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The anthropology of deep-history
Clive Gamble
Main Panel C
16Architecture, Built Environment and Planning
17Geography, Environmental Studies and Archaeology
18 Economics and Econometrics
19 Business and Management Studies
20 Law
21 Politics and International Studies
22 Social Work and Social Policy
23 Sociology
24 Anthropology and Development Studies
25 Education
26Sport and Exercise Sciences, Leisure and Tourism
REF2014 Sub-panels
What we call ourselvesGoogle NGRAM viewer
The Anthropological Review 1863
John Lubbock
Lubbock’s wordsPalaeolithic and Neolithic
Google NGRAM viewer
Lubbock and Tylor
• Sir John Lubbock 1834-1913– Pre-Historic times, as illustrated by ancient remains, and the manners and customs of modern
savages 1865
• E B Tylor 1832-1916– Researches into the early history of mankind and the development of civilization 1865
Bank Holiday Act
Anthropological InstituteThe Descent of man
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Darwin and LubbockMaster and Apprentice
Google NGRAM viewer
1882
Humans leaving Africa
000’s years
mtDNA haplogroups
Netskue and the Ephrussi family
The Akan Drum Object 86
Two stories of voyage and crossing
Afric
a
Amer
ica
Enslavement
Empowerment
Objectof curiosity“silent drum”
Instrument for control “dancing the slaves”
Object forResistance“call to arms”
Court ceremonies“to the drum beat”
Deep history
Smail and Shryock 2011
Pandora (2009) and Lilliput (1699)
Oldowan stone tools 2.5 Million years old
Seven million years of brain growth
<400cm3
>400cm3
>900cm3
>1200cm3
Ardipithecus ramidus Homo neanderthalensis
Geladas
Group and brain size
Dunbar’s number 150
Thresholds in brain size<400 cm3 >400 cm3 >900 cm3 >1200 cm3
Ardipithecus Australopithecus Homo erectus Neanderthals
CS 53 CS 60 CS 104 CS 120
4.5Ma 3.5 – 1.9Ma 1.8-0.6Ma 0.2Ma
afarensis
aethiopicus
CS = Community size
Encephalisation
Chimpanzee
<400cms3 1500cms3
Last common ancestor 6Million years ago
Large brains and small guts
Humans Primates
Expensive tissuesAiello and Wheeler 1995
John Gowlett
Brain-stuff disconnect
Large brained
Small brained
Map of the social brain
Gamble, Gowlett and Dunbar 2012
The Acheulean Gaze
John Lord
Intentions and emotions(S = social, P = primary M = mood)
Level of intentionality
Achieved by Examples Emotions
6 Only a few Complex symbolism M P S
5 Our ancestors with language as we know it
Myth and storytelling
4 Heidelbergensis and Neanderthal
Shared religious beliefs
3 All large brained hominins (>900 cms3)
You have a belief about her belief which is not my
belief2
Theory of mind
5 year olds, small brained hominins (400-900 cms3) and probably great apes
I have a belief about your belief
1 Monkeys and social animals such as elephants
Self-aware
Primary emotions
Fear
Anger
Turner 2000
Happiness
Sadness
Recognising another’s point of view: Theory of Mind
Social emotions
Shame and guilt
Map of the social brain
Geissenklosterle Cave 40,000 years ago
Hospitality to strangers and strange things
1795 Hoxne handaxes 1797-1800
Hxaro
Containers that wrap and move
Tetradic kinship N.Allen 2008
As we relate so we create
Acknowledgements
• British Academy Centenary Project: Robin Dunbar, John Gowlett, Garry Runciman, Wendy James, Ken Emond
• David Shankland, RAI• Janet Owen• Fiona Coward• Daniel Smail and Andrew Shryock• John Robb and Tim Pauketat
Hominin community size
AM
H
Neanderth
al
H. heidelberg
H. erectus
H. ergaster
H. habilis
H. flores
A. rudolphensis
A. robustus
A. boisei
A. garhi
A. aethiopicus
A. africanus
A. afarensis
Pan
Gro
up
Siz
e
200
150
100
50
0
Fig. 2
Large brained hominins>900cms3
Small brained hominins 400 - 900cms3