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DERICK COETZEE THE ANKH AND ITS MODERN

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ContentsPreface..........................................................................................................................2

Introduct on...................................................................................................................! T"e An#".......................................................................................................................$

Mean n%s and Usa%e..................................................................................................$

Or % ns......................................................................................................................&& T"e Co't c Cross.........................................................................................................&!

Conc(us on...................................................................................................................2)* +( o%ra'",................................................................................................................2&

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PrefaceEar( er I "ad -r tten a s"ort t-o 'a%e ' ece on t"e E%,'t an An#" and tss %n cance. /oo# n% +ac# t -as 0u te (ac# n% of an, rea( nfor1at on and sc ent c

ns %"t. I "ad s nce a(1ost n s"ed 1, Master s De%ree on t"e 1'act and usa%e of Anc ent E%,'t an S,1+o(s3 es'ec a((, t"e An#"3 4ad5et E,e and Sun D s#3 n our1odern soc et,3 and "a6e s nce %a ned a dee'er understand n% of t"e An#" and tsor % ns.

4"at fo((o-s are e7cer'ts fro1 t"e re(e6ant c"a'ters n 1, D ssertat on and"o'efu((, a 1ore co1'(ete ' cture on t"e An#" t"an -as % 6en +efore.

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T"e An#"

T"e An#" < ‘nkh n Anc ent E%,'t an=3 or crux ansata 1

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re'resent n% t"e 1a(e %en ta(s and Os r s3 as rst 'ostu(ated n & @ +, T"o1asIn1an. T"e fact t"at 1an, %ods are seen carr, n% or us n% t n so1e -a, nd catest"at t"e an#" re'resents so1et" n% a+stract3 ,et a(1ost tan% +(e3 suc" as

11orta( t, or t"e 6er, essence of ( fe8 t"e ( fe force t"at creates and 1a#es ( fe andresurrect on 'oss +(e. T" s -ou(d e7'(a n -", t"e s,1+o( s so c(ose(, assoc ated

- t" t"e %ods and ( fe fert ( t, resurrect on 1ot fs.As a (an%ua%e c"aracter3 t"e An#" 1eans >( fe?3 n ts 1an, senses.

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Figure 2 Detail of alu!trade "airo #E $%&00' after Shaw 1 4

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Gods t"at "o(d t"e An#" see1 to do so fro1 t"e (oo'or "and(e3 un(ess 'resent n% t to-ards so1eone. If t"e an#" s 'resented3 as n t"e e7a1'(e fro1A1arna3 t"e (oo' see1s to +e 'o nt n% to-ards-"oe6er t"e an#" s a''( ed to.

T"e %ure on t"e (eft s fro1 t"e Te1'(e of Hats"e'sut n De r e( *a"ar

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If t"e an#" s +e n% 'resented3 t see1s as f t"e "ands do not "o(d t"e an#" as f t sa '",s ca( attr +ute t"at s 'assed do-n fro1 t"e de t, to t"e +(essed. Rat"er3 tsee1s t"at >An#"?3 as noun3 s +e n% 'assed fro1 t"e de t, to t"e 'erson. T" s s+orne out +, t"e fact t"at t"e %ods or sunra,s ne6er "o(d t"e an#" as s"o-n a+o6e-"en "o(d n% t out to-ards a 'erson or ot"er de t,. T"e att tude s a(-a,s a >'a(1

out? one3 - t" t"e an#" s,1+o( see1 n%(, >'ass n%? fro1 t"e de t, to t"e su+5ect of t"e 1a%e3 as s"o-n +, t"e %ure +e(o- < J %ure $=. Not ce "o- t"e An#" see1s to'ass fro1 Is s to Set, I. In contrast3 Ne#"+et3 a+o6e Set,3 see1s to "o(d t"e An#"attac"ed to a shen r n%3 read n% >eterna( ( fe?. Co1'are t" s - t" t"e -a, n -" c"t"e an#" s "e(d n J %ure &.!. Jurt"er1ore3 t" s understand n% of t"e 1ean n% and

cono%ra'" c conte7t of t"e an#" s n ( ne - t" ts 1ore 1,st ca( ntan% +(eattr +utes. T"e de t es +(ess t"e su+5ect - t" t"e An#" >( fe force?3 as o''osed to t"etrad t ona( >% 6 n% " 1 ( fe? nter'retat on. It s a s1a((3 +ut necessar, s" ft n focus3 f one s to understand t"e an#" and ts cono%ra'", n fu((3 and not 5ust as a s,1+o( of >( fe?. In J %ure &.$3 one can a(so see a s1a(( %ure of Ma’at

