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The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes. Chapter 30. Learning Objective 1. Cite specific examples of the evolutionary significance of the coelom. Coelom 1. True coelom is a fluid-filled body cavity completely lined by mesoderm between digestive tube and outer body wall - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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The Animal Kingdom:The Animal Kingdom:The ProtostomesThe Protostomes
Chapter 30Chapter 30
Learning Objective 1Learning Objective 1
• Cite specific examples of the evolutionary Cite specific examples of the evolutionary significance of the significance of the coelomcoelom
Coelom 1Coelom 1
• True True coelomcoelom is a fluid-filled body cavity is a fluid-filled body cavity • completely lined by mesoderm between completely lined by mesoderm between
digestive tube and outer body walldigestive tube and outer body wall
• Allows Allows tube-within-a-tubetube-within-a-tube body planbody plan• body wall is outer tubebody wall is outer tube• inner tube is digestive tubeinner tube is digestive tube
Coelom 2Coelom 2
• An enclosed compartment (or series of An enclosed compartment (or series of compartments) of fluid under pressurecompartments) of fluid under pressure
• Serve as Serve as hydrostatic skeletonhydrostatic skeleton • contracting muscles push against tube of fluidcontracting muscles push against tube of fluid
Coelom 3Coelom 3
• A space in which internal organs developA space in which internal organs develop• including gonadsincluding gonads
• Helps transport materialsHelps transport materials
• Protects internal organsProtects internal organs
KEY CONCEPTSKEY CONCEPTS
• Evolution of the coelom has been Evolution of the coelom has been associated with important innovations in associated with important innovations in body plan, including cephalization, the body plan, including cephalization, the tube-within-a-tube body plan, tube-within-a-tube body plan, compartmentalization, and segmentationcompartmentalization, and segmentation
Learning Objective 2Learning Objective 2
• Characterize the Characterize the protostomesprotostomes
• Describe their two main evolutionary Describe their two main evolutionary branchesbranches
• Give examples of animals assigned to Give examples of animals assigned to each brancheach branch
ProtostomesProtostomes
• Characterized byCharacterized by• spiral cleavagespiral cleavage• determinate cleavagedeterminate cleavage• development of mouth from blastoporedevelopment of mouth from blastopore
Two Branches of ProtostomesTwo Branches of Protostomes
• LophotrochozoaLophotrochozoa • platyhelminths, nemerteans, mollusks, platyhelminths, nemerteans, mollusks,
annelids, lophophorate phyla, rotifers annelids, lophophorate phyla, rotifers
• EcdysozoaEcdysozoa • nematodes (roundworms) and arthropodsnematodes (roundworms) and arthropods
KEY CONCEPTSKEY CONCEPTS
• Protostomes are a monophyletic group Protostomes are a monophyletic group that gave rise to two major clades: that gave rise to two major clades: Lophotrochozoa and EcdysozoaLophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa
Learning Objective 3Learning Objective 3
• What are the distinguishing characteristics What are the distinguishing characteristics of phylum of phylum NemerteaNemertea and phylum and phylum PlatyhelminthesPlatyhelminthes??
