The Angel of the North

Schools Information Pack

Public Art Team

Gateshead Council

July 2006

The Angel of the North Schools Pack

Contents

The Angel of the North Introduction 3

The Public Art programme in Gateshead 3

Factsheet 5

Antony Gormley 7

Education and Outreach programme 8

The history of the Angel and the site 12

Angel technical drawings (Copyright Arup) 16

Media uses of the Angel 18

Tourist Information Centre statistics 20

Early days at the Angel 22

Directions 23

Bibliography 24

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The Angel of the North

Introduction

The Angel of the North is a sculpture made from cor-ten steel by the artist Antony Gormley, situated beside the A1 in Gateshead in the North East of England. It was conceived as a landmark sculpture to mark the approach into Gateshead and the site of the former Teams Colliery, by Gateshead Council.

The Public Art programme in Gateshead

The contribution of artists to the built environment is one of the keys to ‘attractive, functional and flexible’ streets, buildings and public spaces. Artworks and the role of the artist in this context, enhance the fabric of the urban framework, involving the public through the creative process, adding value and creating a sense of ownership. Through the commissioning process, the work of artists should positively impact on social exclusion issues, create civic pride and improve the general quality of design.

Public art includes any art that is located in a publicly accessible space on a temporary or permanent basis. It can be a single work of art in its own right, an integral part of the urban environment or treatment of a specific building within the built landscape.

Gateshead Council first became involved with Public Art in the early 1980s when they decided to take art to the public because it did not have its own contemporary art gallery. The early works were so successful that in 1986 the formal Public Art Programme was launched. This programme was given a tremendous boost during the 1990 Garden Festival at Dunston, Gateshead with more than 70 temporary artworks on display.

Within Gateshead there are more than 50 major public artworks by leading artists, for example: ‘Cone’ by Andy Goldsworthy, situated on an old foundry site west of the High Level Bridge, ‘Opening Line’ by Danny Lane at Gateshead Bus and Metro Interchange and ‘Acceleration by John Creed opposite the Old Town Hall. Most of these works have been funded from sources such as The Arts Council England, North East, Arts Council England (Lottery), One North East through the Single Regeneration Budget, The Town Centre Partnership and The East Gateshead Partnership.

The Public Art Programme has now gained national recognition and won a succession of prestigious awards for a dynamic and imaginative approach to commissioning art for public sites. Artworks can be found in the streets, at Metro stations and on the riverside amongst other locations. Each work has been individually designed for its specific site and many incorporate references to local history. The programme has attracted artists of national and

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international renown, and Gateshead now boasts an outstanding and accessible collection of contemporary art, particularly sculpture. This has done much to promote the image of Gateshead as adventurous and forward-looking. The Angel of the North, by Antony Gormley, has had a huge impact on Gateshead in terms of inward investment and arts related funding. Arts-led regeneration and partnerships with commercial developers have done much to herald a new chapter in Gateshead’s history.

Public Art has helped reclaim derelict areas, creating new social spaces and providing links between Gateshead Town Centre and the cultural facilities located on the Gateshead Quays. Initiatives in the countryside by Great North Forest in Gateshead also account for smaller works in local environments such as Kibblesworth, Lamesley and Watergate Park.

“In Gateshead, the uninspired urban landscape has been enlivened with a rash of public art.” Antony Thorneycroft, Financial Times, 18 March 1995.

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Angel of the North

Factsheet

Gateshead’s Angel of the North was one of the most notable engineering projects on Tyneside since the building of the Tyne Bridge in 1929 and brought a whole new list of superlatives to the world of art.

It is one of the largest sculptures in Britain to date.

It is one of the most viewed pieces of art in the world - seen by more than one person every second, 90,000 every day or 33 million every year.

It is one of the most famous artworks in the region - over four fifths of people in the North East had already heard of the Angel of the North before it was built.

Its 54 metre (175 feet) wingspan is bigger than a Boeing 757 or 767 jet and almost the same as a jumbo jet.

It is 20 metres (65 feet) high - the height of a five-storey building or four double decker buses.

The wing height at the body junction is 6.2 metres (6.75 yards).

The ankle cross-section measures 780mm (.78m) by 1400mm (1.4m) or 30.73” (8.5 yards) by 55.16” (15.25 yards).

It weighs 208 tonnes.

The total cost of the Angel was £800,000.

