or the market gardener; but at the same time enacted that all dung used as manure on farms should be wholly exempted from such tax!



w 46

They imposed upon industrial prudence the shameful duty of 200 per cent, on the charge for insurance against fire, and the further tax of a heavy stamp on the policy of insurance ; but they very consist¬ ently exempted their farm tenants from both these barbarous imposi¬ tions

They build the farm houses of their tenants of untaxed stone from their quarries, and botch up the mud hovels of their husbandmen with untaxed clay from their land; whilst, if a meddling mechanic shall presume to mould the same clay into shape and bake it into bricks, they have provided a law for the imposition of a tax upon the product of his industry in the shape of a heavy duty upon bricks—not, be it observed, upon all bricks, but such only as shall be manufac¬ tured for other purposes than that of the construction of drains upon their own estates—drains for the land in the hands of their tenants, or in their own occupation as amateur agriculturists!

They have exempted the iron mines on their own estates even from the liability to poor's rates, whilst they have legalized the seizure and sale of the poor weaver's only and miserable bed for that very same tax!

They have subjected the destroyer of a tree or shrub in their parks or avenues to the penalty of seven years' transportation, enacting at the same time that the destroyer of the entire contents of a poor man's garden shall be permitted to escape on payment of £20 fine and making compensation to the amount of damage!

They have declared themselves the owners of the wild animals they need not, and have made it law that the half-starved wretch who should kill one of them on the highway shall be treated as a criminal; providing further, that the expenses of his prosecution and mainte¬ nance in gaol shall not be paid by themselves (the self-declared own evs of the property destroyed) but be charged upon the county rates— upon the farmers benefited by the destruction of the grain-devouring vermin!

They have made it law that a capitalist may lend his money at as high a rate of interest as any body may be pleased to give him for the use of it; but they have also provided that if any capitalist shall lend money on land at a higher rate of interest than 5 per cent., he shall be liable to all the pains and penalties of usury!

If a poor man should give £20 for a modicum of land, they have enacted that he shall pay a stamp duty of 5 per cent, upon the deed of conveyance; taking good care, however, to provide, that if a rich man should give £10,000 for an estate, the stamp duty on its convey¬ ance should be a mere fraction of one per cent, on the amount!

Their law subjects the savings of an honest mechanic to heavy pro¬ bate and legacy duty on its distribution at his death; whilst their thousands of acres, securing rentals of thousands of pounds to the possessors, are allowed to be transmitted from generationfcto genera¬ tion free from either of these iniquitously partial exactions!

They have made it law that small tenements of a less annual value than £6, in cases where let by the week, shall be rated to the owners of such property (this enactment applies almost exclusively to the small tenements in towns;) but in the event of such building being let by the year (as is the case almost invariably in respect of the huts owned by the farmers and occupied by their husbandmen,) the law shifts the burthen from the shoulders of the landlord's tenants to those of that tenant's labourer



47

They have made it criminal for manufacturers to pay the men in their employ in shop goods or provisions, but there is a special clause in that act which pro-, ides that their tenants may legally plunder their helpless peasants, by paying them in "truck"—or, in other words, in bad flour and rusty bacon, at a rate of charge superior to that for which wholesome flour and sound bacon could be purchased of the shopkeeper!

They have enacted that in event of the insolvency of one of their tenants, none, of his creditors shall receive a single farthing in the pound until their claim for rent shall have been fully satis¬ fied. To this end they have given themselves a priority over even a bond creditor, and made it legal in them to seize not only all such tenant's property, but all other property, to whomsoever belonging, which may happen to be on the premises in that tenant's occupation

Should the landlord, with a valid* claim for but £50, claim and distrain for £100, the legislative landowners have provided that in order to the settlement of the difference in dispute, the debtor shall be at the expensive inconvenience of becoming plaintiff, whilst the creditor shall be defendant; and that the debtor shall not be allowed to be even plaintiff until he shall have given the sheriff good security for the full amount of the distraint, and, in the event of failing to prove the negative, (viz., that he does not owe the sum claimed,) fur¬ ther security for the payment of three times the amount of his land¬ lord's costs!

They have enacted that the offence of forestalling and regrating butter, in the most insignificant market in the kingdom, shall subject the offender to prosecution for a misdemeanour, and, on conviction, to imprisonment and fine; but they have enacted a corn law which empowers them to forestall and regrate the first necessary of life in all the markets of the United Kingdom with absolute impunity, and with an annual pecuniary benefit to themselves of many millions of pounds sterling—a tax upon industry—an imposition upon humanity—on extortion upon the poorest—an oppression of the weakest!