• Describe the main classes of phylum Describe the main classes of phylum PlatyhelminthesPlatyhelminthes, giving examples of , giving examples of animals that belong to each classanimals that belong to each class
Phylum Nemertea (Ribbon Worms) 1Phylum Nemertea (Ribbon Worms) 1
• Characterized by Characterized by proboscisproboscis• muscular tube for capturing food, defense muscular tube for capturing food, defense
• Reduced coelom (Reduced coelom (rhynchocoelrhynchocoel))• space surrounding proboscis space surrounding proboscis
Phylum Nemertea (Ribbon Worms) 2Phylum Nemertea (Ribbon Worms) 2
• NemerteansNemerteans have have• tube-within-a-tube body plantube-within-a-tube body plan• complete digestive tract with mouth and anus complete digestive tract with mouth and anus • a circulatory systema circulatory system
NemerteansNemerteans
Phylum Platyhelminthes Phylum Platyhelminthes (Flatworms)(Flatworms) 11
• AcoelomateAcoelomate animals with animals with• bilateral symmetry bilateral symmetry • cephalizationcephalization • 3 definite tissue layers 3 definite tissue layers • well-developed organswell-developed organs
• Many are Many are hermaphroditeshermaphrodites • single animal produces both sperm and eggs single animal produces both sperm and eggs
Phylum Platyhelminthes Phylum Platyhelminthes (Flatworms)(Flatworms) 22
• Ladder-type nervous system Ladder-type nervous system • sense organssense organs• simple brain composed of two simple brain composed of two gangliaganglia• 2 nerve cords that extend the length of body2 nerve cords that extend the length of body
• ProtonephridiaProtonephridia• function in osmoregulation and disposal of function in osmoregulation and disposal of
metabolic wastesmetabolic wastes
3 Classes of3 Classes ofPhylum PlatyhelminthesPhylum Platyhelminthes
• Class Class TurbellariaTurbellaria• free-living flatworms, including free-living flatworms, including planariansplanarians
• Classes Classes TrematodaTrematoda and and Monogenea Monogenea • parasitic parasitic flukesflukes
• Class Class CestodaCestoda• parasitic tapeworms parasitic tapeworms
PlanarianPlanarian
Fig. 30-1 (1), p. 642
Lophotrochozoa
Par
azo
a
Rad
iata
Pla
tyh
elm
inth
es
Nem
erte
a
Mo
llu
sca
An
nel
ida
Lo
ph
op
ho
rate
p
hyl
a
Ro
tife
ra
Ecd
yso
zoa
Deu
tero
sto
mia
Choanoflagellate ancestor
Fig. 30-1ab, p. 642
Ganglia
Auricle
Eyespot
Nerve
Gastrovascular cavity
Pharynx
Sheath surrounding
pharynx
Mouth
1 mm
Auricle
Fig. 30-1c, p. 642
Pharyngeal sheath cavity
Inner muscle layer of pharynx
Pharyngeal cavity
Outer muscle layerMuscle
Epidermis
Adhesive glandSperm
massVentral nerve cords
Muscle layers
Body wall composed of epidermis, circular muscle, and longitudinal muscle
Cilia
Insert “Planarian organ Insert “Planarian organ systems”systems”
planarian_organs_v2.swfplanarian_organs_v2.swf
Parasitic Flukes and TapewormsParasitic Flukes and Tapeworms
• Typically have suckers or hooksTypically have suckers or hooks• for holding on to their hostsfor holding on to their hosts
• Have complicated life cyclesHave complicated life cycles• intermediate hostsintermediate hosts• large numbers of eggslarge numbers of eggs
Parasitic FlukeParasitic Fluke
Fig. 30-2, p. 644
2 Larvae make their way to circulatory system, where they mature. During reproduction, which takes place in veins, male holds female in a long groove.1 Larvae
burrow through skin.
1 mm
7 Finally, fork-tailed larvae (cercariae) develop and leave snail.
Eggs pass into intestine.
3
4 Eggs containing developing embryos are excreted with feces.
Larvae must enter a second host, a freshwater snail. After burrowing into tissues of snail, larvae develop into a form that reproduces asexually.
5 If they find their way to fresh water, the eggs hatch, releasing free-swimming larvae (miracidia).
6
TapewormTapeworm
Insert “Blood fluke life-Insert “Blood fluke life-cycle” and “Tapeworm life cycle” and “Tapeworm life
cycle”cycle”blood_fluke.swfblood_fluke.swf
tapeworm.swftapeworm.swf
Watch the fluke and tapeworm Watch the fluke and tapeworm life cycles by clicking on the life cycles by clicking on the
figures in ThomsonNOW.figures in ThomsonNOW.
Learning Objective 4Learning Objective 4
• What are the adaptive advantages of What are the adaptive advantages of cephalizationcephalization??