It will last for more than 100 years.

It withstands winds of more than 100 miles per hour.

It is situated geographically at latitude 54.58 degrees North and longitude 1.35 degrees West.

Beneath the ground, 700 tonnes of concrete and 32 tonnes of reinforcing steel were used in the foundations extending down 20 metres (65 feet) anchoring it to the solid rock beneath.

It is made of weather resistant cor-ten steel (a steel invented for building bridges and now used where extra strength is needed without adding unduly to structural weight). It also contains a small amount of copper, which in time will form a patina on the surface.

There were 3,153 pieces of steel used in its assembly and 10km of welding

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(6 miles) in fabrication.

The wings were attached to the body with 136 bolts and 52 bolts were used to hold the Angel upright in the wind.

There were 5000 cubic metres (6,500 cubic yards) of soil excavated before construction, which was replaced to reform the mound.

The old mine workings had 100 tonnes of grout pumped into them up to 33m (36 yards) below ground.

The engineers, designers and draughtsmen worked for 2,500 hours.

The fabricators worked for 22,000 hours – twenty men working full-time for six months.

It requires minimal maintenance – only one inspection every seven years.

It is believed to be the largest Angel sculpture in the world.

The word ‘angel’ is derived from the Greek ‘angelos’ meaning ‘messenger’. Biblical angels not only brought tidings and commandments but also acted as; rescuers, ministrants, guardians, guides, stern admonishers and encouragers, interpreters of visions, warriors, destroyers, controllers of the forces of nature and perpetual worshippers in the court of heaven. Angelic beings are sometimes referred to as ‘sons of God’ (e.g, Job 1:6) and are often depicted in Western art as God’s courtiers, capable of choice, initiative, compassion, grief, perfection and love; each being a special creation.

Angel stories go back thousands of years – ancient Greek, Egyptian and Assyrian culture all mention angels.

Angels crop up in most world religions – Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Hinduism, Buddhism and Zoroastrianism all include accounts of heavenly messengers.

Four hundred years before the birth of Christ, Plato implied that the gods and souls of men had wings.

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Angel of the North

Antony Gormley Biography

Antony Gormley OBE was born in London in 1950. He studied archaeology, anthropology and art history at Trinity College, Cambridge. After three years in India he studied sculpture in London at Central School of Art, Goldsmith’s College and Slade School of Art. He is one of the leading contemporary sculptors at the forefront of a generation of celebrated British artists who emerged during the 1980s. Since then his profile and renown have increased with major public works and exhibitions in the USA, Japan, Australia, Brazil, Norway, Sweden and the Republic of Ireland.

His work is currently in the British Collections of the Victoria & Albert Museum, Tate Modern, British Museum and the Henry Moore Sculpture Gallery in Leeds. He is currently a Trustee of BALTIC in Gateshead.

His exhibitions in this country are listed below, including the Tate Liverpool, where he showed the Turner prize-winning ‘Field for the British Isles’ in 1994; a sculpture consisting of 40,000 tiny terracotta figures made by families in the community near a brick-making factory in St Helens, Merseyside which then toured the country including exhibitions at the Tate Gallery, London; Greenesfield British Rail Works, Gateshead and The British Museum. His international reputation was augmented with ‘Critical Mass’ at the Royal Academy in 1998 and, of course, the Angel of the North in the same year.

Antony Gormley has made many works of art for public sites based on the human form. Using his body as a starting point, it is the siting of the work in the landscape, which gives it a more profound meaning. For these public commissions, robust industrial materials are used such as cast iron, steel and stone (contrasting with lead, the material used for his gallery works.) His public sculptures can be seen in some diverse locations such as the crypt at Winchester Cathedral. The inner city redevelopment of Victoria Square in Birmingham is home to ‘The Iron Man’, while ‘Havmannen’ a huge figure made from arctic granite was built on a seabed in a Norwegian fjord.In 1994 he won the prestigious Turner Prize and in 1997 was awarded the OBE for services to sculpture.

Antony Gormley’s official website is: www.antonygormley.com

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Angel of the North

The Education and Outreach programme

The Angel Education programme, managed by Gateshead Council Arts Service engaged locally with primary and secondary schools and community groups in Gateshead, regionally with students in North East universities and colleges, and nationally/internationally by promoting the design and development of the Angel as part of the borough’s programme for the Year of the Visual Arts 1996.