Such is the Law-craft of the Land craft

EVIDENCE OF SCRIPTURE AGAINST THE BREAD TAX. Give us this day our daily bread.—Matt. vi. 11. And God said, Behold, I have given you every herb bearing seed,

which is upon the face of all the earth, and even tree, in the which is the fruit of a tree yielding seed; to you it shall be for meat.— Gen. i. 29.

Every moving thing that liveth shall be meat for you; even as the green herb have I given you all things.—Gen. ix. 3.

He watcreth the hills from his chambers: the earth is satisfied with the fruit of thy works. He causeth the grass to grow for the cattle, and herb Jar the service of man: that he may bring forth food out of the earth.—Ps. civ. 13, 14.

Rob not the poor, because he is poor: neither oppress the afflicted in the gate: for the Lord will plead their cause, and spoil the soul of those that spoiled them.—Prov. xxii. 22, 23.

The bread of the needy is his life; he that defraudeth him thereof is a man of blood.—Eccles. xxiv. 21.

She (the good wife) is like the merchants' ships; she bringeth her food from afar.—Prov. xxxi. 11.



48

Moreover, the profit of the earth is for all: the king himself is served by the field.—Eccl. v. 9.

Surely oppression maketh a wise man mad.—Eccl. vii. 7. By reason of the multitude of oppressions they make the oppressed to ciy: they cry out by reason of the arm of the mighty. —Job. xxxv. 9. They cause him to go naked without clothing, and they take away the sheaf from the hungry.—Job. xxiv. 10. The heaven, even the heavens, are the Lord's: but the earth hath

he given to the children of men.—Ps. cxv. 16. He that withholdeth corn, the people shall curse him.—Prov.xi. 62. So I returned, and considered all the oppressions that were done

under the sun: and behold the tears of such as nere oppressed, and they had no comforter; and on the side of their oppressors there was power; but they had no comforter.—Eccl. iv. 1.

AVERAGE PRICES OF WHEAT PER QUARTER IN DANTZIC, FROM 1817 TO 1838.

(From the Prvss'ian Gazette.) s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d.

1817 75 8 1823 26 8 1829 36 10 1834 25 5 1818 64 7 1824 22 9 1830 34 3 1835 23 0 1819 43 9 1825 23 3 1831 37 3 1836 33 6 1820 33 3 1826 23 1 1832 37 7 1837 29 4 1821 1822

31 7 29 1

1827 182S

22 5 24 4

1833 29 4 1838 48 1

Average of the whole period, 34s. 4d. per quarter.

AVERAGE PRICES OF WHEAT PER QUARTER ENGLAND, FROM 1760 TO 1839.

(From the London Gazette.)

IN

s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. 1760 36 6 1780 35 8 1800 110 5 1820 65 10 1761 30 3 1781 44 8 1801 115 11 1821 54 5 1762 39 0 1782 47 10 1802 67 9 1822 43 3 1763 40 9 1783 52 8 1803 57 1 1823 51 9 1764 46 9 1784 48 10 1804 60 5 1824 62 0 1765 52 0 1785 51 10 1805 87 1 1825 66 6 1766 43 1 1786 38 10 1806 76 9 1826 56 11 1767 64 6 1787 41 2 1807 73 1 1827 56 9 1768 60 6 1788 45 0 1808 78 11 1828 60 5 1769 45 8 1789 51 2 1809 94 5 1829 66 3 1770 41 4 1790 53 2 1810 103 3 1830 64 3 1771 47 2 1791 47 2 1811 92 5 1831 66 4 1772 50 8 1792 41 9 1812 122 8 1832 58 8 1773 51 0 1793 47 10 1813 106 6 1833 52 11 1774 52 8 1794 50 8 1814 72 1 1834 46 2 1775 48 4 1795 72 11 1815 63 8 1835 39 4 1776 38 2 1796 76 3 1816 76 2 1836 48 9 1777 45 6 1797 52 2 1817 94 0 1837 55 10 1778 42 0 1798 50 4 1818 83 8 1838 64 4 1779 33 8 1799 66 11 1819 72 3 1839 70 6

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The anti-corn-law almanack .... for 1841