CephalizationCephalization
• Evolution of a headEvolution of a head• concentration of sense organs and nerve cells concentration of sense organs and nerve cells
(simple brain) at anterior end(simple brain) at anterior end• (Flatworms show beginnings of cephalization) (Flatworms show beginnings of cephalization)
• Increases effectiveness of bilateral animalIncreases effectiveness of bilateral animal• to actively find food, shelter, matesto actively find food, shelter, mates• to detect enemiesto detect enemies
Learning Objective 5Learning Objective 5
• What are the distinguishing characteristics What are the distinguishing characteristics of phylum of phylum MolluscaMollusca and the four molluscan and the four molluscan classes discussed? classes discussed?
• Give examplesGive examples
PhylumPhylum MolluscaMollusca
• Soft-bodied animalsSoft-bodied animals• usually covered by a shell usually covered by a shell
• Ventral foot Ventral foot • for locomotionfor locomotion
• Mantle Mantle • covers covers visceral massvisceral mass (body organs) (body organs)
MollusksMollusks
• Most have Most have open circulatory systemopen circulatory system • Cephalopods have Cephalopods have closed circulatory systemclosed circulatory system
• Most have rasplike Most have rasplike radularadula for feeding for feeding• Bivalves are suspension feedersBivalves are suspension feeders
• Most marine mollusks have free-Most marine mollusks have free-swimming, ciliated swimming, ciliated trochophore larvatrochophore larva
Insert “Molluscan Insert “Molluscan classes”classes”
mollusk_classes.swfmollusk_classes.swf
Trochophore LarvaTrochophore Larva
Fig. 30-7, p. 648
Digestive tract
Cilia
Mouth
Nephridium
Mesodermal cells
Anus
ClassClass PolyplacophoraPolyplacophora
• Includes marine Includes marine chitonschitons• Shells consist of 8 overlapping platesShells consist of 8 overlapping plates
Fig. 30-6a, p. 647
ShellDigestive
tract
Class Polyplacophora
ClassClass GastropodaGastropoda
• Largest group of mollusksLargest group of mollusks• snails, slugs, and their relatives snails, slugs, and their relatives
• Body undergoes Body undergoes torsiontorsion• a twisting of the visceral mass a twisting of the visceral mass
Fig. 30-6b, p. 647
Shell
Digestive tractFoot
Class Gastropoda
Insert “Snail body plan”Insert “Snail body plan”
snail_body_plan.swfsnail_body_plan.swf
TorsionTorsion
Insert “Torsion in Insert “Torsion in gastropods”gastropods”
torsion.swftorsion.swf
ClassClass BivalviaBivalvia
• Includes aquatic clams, scallops, oystersIncludes aquatic clams, scallops, oysters
• Two-part shell Two-part shell • hinged dorsally hinged dorsally • encloses bodies encloses bodies
• Suspension feeders Suspension feeders
Fig. 30-6c, p. 647
Shell
FootDigestive
tract
Class Bivalva
ClamClam
Fig. 30-10, p. 649
Digestive gland Heart
DORSAL MetanephridiumStomach
IntestineEsophagus
Ganglion
Anterior adductor muscle Excurrent
siphon
Mouth
Palp
Gill—partially cutPedal
ganglion
Foot ShellIntestine
VENTRAL
Gonad
Posterior adductor muscleAnus
Incurrent siphon
Mantle
Insert “Clam body plan”Insert “Clam body plan”
clam.swfclam.swf
ClassClass CephalopodaCephalopoda
• Includes squids, octopods, Includes squids, octopods, Nautilus Nautilus
• Active, predatory swimmers Active, predatory swimmers
• Tentacles surround the mouthTentacles surround the mouth• located in the large headlocated in the large head
Fig. 30-6d, p. 647
Internal shell
Tentacles (modified foot)
Digestive tract
Class Cephalopoda
Learning Objective 6Learning Objective 6
• What are the distinguishing characteristics What are the distinguishing characteristics of phylum of phylum AnnelidaAnnelida and the three annelid and the three annelid classes discussed? classes discussed?