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force. T" s co1'os te sta9 can +e seen n J %ure &.;. An nterest n% 'o nt touc"ed on+, Te e(de ( fe? s a %ood

rec 'e for sta+ ( t,. P" (oso'" ca((, too3 t" s state1ent "as 1er t3 as n anc ent E%,'tdo1 n on -as 'ract ced +, t"e centra( %o6ern1ent3 and t"e ( fe force

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T"e co1'(e7 t, and 1u(t t ered

s,1+o( s1 of t"e an#" s furt"er s"o-n +, ts ot"er uses n t"e art and crafts of Anc ent E%,'t. M rrors -ere cast n t"e %enera( for1 of t"e an#"3 and t"e E%,'t an-ord for 1 rror see1s to "a6e +een > ’nkh ? ( fe 1a%e? t"e 1a%e of t"e 'erson (oo# n% n t"e1 rror. To anc ent 'eo'(es3 a 1 rror -as so1et" n% rare3 as one "ad to 'o( s" a 1eta(or stone "ard and (on% +efore one cou(d see a rou%" re:ect on. 1 rror?3 and >d s" 1 rrors? "a6e +een found -"ere t"e1 rror s 1ade of a dar# su+stance3 suc" as s(ate stone3 and t"en ((ed - t" -ater.

T"e dar# conta ner -ou(d funct on ( #e t"e +ac# n% of a 1odern 1 rror3 and 'ro" + t( %"t fro1 re:ect n% fro1 +e" nd t"e to' (1 of -ater. T"e resu(t n% 1a%e -ou(d +ere(at 6e(, c(ear3 de'end n% on +ac#( %"t3 and rea( st c. ( fe to ,our s' r t? -"en a ( 0u d s 'oured fro1 t Ostens +(,3 t" s d s"-ou(d +e used to 'our out a +(ess n% on a 'erson.

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'our n% of >( fe % 6 n% :u ds?3suc" as -ater3 se1en or1 (#.

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6ar ous standards and +anners. T"e Sed Jest 6a( +e n% t"e fest 6a( -"ere t"e # n%>re5u6enated? " s re %n3 t"e 'resence of t"e an#" s 0u te e7'ected. an#"? n t"e na1es of E%,'t ans. Tut an#" a1en +e n% t"e 1ost fa1ous3 a(on%s de P an#",3 Mer an#"3An#"esena1un Sacred Knot S,1+o(?. T"eset"eor es -ere de6e(o'ed n t"e ear(, da,s of E%,'to(o%, and -ere not -e(( t"ou%"tt"rou%"3 s nce t"e, "a6e no corre(at on to an, nds n E%,'t.

J( nders Petr e

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#no-n t"at t"e dou+(e a7e s an Anc ent Near Eastern s,1+o( for fert ( t,3 es'ec a((,assoc ated - t" t"e -eat"er %ods. T" s -as ta#en u' +, Conrad

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In &@ 2 Sc"-a+e3 Ada1s and Hod%e 'ostu(ated >An anato1 ca( or % n for An#"?

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djed 3 was and An#" >stac#? n J %ure $ a+o6e=.

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Figure 12. 3opular eBCui!ite for-!(http.//www coptic net/Encyclopedia"optica/)

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J %ure &)3 J %ure && and J %ure &2 s"o- t"e d 6ers t, of t"e crosses n use n t"eE%,'t an C"urc". Of 'art cu(ar nterest to our stud, s t"e fact t"at t"e, used t"eAn#" n ts or % na( for1 and 1ean n%.J %ure &! +e(o- s"o-s and nterest n% 1er%eof t"e An#" and a St. o"n Cross.

