The Animal KingdomThe Animal Kingdom

Phylogenetic TreePhylogenetic Tree

branching diagram or "branching diagram or "treetree" showing " showing the the inferred inferred evolutionaryevolutionary relationships  relationships among various biological speciesamong various biological species

• Define phylogenic tree-explain why scientists use them.Define phylogenic tree-explain why scientists use them.

~General ~General Characteristics ~ Characteristics ~

Multicellular-Multicellular-made up of more than made up of more than one type of cellone type of cell

Eukaryotic – Eukaryotic – Cells contain a NucleusCells contain a Nucleus

Heterotrophs –Heterotrophs – Eat other organisms for Eat other organisms for a source of food and energy.a source of food and energy.

~General ~General Characteristics ~ Characteristics ~

Invertebrate- Invertebrate- Does NOT Does NOT possess or possess or develop a vertebral column (backbone), develop a vertebral column (backbone), derived from the notochordderived from the notochord

Vertebrate-Vertebrate- D Developes a vertebral evelopes a vertebral column (backbone) from the column (backbone) from the notochordnotochord

– Hydrostatic Skeleton: Water Hydrostatic Skeleton: Water supported skeletonsupported skeleton

– Exoskeleton: hard outer Exoskeleton: hard outer covering made of chitincovering made of chitin

– Endoskeleton: Made of bone Endoskeleton: Made of bone or cartilage, inside of the or cartilage, inside of the bodybody

Body Cavity- fluid-filled space fluid-filled space located between an animal’s outer located between an animal’s outer covering (epidermis), and the outer covering (epidermis), and the outer lining of the gut cavity, where lining of the gut cavity, where internal organs develop internal organs develop

1. Acoelomates1. Acoelomates – animals have 3 – animals have 3 tissue layers with a digestive tract tissue layers with a digestive tract but no body cavities.but no body cavities.

2. Pseudocoelomates 2. Pseudocoelomates – animals with – animals with a fluid-filled body cavity between the a fluid-filled body cavity between the endoderm & mesodermendoderm & mesoderm

3. Coelomates3. Coelomates – animals with a body – animals with a body cavity completely surrounded by cavity completely surrounded by mesoderm.mesoderm.– They have space for internal organs to They have space for internal organs to

attachattach

~ Characteristics ~~ Characteristics ~ Most animals develop from a Most animals develop from a zygotezygote

or “fertilized egg.”or “fertilized egg.” The zygote goes The zygote goes through a series of cellular divisions through a series of cellular divisions to form a to form a BlastulaBlastula – a hollow ball of – a hollow ball of cells.cells.

~ Developmental ~ Developmental Characteristics ~Characteristics ~ These cells will form into 3 tissue layers by a These cells will form into 3 tissue layers by a

process called gastrulation:process called gastrulation:

– EctodermEctoderm, a layer of cells on the outer a layer of cells on the outer surface of the surface of the gastrulagastrula

– EndodermEndoderm, a layer of cells lining the a layer of cells lining the inner surface of the inner surface of the gastrulagastrula

– MesodermMesoderm, made up of two layers of , made up of two layers of cells lying between the cells lying between the ectodermectoderm and and endodermendoderm – middle layer – middle layer

~General ~General Characteristics ~ Characteristics ~

Bilateral SymmetryBilateral Symmetry

Radial SymmetryRadial Symmetry

Asymmetrical SymmetryAsymmetrical Symmetry

Open Circulatory System Open Circulatory System the blood flows from the heart through the blood flows from the heart through

open-ended vessels into sinuses where it open-ended vessels into sinuses where it bathes the tissues inside the cavity. This bathes the tissues inside the cavity. This is how gas exchange occurs. is how gas exchange occurs. 

Closed Circulatory SystemClosed Circulatory SystemThe blood of a closed system always The blood of a closed system always

flows inside vessels and is pumped flows inside vessels and is pumped around the entire body for gas and around the entire body for gas and nutrient exchange.nutrient exchange.

