Upload
vidal
View
38
Download
8
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes. Chapter 31. Learning Objective 1. What are the shared derived characters of deuterostomes ?. Deuterostomes 1. Include echinoderms, hemichordates, chordates Hemichordates (acorn worms) marine deuterostomes three-part body (proboscis, collar, trunk). - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Citation preview
The Animal Kingdom:The Animal Kingdom:The DeuterostomesThe Deuterostomes
Chapter 31Chapter 31
Learning Objective 1Learning Objective 1
• What are the shared derived characters of What are the shared derived characters of deuterostomesdeuterostomes??
DeuterostomesDeuterostomes 11
• Include echinoderms, hemichordates, Include echinoderms, hemichordates, chordates chordates
• HemichordatesHemichordates (acorn worms) (acorn worms)• marine deuterostomesmarine deuterostomes• three-part body (proboscis, collar, trunk)three-part body (proboscis, collar, trunk)
DeuterostomesDeuterostomes 22
• Shared derived charactersShared derived characters• radial, indeterminate cleavageradial, indeterminate cleavage• blastopore becomes anusblastopore becomes anus• larva have a loop-shaped ciliated band used larva have a loop-shaped ciliated band used
for locomotionfor locomotion
KEY CONCEPTSKEY CONCEPTS
• The echinoderms and the chordates are The echinoderms and the chordates are the two most successful deuterostome the two most successful deuterostome lineages in terms of diversity, number of lineages in terms of diversity, number of species, and number of individualsspecies, and number of individuals
Learning Objective 2Learning Objective 2
• What are three shared derived characters What are three shared derived characters of of echinodermsechinoderms??
• Describe the main classes of echinodermsDescribe the main classes of echinoderms
PhylumPhylum EchinodermataEchinodermata
• Marine animals withMarine animals with• spiny “skin” spiny “skin” • water vascular systemwater vascular system• tube feettube feet• endoskeletonendoskeleton
• Larvae exhibit bilateral symmetryLarvae exhibit bilateral symmetry• Most adults exhibit Most adults exhibit pentaradial symmetrypentaradial symmetry
Sea Star Body PlanSea Star Body Plan
Fig. 31-2a, p. 670
Stomach
Digestive gland
AnusTube feet
Ampulla
GonadSpine
Dermal gill
Pedicellariae
ClassClass CrinoideaCrinoidea
• Sea lilies, feather starsSea lilies, feather stars• oral surfaceoral surface turned upward turned upward• some crinoids are sessilesome crinoids are sessile
ClassClass AsteroideaAsteroidea
• Sea starsSea stars• central disc with five or more armscentral disc with five or more arms• use tube feet for locomotionuse tube feet for locomotion
ClassClass OphiuroideaOphiuroidea
• Brittle starsBrittle stars• arms longer, more slender than sea starsarms longer, more slender than sea stars• arms more distinct from central discarms more distinct from central disc• use arms for locomotionuse arms for locomotion• tube feet lack suckerstube feet lack suckers
ClassClass EchinoideaEchinoidea
• Sea urchins, sand dollars Sea urchins, sand dollars • lack armslack arms• have a solid shellhave a solid shell• are covered with spinesare covered with spines
ClassClass HolothuroideaHolothuroidea
• Sea cucumbers Sea cucumbers • elongated flexible bodieselongated flexible bodies• circle of modified tube feet surrounds mouth circle of modified tube feet surrounds mouth
Fig. 31-1, p. 669
KEY CONCEPTSKEY CONCEPTS
• Echinoderms are characterized by radial Echinoderms are characterized by radial symmetry in adults, a water vascular symmetry in adults, a water vascular system, tube feet, and spiny skinsystem, tube feet, and spiny skin
Learning Objective 3Learning Objective 3
• What are five shared derived characters of What are five shared derived characters of chordateschordates??