Figure 1&. "optic "ro!! elief on di!play in the oe-er> und 3eli9aeu!>5u!eu-' ilde!hei-

T"e Co'ts +e( e6e t"ese crosses to +e t"e s,1+o( of ( fe3 for as C"r st rose fro1 t"e

dead and +eca1e >( fe?3 so t"e C"r st an s seen as +e n% >a( 6e?. T" s s a recurr n%t"e1e for Co't c +e( e6ers3 and t es n - t" t"e s,1+o( s1 of t"e An#".

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Figure 14. Tape!try !howing the Ankh a!!ociated with "hri!t' Egypt' 6y9antine period' th centuryin the "le7eland 5u!eu- of Art

T"e ta'estr, a+o6e s 0u te r c" n s,1+o( s1. At t"e +otto1 t"ere are t"ree %ures. T"e, 1a, refer to Dan e( s t"ree fr ends t"ro-n n t"e furnace +, # n%Ne+uc"adne ar after refus n% to +o- do-n to " s %o(den do( A('"a? and >O1e%a?3 a c(ear reference to Re6e(at ons &># am Alpha and $me%a& the be%innin% and the endin%& saith the 'ord& which is& andwhich was& and which is to come& the Almi%hty .? A(t"ou%" t" s 6erse c(ear(, s'ea#sof God3 C"r st ans a''(, t to H s Son.

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T"e s,1+o(s n t"e 1 dd(e fra1e are of 'art cu(ar 1'ortance. Here an An#" to's annscr 't on of Q . T"ese Gree# c"aracters are 'ronounced as >f s"?3 +ut are a(so

an acron,1 for VWX Y [\X Q]V^ _`X [bY3 d rect(, trans(ated as esus C"r stGod s Son our t"e Sa6 our. Suc" an nscr 't on under an An#" 1a, co1e as as"oc# to 1ost C"r st ans. It -ou(d see1 t"at t"e Ear(, C"r st ans d d not s"are t"e r

0ua(1s and re'resented es"ua as an An#". T"e t-o + rds3 dent ed as ea%(es +,t"e 1useu1 descr 't on3 are n trad t ona( E%,'t an for1 :an# n% t"e an#" as Horusor 4ad5et E,es usua((, do.

Figure 1 . Front co7er of the "odeB

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Figure 1 . ithograph of a "optic 5otif' conteBt unknown(http.//www copticchurch net/topic!/thecopticchurch/church1 ht-l)

In t"e 1a%e a+o6e3 t"e An#" s fra1ed - t" (aure( -reat"s3 t"e trad t ona( s,1+o(for 6 ctor,3 and :an#ed +, and >A('"a? and >O1e%a? a%a n. T"e ent re scene3 - t"t"e -reat"s ste1s for1 n% a r ++on s re1 n scent of t"e C" R"o s,1+o( at t"e to'of t"e ta'estr, n J %ure &$ a+o6e. It s a(so re1 n scent of C"r sts 6 ctor, o6er deat"and t"e conse0uent +r n% n% of ( fe. T"ese 1a%es s"o- tan% +(, -"at t"e Co'ts fee(to +e t"e r E%,'t an (e%ac,. T" s (e%ac, s e7'(a ned on ---.co't cc"urc".net3 one of t"e oLc a( -e+s tes for t"e Co't c C"urc". It ca((s t"e Co'ts 1odern >Sons of P"aroa"s?3 and e7'(a ns t"at -" (e ot"er anc ent c 6 ( at ons (oo#ed to ( fe on eart"3t"e E%,'t ans -ere 'reoccu' ed +, ( fe after deat" and resurrect on. T" s 1adecon6ers on eas er s nce3 > .t"e E%,'t an 1 nd -as a+sor+ed n t"e -or(d to co1e3and n t"e resurrect on. 4"en t"e, -ere con6erted to C"r st an t,3 t"e, +eca1e

n6o(6ed n a-a t n% t"e ad6ent of t"e R sen C"r st .?