• Give examplesGive examples
PhylumPhylum AnnelidaAnnelida (Segmented Worms)(Segmented Worms)
• Aquatic worms, earthworms, leeches Aquatic worms, earthworms, leeches
• Conspicuously long bodies Conspicuously long bodies
• SegmentationSegmentation• both internally and externallyboth internally and externally
• Large, compartmentalized coelomLarge, compartmentalized coelom• serves as hydrostatic skeletonserves as hydrostatic skeleton
AnnelidsAnnelids
Fig. 30-11 (a-c), p. 650
Setae Mouth
ClitellumSuckers
Parapodia
Anus
Class Polychaeta Class Oligochaeta Class Hirudinea
Stepped Art
Fig. 30-11 (a-c), p. 650
Mouth
Clitellum
Class Oligochaeta
Setae
Anus
Parapodia
Class Polychaeta
Lophotrochozoa
Pa
razo
a
Ra
dia
ta
Pla
tyh
elm
inth
es
Ne
me
rte
a
Mo
llu
sc
a
An
ne
lid
a
Lo
ph
op
ho
rate
p
hy
la
Ro
tife
ra
Ec
dy
so
zoa
De
ute
ros
tom
ia
Choanoflagellate ancestor
Suckers
Class Hirudinea
EarthwormEarthworm
Fig. 30-12a, p. 651
Clitellum
Intestine
Esophagus
Pharynx
Dorsal vesselVentral vessel
Longitudinal MouthMuscles
Circular Nerve cord Cerebral ganglia
Septa
Gizzard Crop
Fig. 30-12b, p. 651
Dorsal blood vesselIntestine
Metanephridia
Coelom
Ventral blood vessel
Nerve cord
Insert “Earthworm body Insert “Earthworm body plan”plan”
earthworm_v2.swfearthworm_v2.swf
LeechesLeeches
ClassClass PolychaetaPolychaeta
• Marine worms with Marine worms with parapodiaparapodia• appendages for locomotion, gas exchangeappendages for locomotion, gas exchange
• Parapodia have many Parapodia have many setae setae
• Well-defined head with sense organs Well-defined head with sense organs • unlike other annelids unlike other annelids
Class OligochaetaClass Oligochaeta
• EarthwormsEarthworms
• Characterized by few short Characterized by few short setaesetae per per segmentsegment
• Body divided into > 100 segmentsBody divided into > 100 segments• separated internally by separated internally by septasepta
ClassClass HirudineaHirudinea
• Leeches Leeches
• Characterized by absence of Characterized by absence of setaesetae and and appendagesappendages
• Parasitic leeches have suckersParasitic leeches have suckers• for holding on to their hostfor holding on to their host
Learning Objective 7Learning Objective 7
• What are the distinguishing characteristics What are the distinguishing characteristics of the of the lophophorate phylalophophorate phyla??
The Lophophorate PhylaThe Lophophorate Phyla
• MMarine animals with a arine animals with a lophophorelophophore• brachiopods, phoronids,brachiopods, phoronids, bryozoans bryozoans
• LophophoreLophophore• ciliated ring of tentacles surround the mouth ciliated ring of tentacles surround the mouth • specialized to capture particles in waterspecialized to capture particles in water
LophophoratesLophophorates
• Phylum Phylum Brachiopoda Brachiopoda
• Phylum Phylum PhoronidaPhoronida
• Phylum Phylum Bryozoa Bryozoa
Fig. 30-14 (1), p. 653
Lophotrochozoa
Par
azo
a
Rad
iata
Pla
tyh
elm
inth
es
Nem
erte
a
Mo
llu
sca
An
nel
ida
Lo
ph
op
ho
rate
p
hyl
a
Ro
tife
ra
Ecd
yso
zoa
Deu
tero
sto
mia
Choanoflagellate ancestor
Phylum RotiferaPhylum Rotifera
Fig. 30-15 (1), p. 654
Lophotrochozoa
Par
azo
a
Rad
iata
Pla
tyh
elm
inth
es
Nem
erte
a
Mo
llu
sca
An
nel
ida
Lo
ph
op
ho
rate
p
hyl
a
Ro
tife
ra
Ecd
yso
zoa
Deu
tero
sto
mia
Choanoflagellate ancestor
Fig. 30-15a, p. 654
150 µm
Fig. 30-15b, p. 654
Crown of cilla
MouthPharynx (grinding organ)
Digestive glands
Stomach Reproductive organ
ProtonephridiumIntestine
Cuticle and epidermis
Anus
Bladder
Eyespot
Learning Objective 8Learning Objective 8
• What are the distinguishing characteristics What are the distinguishing characteristics of phylum of phylum NematodaNematoda??