PhylumPhylum Chordata 1Chordata 1
• Subphylum Subphylum Urochordata Urochordata
• Subphylum Subphylum CephalochordataCephalochordata
• Subphylum Subphylum VertebrataVertebrata
Chordate EvolutionChordate Evolution
PhylumPhylum Chordata 2Chordata 2
• At some time during life cycle haveAt some time during life cycle have• flexible, supporting flexible, supporting notochordnotochord• dorsal, tubular nerve cord dorsal, tubular nerve cord • pharyngeal (gill) slitspharyngeal (gill) slits• muscular muscular postanal tailpostanal tail• endostyleendostyle (or thyroid gland) (or thyroid gland)
Chordate Body PlanChordate Body Plan
Fig. 31-4, p. 671
BrainDorsal, tubular nerve cord Notochord Postanal
tailMouth
Pharynx Anus
Pharyngeal (gill) slits
Intestine Muscular segments
Heart
KEY CONCEPTSKEY CONCEPTS
• At some time in its life, a chordate has a At some time in its life, a chordate has a notochord; dorsal, tubular nerve cord; notochord; dorsal, tubular nerve cord; pharyngeal slits; and a muscular postanal pharyngeal slits; and a muscular postanal tailtail
Learning Objective 4Learning Objective 4
• What are the What are the invertebrateinvertebrate chordate chordate subphyla?subphyla?
SubphylumSubphylum UrochordataUrochordata
• TunicatesTunicates • marine animals with marine animals with tunicstunics • suspension-feederssuspension-feeders
• Larvae are free swimmingLarvae are free swimming• Most adults are sessileMost adults are sessile
Tunicate Body PlanTunicate Body Plan
Fig. 31-5a, p. 672
Chordata
Ech
ino
de
rmat
a (s
ea
star
s, s
ea u
rch
ins)
Hem
ich
ord
ata
(a
corn
wo
rms)
Uro
cho
rdat
a (t
un
icat
es)
Cep
hal
oc
ho
rdat
a (l
ance
lets
)
Deuterostome ancestor
Ver
teb
rata
Fig. 31-5b, p. 672
Incurrent siphon
Ganglion
Oral tentaclesExcurrent siphon
Pharynx with slits Atrium
Endostyle
Tunic
Intestine Esophagus
Digestive gland
Testis
Ovary
HeartStomach
Fig. 31-5c, p. 672
0.5 mm
Fig. 31-5d, p. 672
Pharynx with slits
Incurrent opening Atrium
Excurrent opening
Nerve cord
Adhesive papilla Notochord
StomachHeart
SubphylumSubphylum CephalochordataCephalochordata
• LanceletsLancelets • small, segmented, fishlike animalssmall, segmented, fishlike animals
Fig. 31-6 (1), p. 673
Chordata
Ech
ino
der
mat
a (s
ea s
tars
, se
a u
rch
ins)
Hem
ich
ord
ata
(aco
rn
wo
rms)
Uro
cho
rdat
a (t
un
icat
es)
Cep
hal
och
ord
ata
(lan
cele
ts)
Deuterostome ancestor
Ver
teb
rata
Fig. 31-6 (a-b), p. 673
Tentacles
Nerve cord
Notochord Pharyngeal slits
Caudal finIntestine
TentaclesEndostyle Atrium Gonads Atriopore Anus
Learn more about the body plans Learn more about the body plans of the deuterostomes by clicking of the deuterostomes by clicking on the figures in ThomsonNOW.on the figures in ThomsonNOW.
Learning Objective 5Learning Objective 5
• Discuss the evolution of Discuss the evolution of chordateschordates
Evolution ofEvolution of ChordatesChordates
• UrochordatesUrochordates (tunicates) (tunicates)• probably first chordates to evolveprobably first chordates to evolve
• Subphyla Subphyla CephalochordataCephalochordata and and VertebrataVertebrata• sister taxa sister taxa ((recent common ancestor)recent common ancestor)
Vertebrate EvolutionVertebrate Evolution
Explore the evolutionary Explore the evolutionary relationships of vertebrates by relationships of vertebrates by
clicking on the figure in clicking on the figure in ThomsonNOW.ThomsonNOW.
Learning Objective 6Learning Objective 6
• What are four What are four shared derived charactersshared derived characters of of vertebratesvertebrates??