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Figure 1%. "a th century AD To- !tone fro- the 8harga @a!i!

T"e fact t"at C"r st ans n E%,'t used3 and cont nue to use3 t"e An#" as a 'art of t"e r re( % ous r te s testa1ent to t"e enor1ous (e%ac, and r c" s,1+o( s1 t"at t"eAnc ent E%,'t ans (eft +e" nd. T" s -as t"en 'assed on nto 1odern C"r st ant"ou%"t t"rou%" trad t on. T"e fact t"at 1an, C"r st ans cont nue to use t"e cross asa s,1+o( of C"r st an / fe a(so "ar#ens +ac# to t"e An#" as s,1+o( for ( fe. T" s sec"oed +, To1 Har'ur n a 2))2

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Conc(us on T"e An#"3 one of t"e 1ost 1'ortant of Anc ent E%,'t an s,1+o(s and re'resentat 6es,1+o( of ( fe tse(f3 s a( 6e and -e(( n t"e trad t ona( c"urc" n E%,'t. Itsconnotat on to and re'resentat on of es"ua as sa6 our and % 6er of ne- ( fe s acont nuat on of ts anc ent E%,'t an s,1+o( s1 of >/ fe Jorce? and >( fe? as a noun36er+ and ad5ect 6e.

T"e anc ent or % n3 usa%e and 1ean n%s of t"e An#" -ere e7a1 ned3 as -as tsn:uence on t"e Co't c cross. Jro1 t" s one t" n% s 6er, c(ear. T"e anc ent E%,'t ans

used an 1a%e - t" suc" dee' rooted connotat ons and 1ean n%s n t"e e6er,da,( 6es of t"e r 'eo'(e t"at t"e s,1+o( s1 sur6 6es3 e6en t"ou%" t"e 'eo'(e con6ertedto anot"er re( % on. T"e 'o-erfu( s,1+o( s1 see1s to transcend +oundar es3re( % ons and races and e6en t 1e3 as 1odern 'eo'(e can nstant(, reco%n se t"eAn#" as a 1,st ca( Anc ent E%,'t an s %n.

A %reater (e%ac, t"an t" s s "ard to co1e +, for anc ent cu(tures -"ere3 !;)) ,earsafter t"e 'ea# of ts c 6 ( at on3 t s st (( -e(( #no-n3 res'ected and3 n so1e cases3e6en re6ered.

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* +( o%ra'",6ook!.

• *roc#3 M. & B@.The (ross) Heathen and (hristian . /ondon See(,3 ac#son FHa(( da,.

• Co73 S. 2))B. An A to * of Ancient +%ypt . Ed n+ur%" Ma nstrea1 Pu+( s" n%Co1'an,

• Gard ner3 A. &@2B.+%yptian ,rammar) -ein% an #ntroduction to the tudy ofHiero%lyphs . T" rd Ed t on Re6 sed. O7ford Gr Lt" Inst tute3 2))&

• Gordon3 AH F Sc"-a+e3 C4. 2))$. The .uick and the /ead) -iomedicalTheory in Ancient +%ypt . /e den *oston *r (( St,7

• Ku"rt3 A. 2))@ T"e Anc ent Near East c. !))) !!) *C. USA Rout(ed%e < rst'u+( s"ed &@@;=

• P nc"3 G. 2))2. Handbook of +%yptian Mytholo%y . Ca( forn a A*C C/IO

Article!.

• An#" . 2)&). Enc,c(o'hd a *r tann ca. 0Ankh . Enc,c(o'aed a *r tann caU(t 1ate Reference Su te. C" ca%o Enc,c(o'hd a *r tann ca3 2)&).

• A6 %ad3 N. &@B .,leanin%s from 2npublished Ancient eals . *u((et n of t"eA1er can Sc"oo(s of Or enta( Researc"3 No. 2!)

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• Scott3 N. &@B!.The /aily 'ife of the Ancient +%yptians . T"e Metro'o( tanMuseu1 of Art *u((et n3 Ne- Ser es3 o(. !&3 No. !3 T"e Da (, / fe of t"eAnc ent E%,'t ans