Controversy over the Angel, as presented in the media, resulted in the education programme gaining the participants’ intense interest in the sculpture and public art in general. In school workshops, the pupils produced work of high quality. Antony Gormley’s interest and involvement with the education programme grew during the lifespan of the commission.

With the advent of BALTIC: The Centre for Contemporary Art, and the legacy of Gateshead’s Visual Arts Year 1996 programme, there have been many contacts and collaborations with artists and curators working internationally. This helped spread the word about the commission and about Gateshead’s approach to the arts in education.

The Angel is not adjunct, but is central to Gateshead’s arts development work. The experience gained by Gateshead Council officers in managing the Angel education programme and Visual Arts Year projects greatly assisted the development of education and outreach programmes by BALTIC: The Centre for Contemporary Art.

An introductory slide talk by Antony Gormley to Headteachers and Heads of Art from Secondary and Junior schools was followed by a practical drawing workshop at Breckenbeds Junior school in February 1995. A talk was given by the artist to A-Level arts students from Gateshead Comprehensive schools and Gateshead College in May.

Schools workshops took place from spring 1996 with local sculptors Julie Livsey, William Pym, Lisa de Larny and Felicity Watts, following consultation with Antony Gormley. The workshops included concepts and ideas taught through Fine Art drawing and design including looking at sculpture proposals, technical drawing and construction techniques and debate with a focus on the Angel commission.

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Schools were asked to ‘place’ their sculptures in a location within their school and asked to question and challenge the site. Techniques such as ‘body casting’ were used to mimic absolutely the personal technique of Antony Gormley.Gateshead schools participating in workshops during spring 1996:

Body Form Casting with Julie Livsey: Birtley East Primary School Harlow Green Junior School

Large-scale site-specific sculpture with William Pym:

Lyndhurst Comprehensive School Heathfield Comprehensive School Gateshead College St. Edmund Campion RC Comprehensive School Lord Lawson of Beamish Comprehensive School

Schools Workshops from spring 1997:

Site-specific figurative sculpture with Felicity Watts:

Heworth Grange Comprehensive Thomas Hepburn Community School Whickham Comprehensive School St Thomas More RC Comprehensive School

Large papier-mache ‘School Angels’ with Lisa de Larny:

Joicey Road Special School Caedmon Primary School Glynwood Primary School Oakfield Junior School

Other Angel Education Projects included:-

A digital art project on Angels led by Lynne Otter. Some of Lynne’s work was displayed at Metro Stations in 1997.

Poetry workshops were led by Ellen Pheathean (writer in residence for 1997-1998) on the subject of Angels with schools and community groups. Four poems were used with images from the Education Programme to create posters for Metro station sites.

Gateshead’s 12th Annual Family Sculpture Day in Saltwell Park in 1997 carried the ‘Angels and Devils’ theme.

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An exhibition of all the Angel maquettes with information about the sculpture was shown at the Greenesfield British Rail works in October 1997.

A Time Capsule project including three schools, a community centre and two public houses was led by Nicki Taylor and Simon Jones. The capsule was buried underneath the Angel in February 1998.

A 1997-1998 residency by Northumbrian pipe player Kathryn Tickell with Gateshead Youth Orchestra and three primary schools resulted in a performance and a CD with music composed on the Angel theme.

An exhibition of work created during the Angel Education Programme was held at The Gallery at Gateshead Library and at ‘Designworks’, Gateshead in November 1997. The show was titled ‘Beneath the Skin’. There was also an exhibition of photographs taken during the fabrication and installation of the Angel shown at The Gallery at Gateshead Library.

A large celebration event was held on the site behind the Angel in June 1998. This public event included live music, raku pottery, street theatre, a flag commission and a book signing by Antony Gormley.

More than 1,400 children have been involved in producing work connected

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with the Angel. The other schools and colleges involved were:

Ryton Comprehensive SchoolWindy Nook County Primary SchoolNorthumberland CollegeBreckenbeds Junior High SchoolBedlingtonshire High SchoolRealschule SchalkmichleCedars SchoolJoicey Road SchoolQueen Elizabeth Sixth Form CollegeHewburn SchoolPoole House Durham SchoolMarley Hill Primary SchoolDunston Hill Primary SchoolChopwell Primary SchoolWardley Primary SchoolBrighton Avenue Primary SchoolLingey House Primary SchoolKingsmeadow Comprehensive SchoolLeeds UniversitySt Anne’s RC Primary SchoolBede Community Primary SchoolWindmill Hills Primary SchoolHigh Spen Primary SchoolThe Drive Primary SchoolSt Mary’s & St Thomas’ Primary SchoolWinlaton West Lane Primary SchoolHarlow Green Infant SchoolSt Cuthbert’s Junior School

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Angel of the North

The history of the Angel and the site

1500s - 1960 Coal mined in the area. Teams Colliery was worked from 1720s.Modern baths complex built in 1939.Mining ceased on this site in the late 1960s.