9 Phyla of the Kingdom 9 Phyla of the Kingdom AnimaliaAnimalia

~Invertebrates~~Invertebrates~ 8 main phyla8 main phyla

– Porifera– Cnidaria– Platyhelminthes– Nematoda– Annelida– Mollusca– Arthropoda– Echinoderm

No backbonesNo backbones 95% of all animals are in this group95% of all animals are in this group

~Invertebrate ~Invertebrate Phylum Porifera~Phylum Porifera~pg 705-709pg 705-709

Pores (holes) all over bodyPores (holes) all over body Example: Tube Sponge, Example: Tube Sponge,

Glass Sponge, Sea SpongeGlass Sponge, Sea Sponge Do not move around Do not move around

(sessile)(sessile) Most live in marine Most live in marine

environmentsenvironments No symmetry No symmetry

(asymmetrical)(asymmetrical)

Phylum Porifera~Phylum Porifera~

Hollow bodiedHollow bodied

Filter Feeders: a sponge has one opening and filters water Filter Feeders: a sponge has one opening and filters water to find particles of foodto find particles of food

Asexual Reproduction: fragmentation thru budding.Asexual Reproduction: fragmentation thru budding.

Sexual Reproduction: hermaphroditesSexual Reproduction: hermaphrodites

~Invertebrate~Invertebrate Phylum Cnidaria~ Phylum Cnidaria~ pg pg 710-715710-715 Live in marine environmentsLive in marine environments Most have cnidocytes- stinging Most have cnidocytes- stinging

tentacles that they use to capture tentacles that they use to capture their prey.their prey.

Each stinging cell has a nematocyst Each stinging cell has a nematocyst that holds the tube containing the that holds the tube containing the poison and barbspoison and barbs

Examples: Jellyfish, Hydra, sea Examples: Jellyfish, Hydra, sea anemones, and coralsanemones, and corals

Phylum Cnidaria~Phylum Cnidaria~ Have radial symmetryHave radial symmetry They have one opening for hunting food They have one opening for hunting food

in and expelling wastein and expelling waste 2 body shapes: polyp and medusa.2 body shapes: polyp and medusa.

Phylum Cnidaria~Phylum Cnidaria~They can reproduce asexually by They can reproduce asexually by budding & sexually by producing budding & sexually by producing sperm and egg.sperm and egg.

~Invertebrate ~Invertebrate Flat wormsFlat worms – Phylum Platyhelminthes – Phylum Platyhelminthes

pg 726-730 pg 726-730

Thin, flat bodies, single opening for Thin, flat bodies, single opening for mouth & anus, no body cavities mouth & anus, no body cavities (acoelomates)(acoelomates)

Bilateral symmetryBilateral symmetry Planaria can reproduce sexually Planaria can reproduce sexually

because they are hermaphrodites or because they are hermaphrodites or asexually by regeneration.asexually by regeneration.

Free living worms feed on dead or Free living worms feed on dead or slow moving organismsslow moving organisms

Parasitic worms have hooks and Parasitic worms have hooks and suckers which enable them to attach suckers which enable them to attach to their hosts.to their hosts.

Ex: Planaria, Schistosoma (fluke), Ex: Planaria, Schistosoma (fluke), tapewormtapeworm

~Invertebrate ~Invertebrate Round Worms-Round Worms- Phylum NematodaPhylum Nematoda

pg 731-736pg 731-736

Round bodies, fluid filled body cavitiy Round bodies, fluid filled body cavitiy (mouth-tube-anus) pseudocoelomates(mouth-tube-anus) pseudocoelomates

Bilateral symmetry and are cylindricalBilateral symmetry and are cylindrical Examples:Examples:

– Trichinosis pg 733Trichinosis pg 733– Hookworms pg 734Hookworms pg 734– AscariasisAscariasis– PinwormsPinworms– Elephantiasis pg 735Elephantiasis pg 735– HeartwormsHeartworms

~Invertebrate ~Invertebrate Phylum Mollusca ~ Phylum Mollusca ~ pg 737-pg 737-

744744 Mollusca “Soft internal bodies” (no Mollusca “Soft internal bodies” (no

shells) Ex: octopus, slugs, squids.shells) Ex: octopus, slugs, squids.

Bilateral symmetryBilateral symmetry

Coelomates-Coelomates-digestive track with 2 digestive track with 2 openingsopenings

Mantle-surrounds the internal organs of Mantle-surrounds the internal organs of mollusks with shells. Ex: clams, snails mollusks with shells. Ex: clams, snails

Live on land or in waterLive on land or in water

Phylum MolluscaPhylum Mollusca Radula-located in a mollusks mouth it is a tongue-Radula-located in a mollusks mouth it is a tongue-

like organ lines with rows of teeth used for like organ lines with rows of teeth used for feeding.feeding.