Vertebrates 1Vertebrates 1
• Vertebral columnVertebral column • chief skeletal axis of body chief skeletal axis of body
• Cranium Cranium • braincasebraincase
• Neural crest cellsNeural crest cells • determine development of many structuresdetermine development of many structures
Vertebrates 2Vertebrates 2
• Pronounced Pronounced cephalizationcephalization
• Complex Complex brainbrain
• Muscles attached to Muscles attached to endoskeletonendoskeleton for for movementmovement
KEY CONCEPTSKEY CONCEPTS
• Shared derived characters of vertebrates Shared derived characters of vertebrates include a vertebral column, cranium, include a vertebral column, cranium, neural crest cells, and an endoskeleton of neural crest cells, and an endoskeleton of cartilage or bonecartilage or bone
Learning Objective 7Learning Objective 7
• What is the difference between the major What is the difference between the major groups of groups of jawless fishesjawless fishes??
Jawless Fishes 1Jawless Fishes 1
• OstracodermsOstracoderms (extinct) (extinct)• among earliest known vertebratesamong earliest known vertebrates
• AgnathansAgnathans (hagfishes) (hagfishes) • class class MyxiniMyxini
• LampreysLampreys• class class CephalaspidomorphiCephalaspidomorphi
HagfishHagfish
LampreysLampreys
HagfishesHagfishes
• Have no trace of vertebraeHave no trace of vertebrae• Why are they classified as vertebrates? Why are they classified as vertebrates?
• Some systematists classify vertebrates Some systematists classify vertebrates plus hagfishes as plus hagfishes as craniatescraniates ( (CraniataCraniata))• But molecular data support classifying But molecular data support classifying
hagfishes as vertebrateshagfishes as vertebrates
Jawless Fishes 2Jawless Fishes 2
• Jaws and paired fins absentJaws and paired fins absent• in both hagfishes and lampreys in both hagfishes and lampreys
• HagfishesHagfishes• marine scavengersmarine scavengers• secrete slime as a defense mechanismsecrete slime as a defense mechanism
• Lampreys Lampreys • many are parasites on other fishesmany are parasites on other fishes
Learning Objective 8Learning Objective 8
• Trace the evolution of Trace the evolution of jawed fishesjawed fishes and and early early tetrapodstetrapods
• Identify major taxa of Identify major taxa of jawed fishesjawed fishes and and amphibiansamphibians
Class Chondrichthyes Class Chondrichthyes (Cartilaginous Fishes)(Cartilaginous Fishes)
• Includes sharks, rays, skates Includes sharks, rays, skates
• Cartilaginous fishesCartilaginous fishes have have • jawsjaws• two pairs of finstwo pairs of fins• placoid scalesplacoid scales
Cartilaginous Cartilaginous FishesFishes
Shark StructureShark Structure
Fig. 31-12a, p. 679
Spleen KidneyStomach Testis Gill slits
Clasper
Mouth
Pelvic fin
Cloaca Intestine Pancreas Heart Pericardial cavity
Pharynx
Liver
Internal structure of a shark.
Fig. 31-12a, p. 679
Stomach
Liver
Intestine Pancreas
Gill slits
Heart Pericardial cavity
Mouth
Pharynx
Internal structure of a shark.
Stepped Art
Clasper
CloacaPelvic fin
TestisKidneySpleen
Fig. 31-12b, p. 679
Enamel
DentinePulp cavity
Epidermis
Dermis
Structure of a placoid scale.