1989 Reclamation of former pit-head baths site overlooking the A1.

July 1990 Gateshead Council’s former Art in Public Places panel decides in principle to earmark the site of the former pit-head baths overlooking the A1 in Gateshead for a future landmark sculpture.

1992 Landscaping of site completed.

December A shortlist of international artists is drawn up by1993 Gateshead Council’s Visual Arts Service in consultation

with Tate Gallery, Yorkshire Sculpture Park, Northern Arts and Public Art Development Trust. Candidates are invited to make proposals for the site.

Dec 1993 to Jan 1994 Three meetings of Gateshead Council’s former Art in

Public Places panel to discuss this shortlist and proposals for the site.

January 1994 Sculptor Antony Gormley selected by the panel and design proposals progressed with world renowned engineering consultants, Ove Arup & Partners (now Arup).

March 1994 Gateshead Council approves decisions of Art in Public Places panel.

October 1994 Planning Committee provisionally agrees planning permission conditional on more design details and TV aerial reception appraisal.

December First 1:20 wooden maquette produced.1994

January 1995 Department the Environment consents to planning permission.

February 1995 Planning permission for the project approved by Council.Antony Gormley meets all headteachers and art teachers of Gateshead Secondary Schools to discuss the project.

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July 1995 Angel maquette shown to Tony Blair, at the launch of Visual Arts Year 1996 at Tate Gallery, London.

January 1996 Exhibition of Angel bronze at Shipley Art Gallery, Gateshead.

January –March 1996 First phase of education programme led by sculptors

William Pym and Julie Livsey at two primary, four secondary schools and Gateshead College.

April 1996 Funding of £800,000 secured for the sculpture: £584,000from the Arts Council’s Lottery Fund, £150,000 from theEuropean Regional Development Fund, £45,000 fromNorthern Arts, plus local business sponsorship from Express Engineering, Silverscreen plc and Ove Arup (for the Education Programme).

March - May Exhibition of Gormley’s ‘Field for the British Isles’ at 1996 Greenesfield British Rail works, Gateshead - 25,000

visitors in ten weeks. Curated by Isobel Johnstone and Anna Pepperall.

May 1996 Schools’ work on the Angel exhibited at MetroCentre shopping mall, Gateshead.

May - Exhibition of Angel bronze in ‘Engineering Art’ exhibition atSept 1996 Swan Hunter, North Tyneside.

August 1996 Angel project wins Arts Council/British Gas ‘Working for Cities’ Award .

January 1997 Schools’ work on the Angel exhibited at Sunderland Gallery of Contemporary Art.

February 1997 Fabrication contract put out to tender.

March 1997 Fabrication contractors visit Gormley’s studio to see the Angel models.

March & Second phase of education programme led by artistsApril 1997 Felicity Watts at three primary, four secondary schools

and a special school.

May 1997 Fabrication company chosen - Hartlepool Steel Fabrications Ltd on Teesside.

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July 1997 Delivery of first consignment of steel for fabrication toHartlepool.

September Work began on Angel of the North foundations by Thomas 1997 Armstrong (Construction) Ltd.

September 1997 Digital artist Lynne Otter runs public workshops on theme of the Angel.

October 1997 Exhibition of all Angel models at Greenesfield BR works,Gateshead. Curated by Anna Pepperall.

October - Exhibition of schools’ work on the Angel at Central Library November 1997 Gallery and Designworks, Gateshead.

December 1997 Display of promotional posters for the Angel at Metro station billboards throughout Tyneside.

February 1998 Time Capsule project led by artists Simon Jones and Nicky Taylor involving three schools, a community group and two public houses. The capsule supplied by Northumbria Water is subsequently buried under the Angel in February 1998 and will be opened in the year 2148.