Phylum Nematoda (Roundworms)Phylum Nematoda (Roundworms)
• Highly successful Highly successful ecdysozoansecdysozoans
• Pseudocoelom Pseudocoelom
• Body covered by tough Body covered by tough cuticlecuticle • helps prevent desiccation helps prevent desiccation
Phylum Nematoda (Roundworms)Phylum Nematoda (Roundworms)
• Parasitic nematodes in humansParasitic nematodes in humans• Ascaris Ascaris • hookworms hookworms • trichina worms trichina worms • pinwormspinworms
AscarisAscaris
Fig. 30-17, p. 656
MouthPharynx
Dorsal nerve
Excretory canal
PharynxMuscle of pharynx wallExcretory
gland
Pseudocoelom
UterusOvary
Intestine
Vulva Excretory canal
Muscle layer
Epidermis Ventral nerve
Cuticle (b) Cross section
Anus
(a) Longitudinal section
Learning Objective 9Learning Objective 9
• What are the distinguishing characteristics What are the distinguishing characteristics of phylum of phylum Arthropoda?Arthropoda?
• Distinguish among the subphyla and Distinguish among the subphyla and classes of this phylum classes of this phylum
• Give examples of animals that belong to Give examples of animals that belong to each groupeach group
Phylum Arthropoda 1Phylum Arthropoda 1
• Segmented animals with Segmented animals with paired, jointed paired, jointed appendagesappendages
• Armorlike Armorlike exoskeletonexoskeleton of chitin of chitin
• MoltingMolting necessary for arthropod to grow necessary for arthropod to grow
Phylum Arthropoda 2Phylum Arthropoda 2
• Open circulatory systemOpen circulatory system• dorsal heart, pumps dorsal heart, pumps hemolymphhemolymph
• Aquatic forms have gills for gas exchangeAquatic forms have gills for gas exchange
• Terrestrial forms have either Terrestrial forms have either tracheaetracheae or or book lungsbook lungs
KEY CONCEPTSKEY CONCEPTS
• The most biologically successful The most biologically successful protostomes in terms of diversity and protostomes in terms of diversity and numbers are the mollusks and the numbers are the mollusks and the arthropodsarthropods
TrilobitesTrilobites
• Extinct marine arthropodsExtinct marine arthropods• covered by hard, segmented shellcovered by hard, segmented shell
• Each segment had a pair of Each segment had a pair of biramous biramous appendagesappendages with two jointed branches with two jointed branches
• inner walking leginner walking leg• outer gill branchouter gill branch
TrilobitesTrilobites
Fig. 30-19 (1), p. 658
Ecdysozoa
Par
azo
a
Rad
iata
Lo
ph
otr
och
ozo
a
Nem
ato
da
Art
hro
po
da
Deu
tero
sto
mia
Choanoflagellate ancestor
Fig. 30-19ab, p. 658
Antenna
Head
Eye
Gill
Lateral lobe
Median lobe
(a) Dorsal view of a trilobite. (b) Ventral view.