Shark ReproductionShark Reproduction
• OviparousOviparous• lay eggs lay eggs
• Ovoviparous Ovoviparous • young enclosed by eggsyoung enclosed by eggs• incubated in mother’s bodyincubated in mother’s body
• ViviparousViviparous • young develop in mother’s uterusyoung develop in mother’s uterus• nutrients transferred from mother’s bloodnutrients transferred from mother’s blood
Bony Fishes Bony Fishes
• Class Class ActinopterygiiActinopterygii • ray-finned fishes ray-finned fishes
• Class Class ActinistiaActinistia • coelacanths coelacanths
• Class Class DipnoiDipnoi • lungfishes lungfishes
Bony Fishes Bony Fishes
• During the Devonian, bony fishes gave During the Devonian, bony fishes gave rise to two evolutionary lines:rise to two evolutionary lines:• ActinopterygiiActinopterygii (ray-finned fishes)(ray-finned fishes)• Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fishes)Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fishes)
Early Jawed FishesEarly Jawed Fishes
Ray-Finned FishesRay-Finned Fishes
• Gave rise to modern bony fishes Gave rise to modern bony fishes
• Lungs modified as Lungs modified as swim bladderswim bladder • air sac for regulating buoyancyair sac for regulating buoyancy
Modern Bony FishesModern Bony Fishes
Bony Fish StructureBony Fish Structure
Fig. 31-13, p. 680
Kidney Ureter Caudal finDorsal fins
Swim bladder Nerve cord
Brain
Nostril
PharynxUrinary bladder
Stomach Pelvic fin Intestine CloacaLiver
GonadAnal fin
GillsHeart
KEY CONCEPTSKEY CONCEPTS
• Jaws and fins were key adaptations that Jaws and fins were key adaptations that contributed to the success of jawed fishescontributed to the success of jawed fishes
SarcopterygiiSarcopterygii
• Gave rise toGave rise to• lungfisheslungfishes (class (class DipnoiDipnoi))
• coelacanthscoelacanths (class (class ActinistiaActinistia) )
SarcopterygiiSarcopterygii
• Lungfishes gave rise to Lungfishes gave rise to tetrapodstetrapods• land vertebratesland vertebrates
• TiktaalikTiktaalik • transitional between fishes and tetrapodstransitional between fishes and tetrapods
Early TetrapodsEarly Tetrapods
• Early Early amphibiansamphibians• mainly aquaticmainly aquatic• moved onto land to find food, escape moved onto land to find food, escape
predators predators • had limbs strong enough to support body had limbs strong enough to support body
weight on landweight on land
ClassClass Amphibia 1Amphibia 1
• Salamanders, frogs and toads, caeciliansSalamanders, frogs and toads, caecilians
• Most return to water to reproduceMost return to water to reproduce
• FrogsFrogs• embryos develop into embryos develop into tadpolestadpoles, which , which
undergo undergo metamorphosismetamorphosis to become adults to become adults
Insert “Salamander Insert “Salamander locomotion”locomotion”
salamander_walk.swfsalamander_walk.swf
Modern Modern AmphibiansAmphibians
ClassClass Amphibia 2Amphibia 2
• Use moist skin as well as lungs for gas Use moist skin as well as lungs for gas exchangeexchange
• Have a three-chambered heartHave a three-chambered heart• systemicsystemic and and pulmonary circulationspulmonary circulations
Learn more about jawless, early Learn more about jawless, early jawed, cartilaginous, and bony jawed, cartilaginous, and bony
fishes by clicking on the figures fishes by clicking on the figures in ThomsonNOW.in ThomsonNOW.
Learning Objective 9Learning Objective 9
• What are three vertebrate adaptations to What are three vertebrate adaptations to terrestrialterrestrial life? life?
Terrestrial Vertebrates Terrestrial Vertebrates
• AmniotesAmniotes • include include reptilesreptiles, , birdsbirds, , mammalsmammals
• Amniotic eggAmniotic egg (with shell and (with shell and amnionamnion)) • important adaptation for life on land important adaptation for life on land
• Amnion Amnion ((membrane)membrane)• forms fluid-filled sac around embryoforms fluid-filled sac around embryo
Amniotic EggAmniotic Egg
Fig. 31-19, p. 683
Amnion (protects embryo)Embryo
Chorion (encloses entire embryo)
Allantois (stores wastes in reptiles and birds)
Yolk sac (encloses yolk, provides nutrients)
Shell Albumen (provides nutrients)
AmniotesAmniotes
• Have body covering that retards water loss Have body covering that retards water loss
• Have physiological mechanisms that Have physiological mechanisms that conserve waterconserve water
Learn more about the amniotic Learn more about the amniotic egg by clicking on the figure in egg by clicking on the figure in
ThomsonNOW.ThomsonNOW.