January 1998 Fabrication of sculpture nears completion

February 15th 1998 Angel of the North on site.

May 13th 1998 The Angel is draped in a 9-metre replica of Alan Shearer’s Newcastle United No.9 football shirt during United’s appearance in the 1998 FA Cup Final. The stunt was allegedly carried out by the staff of a local publication, and although it was eventually removed, the artist was said to be very touched by the gesture.

June 20th 1998 ‘Celebrating an Angel’ day: a day to mark the official unveiling of the sculpture and celebrate its arrival. The Council hosted this free event for all-comers. Introduced by the Chair of the Arts Council of Great Britain it included entertainment by musicians and artists, an opportunity to see the Angel artwork by local children, children’s entertainment, an auction of the No.9 NUFC football shirt in which the Angel had been draped and a chance to meet Antony Gormley. This day was sponsored by the GMB trade union.

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November 1998 A commemorative CD of the music performed on ‘Celebrating an Angel’ day was recorded. Called ‘Where Angels Play’, it featured the infants of West Lane Primary School, Winlaton, year six at St Cuthbert’s C of E Primary, Gateshead and year six at Stella RC Primary, Blaydon and Gateshead Youth Orchestra under the guidance of Composer in Residence, Kathryn Tickell. The event was supported and assisted by the Performing Rights Society, the GMB and Northern Arts. The ‘Where Angels Play’ CD can be purchased at Gateshead Central Library Tourist Information Centre (0191 4773478).

December 1998 Celebratory concerts at Ryton Comprehensive Schools involving Kathryn Tickell, the Gateshead Youth Orchestra and the schools involved performed for an audience of invited guests.

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The Angel of the North

Technical drawings: Courtesy of Arup

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Angel of the North

Media Uses of the Angel

The Angel has become a symbol of Gateshead, the North East, public and contemporary art and of urban regeneration in a very short space of time. It has been seen by millions of people in the following advertising, promotional and artistic settings over the past five years.

On television:The BBC ‘Balloon’ ident: over three years, shown ten times per day 1998The Eurovision Song Contest

1998Gary Lineker ‘Greece v. England World Cup qualifying match’ May 2001BBC’s Match of the Day programme

2002BBC’s Chelsea Flower Show 2002The Jonathan Ross Show, BBC1 2002The Royal Mail’s Special Delivery advertisement 2002The National Lottery ‘You Played, The Nation Won’ advertisement 2002‘Auf Wiedersehen, Pet’, BBC1 2002House Doctor, Channel Five June 2002CBBC ‘Smart’, children’s art programme June 2002Tyne Tees Sponsorship Commercials July 2002“The Final Score”, Sky One August 2002

More recently it has been used in the following programmes:

Opus TV made a documentary on AngelsBBC2 filmed a short scene for 'Level Up' a new kids breakfast show with Sam and Mark from Pop IdolChanel 4 Big Art ProjectQVC filmed Angel as part of their opening montage for their Autumn SeasonITV Animal RoadshowBBC Holiday at HomeThe Match (film by Endemol)

In print:Gateshead Council literature

The Newcastle Evening Chronicle letters pageNorthern Stage programmeThe Angel of the North Schools Pack 18

GNER merchandiseNewcastle Council’s Citylife MagazineGateshead Council Tourist Information literatureNewcastle City Council Tourist Information literatureNewcastleGateshead Initiative literatureGateshead NHS Trust advertisingMiller Homes advertisementThe cover of ‘The Season Ticket’, a novel by Jonathan Tulloch

In events/promotions:The Lighthouse Family video

1998Children North East 2001Save the Children ‘Spreading our Wings’ children’s stories

March 2000The Federation Brewery’s ‘Angel Ale’ March 2002 The National Blood Service Corporate Video August 2002Century FM Sponsorship Commercials August 2002The Northumbria Tourist Board touring car

2002The Princess Royal Trust’s Great Escape Team

2002

However the Angel of the North has became so popular that it features in the media daily and we are therefore unable to keep current records, which illustrate the extend it features on television and in print.