SubphylumSubphylum MyriapodaMyriapoda
• 2 Classes2 Classes• ChilopodaChilopoda (centipedes) (centipedes) • DiplopodaDiplopoda (millipedes) (millipedes)
• Uniramous Uniramous (unbranched) (unbranched) appendagesappendages
• Single pair of antennaeSingle pair of antennae
MyriapodsMyriapods
SubphylumSubphylum Chelicerata 1Chelicerata 1
• MerostomesMerostomes (horseshoe crabs) and (horseshoe crabs) and Arachnids Arachnids (spiders, mites, and relatives)(spiders, mites, and relatives)
• Body with cephalothorax and abdomenBody with cephalothorax and abdomen
• 6 pairs of uniramous, jointed appendages6 pairs of uniramous, jointed appendages• 4 pairs serve as legs4 pairs serve as legs
SubphylumSubphylum Chelicerata 2Chelicerata 2
• First appendages are First appendages are cheliceraechelicerae• second are second are pedipalpspedipalps
• Appendages adapted for manipulation of Appendages adapted for manipulation of food, locomotion, defense, copulationfood, locomotion, defense, copulation
• No antennae, no mandiblesNo antennae, no mandibles
CheliceratesChelicerates
Subphylum Crustacea 1Subphylum Crustacea 1
• Lobsters, crabs, shrimp, pill bugs, Lobsters, crabs, shrimp, pill bugs, barnaclesbarnacles
• Body with cephalothorax and abdomen Body with cephalothorax and abdomen
• Most have five pairs of walking legsMost have five pairs of walking legs
• Appendages are biramousAppendages are biramous
Subphylum Crustacea 2Subphylum Crustacea 2
• Two pairs of Two pairs of antennaeantennae • sense taste and touch sense taste and touch
• Third appendages are Third appendages are mandiblesmandibles • for chewing for chewing
• Two pairs of Two pairs of maxillaemaxillae• posterior to mandiblesposterior to mandibles• manipulate and hold foodmanipulate and hold food
CrustaceansCrustaceans
LobsterLobster
Fig. 30-23a, p. 661
Cephalothorax
Abdomen Thorax Head
EyeFifth walking leg
Fig. 30-23b, p. 661
Tail fan Fifth walking leg
Second walkingleg
Third maxilliped
MouthCheliped
First antenna
Second antenna
Swimmerets First swimmeret (used by male in copulation)
SubphylumSubphylum Hexapoda Hexapoda
• Includes class Includes class InsectaInsecta• articulated, tracheated hexapodsarticulated, tracheated hexapods
Fig. 30-24a, p. 661
Head Thorax Abdomen Forewing
Antenna
Sound receptor Spiracles Hindwing
(a) External structure. Note the three pairs of segmented legs.
Compound eye
Simple eye
InsectsInsects
• Body with head, thorax, and abdomenBody with head, thorax, and abdomen• Uniramous appendagesUniramous appendages• Single pair of antennaeSingle pair of antennae• Tracheae for gas exchangeTracheae for gas exchange• Malpighian tubulesMalpighian tubules for excretion for excretion
Digestive gland Heart Anus
Brain
Nerve cord Intestine
Malpighian tubules Genital opening
Ovary
(b) Internal Anatomy.
GrasshopperGrasshopper
Learning Objective 10Learning Objective 10
• What adaptations have contributed to the What adaptations have contributed to the biological success of biological success of insectsinsects??
Insect Adaptations 1Insect Adaptations 1
• Versatile exoskeletonVersatile exoskeleton• SegmentationSegmentation• Specialized jointed appendages Specialized jointed appendages • Highly developed sense organsHighly developed sense organs• Ability to fly Ability to fly
Insert “Insect head parts”Insert “Insect head parts”
insect_heads.swfinsect_heads.swf
Insect Adaptations 2Insect Adaptations 2
• MetamorphosisMetamorphosis• transition from one developmental form to transition from one developmental form to
anotheranother• reduces intraspecific competition reduces intraspecific competition
MetamorphosisMetamorphosis
Insert “Insect Insert “Insect development”development”
insect_devt.swfinsect_devt.swf
Insect Adaptations 3Insect Adaptations 3
• Insects have developedInsects have developed• effective reproductive strategieseffective reproductive strategies• effective mechanisms for defense, offenseeffective mechanisms for defense, offense• ability to communicateability to communicate
KEY CONCEPTSKEY CONCEPTS
• The remarkable biological success of the The remarkable biological success of the insects can be attributed to the evolution insects can be attributed to the evolution of complex body plans and life cycles, for of complex body plans and life cycles, for example, their exoskeleton, segmentation, example, their exoskeleton, segmentation, specialized jointed appendages, ability to specialized jointed appendages, ability to fly, and metamorphosisfly, and metamorphosis
Explore the body plans of the Explore the body plans of the protostomes by clicking on the protostomes by clicking on the
figures in ThomsonNOW.figures in ThomsonNOW.