Most aquatic species reproduce sexually- Most aquatic species reproduce sexually- fertilization occurs externallyfertilization occurs externally

Those that live on land are hermaphrodites and Those that live on land are hermaphrodites and fertilization is internal.fertilization is internal.

Most mollusks have an open circulatory systemMost mollusks have an open circulatory system

Squids have a major evolutionary adaptation of a Squids have a major evolutionary adaptation of a closed circulatory system.closed circulatory system.

Examples 1. Snails 2. Slugs

3. Clams 4. Octopus

5.Squid

~Invertebrate ~Invertebrate Segmented worms- Segmented worms- Phylum Phylum

Annelida Annelida pg 726-730 pg 726-730

““ringed worms””segmented”ringed worms””segmented” Coelomates, body cavity with 2 Coelomates, body cavity with 2

openingsopenings– -mouth-crop-esophagus-stomach--mouth-crop-esophagus-stomach-

intestines-anus intestines-anus Bilateral symmetryBilateral symmetry Examples: Earthworm, marine Examples: Earthworm, marine

worms, parasitic leechesworms, parasitic leeches

~Invertebrate Phylum Arthropoda ~762-781

Characteristics: Characteristics:

– segmented invertebratessegmented invertebrates

– bilateral symmetrybilateral symmetry

– coelomate body cavity.coelomate body cavity.

largest group of organisms on earth, 70-largest group of organisms on earth, 70-85% of all animal species.85% of all animal species.

Phylum Arthropoda ~762-781

3 features of this phylum3 features of this phylum

1.1. Segmentation-Body divided into sectionsSegmentation-Body divided into sections

2.2. Have Exoskeleton – tough external covering Have Exoskeleton – tough external covering made of Chitin that protects & supports the made of Chitin that protects & supports the body of many invertebrates. Page 763body of many invertebrates. Page 763

3.3. Jointed AppendagesJointed Appendages

Phylum Arthropoda ~

Respire by way of: page 766-767Respire by way of: page 766-767

– Gills-aquatic arthropodsGills-aquatic arthropods

– tracheal tubes- terrestrial arthropodstracheal tubes- terrestrial arthropods

– book lungs- some arthropods including book lungs- some arthropods including spidersspiders

Circulation: Open Circulatory SystemCirculation: Open Circulatory System

1. Spiders

Examples

2. Insects

3. Millipedes & Centipedes

5. Crabs

7. Lobster

6. Shrimp

~InvertebratePhylum Echinodermata

~792-801

Echinoderm= “spiny skin”Echinoderm= “spiny skin”Marine animalsMarine animalsHave an endoskeletonHave an endoskeleton Radial symmetryRadial symmetry

~InvertebratePhylum Echinodermata ~

Examples: seastar, sea urchin, sand Examples: seastar, sea urchin, sand dollar and sea cucumberdollar and sea cucumber

VertebratesVertebrates

NOT finishedNOT finished

~VertebratePhylum Chordata ~803-807

Early ancestral invertebrate chordates believed to be Early ancestral invertebrate chordates believed to be more closely related to vertebrates than any other more closely related to vertebrates than any other invertebrate.invertebrate.– Ex: lancelets, and tunicatesEx: lancelets, and tunicates

4 Characteristics shared by all Chordates: 4 Characteristics shared by all Chordates: pg 803-804pg 803-804

1.1.NotochordNotochord

2.2.Postanal tailPostanal tail

3.3.Dorsal tubular nerve cordDorsal tubular nerve cord

4.4.Pharyngeal pouchesPharyngeal pouches

~ Vertebrate~ Vertebrate ~ Phylum Chordata ~ ~ Phylum Chordata ~pg 803-807pg 803-807

– 5 classes5 classes1.1. Fish Fish 821-833821-833

2.2. Amphibians Amphibians 835-841835-841

3.3. Reptiles Reptiles 852-860852-860

4.4. Birds Birds 861-869861-869

5.5. Mammals Mammals 880-897880-897

~VertebratePhylum Chordata ~ Class Fish 821-821-

833 833 Live in seas, lakes, ponds, streams, marshes, Live in seas, lakes, ponds, streams, marshes,

oceansoceans Characteristics of Fish:Characteristics of Fish:

– VertebrateVertebrate– JawsJaws– Paired finsPaired fins– ScalesScales– GillsGills Single-loop Closed CirculationSingle-loop Closed Circulation Sexual Reproduction-external fertilizationSexual Reproduction-external fertilization

~VertebratePhylum Chordata ~ Class Fish 821-821-

833 833

Classes of FishClasses of Fish– Pg 828 Myxini- “Jawless fish”- hagfish, Pg 828 Myxini- “Jawless fish”- hagfish,

lampreylamprey– Pg 829 Chondrichthyes- “Cartilaginous Pg 829 Chondrichthyes- “Cartilaginous

fish” – sharks, skates, raysfish” – sharks, skates, rays– Pg 831 Osteichthyes “bony fish”- ray Pg 831 Osteichthyes “bony fish”- ray

finned fish, lobed fishfinned fish, lobed fish

~VertebratePhylum Chordata ~ Class Amphibians 835-835-

841841 Characteristics of Amphibians:Characteristics of Amphibians:– Most begin life as aquatic organismsMost begin life as aquatic organisms– Thru metamorphosis they become equipped to survive Thru metamorphosis they become equipped to survive

life on land.life on land.– Most have 4 legsMost have 4 legs– Moist skinMoist skin– No scalesNo scales– Gas exchange occurs thru skin or lungsGas exchange occurs thru skin or lungs– ectothermectotherm

Double-loop closed circulatory systemDouble-loop closed circulatory system Sexual reproduction-external fertilizationSexual reproduction-external fertilization

~VertebratePhylum Chordata ~ Class Amphibians 835-835-

841841 Examples: pages 838-839Examples: pages 838-839

– FrogsFrogs– ToadsToads– SalamandersSalamanders– NewtsNewts– Worm-like CaeciliansWorm-like Caecilians

~VertebratePhylum Chordata ~ Class Reptiles

852-860 852-860 Characteristics of Reptiles:Characteristics of Reptiles:

– VertebrateVertebrate– Amniotic shelled eggsAmniotic shelled eggs– Scaly skinScaly skin– Lungs for gas exchangeLungs for gas exchange– EctothermEctotherm Closed Circulation- lungs take in oxygen from Closed Circulation- lungs take in oxygen from

lungs and it enters the circulatory system.lungs and it enters the circulatory system. Sexual Reproduction-internal fertilizationSexual Reproduction-internal fertilization

~VertebratePhylum Chordata ~ Class Reptiles

Examples: Examples: 856-857856-857– LizardsLizards– SnakesSnakes– TurtlesTurtles– CrocodilesCrocodiles– AlligatorsAlligators– TuatarasTuataras

~VertebratePhylum Chordata ~ Class Birds 861-861-

869869 Characteristics of Birds:Characteristics of Birds:

– VertebrateVertebrate– Amniotic shelled eggsAmniotic shelled eggs– FeathersFeathers– Lungs for gas exchangeLungs for gas exchange– EndothermsEndotherms Closed Circulation- lungs take in oxygen from lungs and Closed Circulation- lungs take in oxygen from lungs and

it enters the circulatory system.it enters the circulatory system. 4 chambered heart4 chambered heart Sexual Reproduction-internal fertilizationSexual Reproduction-internal fertilization

~VertebratePhylum Chordata ~ Class Birds 861-861-

869869

Examples: pg 867 see the chartExamples: pg 867 see the chart

~Vertebrate Phylum Chordata ~ Class Mammals 880-897880-897

Characteristics of Mammals:Characteristics of Mammals:– VertebrateVertebrate– Mammary glandsMammary glands– HairHair– Amniotic eggsAmniotic eggs– Live birthLive birth– Lungs for gas exchangeLungs for gas exchange– EndothermEndotherm Closed Circulation- lungs take in oxygen where it enters the Closed Circulation- lungs take in oxygen where it enters the

circulatory system.circulatory system. 4 chambered heart4 chambered heart Sexual Reproduction-internal fertilizationSexual Reproduction-internal fertilization