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The Angel of the North

Gateshead Tourist Information Centre Statistics

Visitors to the Angel of the North, August 1998 – April 2002

BANK HOLIDAY DATE VISITOR NUMBERSAugust Bank Holiday Weekend 1998

29/08/1998 78330/08/1998 69431/08/1998 947

2424 totalEASTER BHW 1999

02/04/1999 890 03/04/1999 741 04/04/1999 193 05/04/1999 1097

2921 totalMAYDAY BHW 1999

01/05/1999 967 02/05/1999 841 03/05/1999 1186

2994 totalWHITSUN BHW 1999

29/05/1999 74230/05/1999 148031/05/1999 1179

3401 totalAUGUST BHW 1999

28/08/1999 82029/08/1999 134630/08/1999 921

3087 totalEASTER BHW 2000

21/04/2000 155522/04/2000 126323/04/2000 144824/04/2000 1868

6134 totalMAYDAY BHW 2000

29/04/2000 111930/04/2000 92301/05/2000 1652

3694 totalThe Angel of the North Schools Pack 20

WHITSUN BHW 200027/05/2000 115028/05/2000 93429/05/2000 1179

3263 totalAUGUST BHW 2000

26/08/2000 61727/08/2000 86728/08/2000 1028

2512 totalEASTER BHW 2001

13/04/2001 99414/04/2001 111315/04/2001 86816/04/2001 767

3742 totalMAYDAY BHW 2001

05/05/2001 601 06/05/2001 890 07/05/2001 1032

2523 totalWHITSUN BHW 2001

26/05/2001 96727/05/2001 91428/05/2001 731

2612 totalAUGUST BHW 2001

25/08/2001 89926/08/2001 66727/08/2001 897

2463 totalEASTER BHW 2002

30/03/2002 188901/04/2002 1476

3365 totalMAYDAY BHW 2002

4/05/2002 14825/05/2002 16686/05/2002 1441

4591 total

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The Angel of the North

Early days at the Angel

Visitor numbers were recorded on various days in 1998, illustrating the types of visitors and activities occurring in short spaces of time at the Angel:

14th April 1998 2:20pm – 3:50pm

369 visitors107 cars2 cycles

15th April 1998 2:10 – 3:15pm

256 visitors90 cars2 minibusesone photographerone reporter

21st April 1998 2:00pm – 3:15pm

269 visitors89 cars2 minibuses

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Angel of the North

Directions

By car:

Travelling from the north on the A1:Heading south on the A1 Western Bypass continue past Newcastle and Gateshead. Take the slip road marked Wrekenton & Birtley and continue to the main roundabout, then take the A167 exit signed Gateshead South. The Angel site is a few hundred yards on your left with parking nearby.

Travelling from the south on the A1:Heading north on the A1, take the exit for the A167 Gateshead South about a mile past the Washington service station and continue until the main roundabout and take A167 exit. The Angel site is a few hundred yards on your left with parking nearby.

Travelling from Central Gateshead:Head south on the A167 Durham road to Low Fell. Continue through Low Fell until you reach the dual carriageway. Continue travelling south until you reach the main roundabout leading to the A1. Drive around the roundabout and exit back to Gateshead South. The Angel site is a few hundred yards on your left with parking nearby.

By bus:

From Gateshead Central Interchange Bus Stand K, services: 21, 21A, 21B, 724 and 728 which run frequently. For further information on bus times please contact Traveline on 0870 608 2 608.

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The Angel of the North Bibliography

‘Making an Angel’Antony Gormley (1998)Booth Clibborn Editions

Available from Gateshead Tourist Information Centres:At Central Library 0191 – 477 3478At Gateshead Quays 0191 – 477 5380

‘Celebrating an Angel’Portcullis Press and Gateshead Council Libraries and Arts (1998)

Available from Gateshead Tourist Information Centres:At Central Library 0191 - 477 3478At Gateshead Quays 0191 - 477 5380

‘Antony Gormley’John Hutchinson, E.H. Hutchinson, Lela B. Njatin, W.J.T. Mitchell (2000)

Phaidon Press Limited18 Regent’s WharfAll Saints StreetLONDONN1 9PAwww.phaidon.comISBN: 0 7148 3952 3

‘Public Sculpture of North East England Paul Usherwood, Jeremy Beach and Catherine Morris (2000)

Liverpool University PressLIVERPOOLL69 7ZU

ISBN: 0 8523 635 6

Teachers may also wish to consult the following QCA web page which used the Angel as a basis for study:

www.standards.dfee.gov.uk/local/schemes/docs/art3c.doc

The Angel is also included in the chapter ‘Personal Places, Public Spaces on the following website:

www.artforschools.com

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