Learning Objective 10Learning Objective 10
• Describe Describe reptilesreptiles and and birdsbirds
• Give an argument for including birds in the Give an argument for including birds in the reptile cladereptile clade
Class ReptiliaClass Reptilia
• A paraphyletic groupA paraphyletic group• dinosaurs, turtles, lizards, snakes, alligatorsdinosaurs, turtles, lizards, snakes, alligators
• Biologists classify amniotes in two main Biologists classify amniotes in two main groups: groups: diapsids diapsids andand synapsids synapsids
AmniotesAmniotes
• DiapsidsDiapsids • turtles, ichthyosaurs, tuataras, squamates turtles, ichthyosaurs, tuataras, squamates
(snakes and lizards), crocodiles, pterosaurs, (snakes and lizards), crocodiles, pterosaurs, saurischian dinosaurs, birds saurischian dinosaurs, birds
• SynapsidsSynapsids • gave rise to gave rise to therapsidstherapsids, which gave rise to , which gave rise to
mammalsmammals
DiapsidsDiapsids
• Many biologists consider birds Many biologists consider birds as feathered dinosaursas feathered dinosaurs• classify birds and most classify birds and most
reptiles as reptiles as diapsidsdiapsids
Fig. 31-22b, p. 688
Pelvis
Leg
Feathers
TherapsidTherapsid
Amniote EvolutionAmniote Evolution
4 Groups of Extant Reptiles4 Groups of Extant Reptiles
1.1. Turtles, terrapins, tortoises Turtles, terrapins, tortoises
4 Groups of Extant Reptiles4 Groups of Extant Reptiles
2.2. Lizards, snakes, amphisbaenians Lizards, snakes, amphisbaenians
4 Groups of Extant Reptiles4 Groups of Extant Reptiles
3.3. Tuataras Tuataras
4 Groups of Extant Reptiles4 Groups of Extant Reptiles
4.4. Crocodiles, alligators, caimans, gavials Crocodiles, alligators, caimans, gavials
Reptile Characteristics 1Reptile Characteristics 1
• ReproductionReproduction • internal fertilizationinternal fertilization• leathery protective shell around egg leathery protective shell around egg • embryo develops protective membranes embryo develops protective membranes
(including amnion) (including amnion)
Reptile Characteristics 2Reptile Characteristics 2
• Dry skin with horny scales Dry skin with horny scales
• Lungs with many chambers Lungs with many chambers
• Three-chambered heartThree-chambered heart• some separation of oxygen-rich and oxygen-some separation of oxygen-rich and oxygen-
poor bloodpoor blood
Birds 1Birds 1
• Adaptations for powered flightAdaptations for powered flight• feathers feathers • wings wings • light, hollow bones containing air spaces light, hollow bones containing air spaces
• Four-chambered heartFour-chambered heart
• Very efficient lungsVery efficient lungs
Birds 2Birds 2
• Excrete solid metabolic wastes (uric acid) Excrete solid metabolic wastes (uric acid)
• EndothermsEndotherms• maintain constant body temperature maintain constant body temperature
• Well-developed nervous systemWell-developed nervous system
• Excellent vision and hearingExcellent vision and hearing
Modern BirdsModern Birds
KEY CONCEPTSKEY CONCEPTS
• Limbs, a body covering that retards water Limbs, a body covering that retards water loss, and the amniotic egg, with its shell loss, and the amniotic egg, with its shell and amnion, were key adaptations that and amnion, were key adaptations that contributed to the success of terrestrial contributed to the success of terrestrial vertebratesvertebrates
Learning Objective 11Learning Objective 11
• Contrast Contrast monotremesmonotremes, , marsupialsmarsupials, and , and placental mammalsplacental mammals
• Give examples of animals that belong to Give examples of animals that belong to each groupeach group
MammalsMammals
• Characterized byCharacterized by• hairhair• mammary glandsmammary glands• differentiated teeth differentiated teeth • three middle-ear bones three middle-ear bones
• Have highly developed nervous system Have highly developed nervous system and muscular and muscular diaphragm diaphragm
• Are endotherms Are endotherms
Monotremes (Subclass Holotheria)Monotremes (Subclass Holotheria)
• Duck-billed platypus, spiny anteaters Duck-billed platypus, spiny anteaters • Monotremes lay eggsMonotremes lay eggs
MarsupialsMarsupials (Subclass Metatheria)(Subclass Metatheria)
• Include pouched mammalsInclude pouched mammals• kangaroos, opossumskangaroos, opossums
• Young are born in embryonic stageYoung are born in embryonic stage
• Complete development in mother’s Complete development in mother’s marsupiummarsupium• nourished with milk from mammary glandsnourished with milk from mammary glands
MarsupialsMarsupials
Placental MammalsPlacental Mammals (Subclass Eutheria)(Subclass Eutheria)
• Characterized by Characterized by placentaplacenta • for exchange between embryo and motherfor exchange between embryo and mother
Mammal EvolutionMammal Evolution