THE ANGAS OF THE -- GARBHASAMDHI - Shodhgangashodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/1355/11/11_chapter 5.pdf · (SD. VI. 96. p. 431). 8. Tattvgrthakathanam phrgah. (NLR. D. 74)

THE ANGAS OF THE -- . GARBHASAMDHI

V . &gas o f t he Garbha S d d h i :

a speech based on dece i t . T.C.

o f t h i s word t o p re sen t

an app ropr i a t e meaning. He says , "bbhi i tahara?~ aeans

reaoi ' t ' ( i iharana) t o f raud (AbhEta). The u s e of 'Zhf'

Fn t h i s sense may be i l l u s t r a t e d by t h a t abhinaya when

'C ' and ' h f ' is used i n t h e sense of t h ings ca r r i ed on t h e

person o r used. The rhe to r i c i ans a l s o have a t t r i b u t e d t h i s

l i t e r a l sense f o r t h i s sddhyariga.'

De f in i t i ons

1 . ~ a ~ a t ~ ~ a ' L r a ~ a r i r v&yarn abhiitaaranarn viduh -. -.

( ~ 5 . XIX. 82. p. 47)

2. Xbhiitaaranam Chadma. (DR. I . 38. p. 24.) -- .- - 3. Asatyahara?am-Chadma. (ND. I . 55. p . 91 ).

I

4. Abhd taha ran2 t a t syEdv&yd .ya t kapatzsrayam.

(BZ. VII. 200. u. 306.)

5. Prastutopayogic chadmZcaranan AbhZtaXaqnam.

(?R. 14. p. 133) I

6 . ;ibhEttahara?ai t a t s y z d vayaai y a t kapa:hsrayam

(E. 111. 52. 3. 136)

7. T a t a vy~j2Lraga16 t a t sygd vikyaH y a t kapafzLraya:n

(SDVI. 96. p . 431)

8 . ~ a ~ a t ~ s / r a y a i vacanam Abhrltodaaranam. (NLR. p . 73. ) -- - ..-

A l l t h e h e t o r i c i a n s agree with Bharata i n de f in ing

t h i s ~bh i i t&aryas&dhy&ga a s a s ta tement , f u l l o f

decept ion .

I t may be noted t h a t t h e ND draws an example o f t h i s

~a idhya r iga from Mala.' I t r e f e r s t o t h e c l e v e r t r i c k used

by t h e Vidcfaka i n s ecu r ing t h e s i g n e t r i ng from t h e queen.

A l l t h e s e i l l u s t r a t i o n s a r e ' r e s o r t s t o fraud' and i t may

be t aken that t h i s f raud i s u t i l i s e d e i t h e r by t h e he ro

h imsel f o r h i s men who a r e guarhing h i s i n t e r e s t . I t may

be observed t h a t according t o KV even a d i sc losu re of a

s t r a t a g e n o f one, who i s contemplating of p r a c t i s i n g some

decept ion , comes wi th in t h e range o f t h i s Jamdhyaiga.

I l l u s t r a t i o n s and A ~ ~ l i c a t i o n

1. (AnasGya': ... SakhigGC ?so it1 na pgrayami prnvgsn-

p ra t1n iv f t t . a t ~ t a k a i ~ a ~ a ' ~ a e t c . ) a t r a sakhyg maharsaye

!cathaniyasya i a k u n t a l 5 v f l t ~ n t ~ a s ~ a ,kapatena akathangd

abh i i t axa ranp 2 1 Garbhasaidhe! prathamgigarn =. ' Abhutharanam pr&% _kapatopEya .ka_lpanam - i s

(i;V on = W 4 . 8 o . i j

2. ( h a s c y s : dvayar eva e t c . ) dvayoh i tyadinai tadantena

i a k u n t a l ~ p i h~akathanacchadman&huta'naranam .- arigam

upakaiptam. Tallaksanam t u ' ~ a p a t i i L r a ~ a i yadyZkyan

abhct&ara?am vidul?' iti. (R3 on dak. 1V. 1 .121.7)

3. (Pr iydvada ' : . . . -, madanalekha' sya kriyatam.

sumanogopitai k e v H devaprasadavyapades'ena etc.1 d-

atrabhiitaharanam ngma arbh ha-saadher dgam upaksiptam; - 7-

tal laksanam Zha Darpane vigvanlthah ' t a t r a v-yij iLrayai -.-- -.- . - vKkyam abhGt&ranam iti . (Klshorakeli on i ak . 111.

15. 169.15)

4 . ( ~ i t r a l e k h i ! s i e s z anorathalabdha - griyP- /

sainggama - sukha? anubhavq . ~ p a b h o g a k ? ~ ~ e _avakZse.

t i s t h a t i . ) , a t r a kapata ka1panKy.K gamya m%atvCq gbhiitafiara-

;?am nEma pamdhyarigag -ukt& phavat;.

(Kv on Vikrama. 111. 9.61.1)

.) a t - kr& upak~epah i tyanena =at$-

-phyakalpaniyh gam$amiinatvenhh~t&ar?;~&a

s&dhyahgam u k t a i bhavati .

(KV on Mala. 111. 3.39.1)

I n i a k KV l o c a t e s t h i s ?aidhy&ga i n t he speech of

Anasiiyh, who suppresses a l l mat ters r e l a t i n g t o Sakunta la ' s

s e c r e t marriage and t h a t she is enc ien te , f r o s Kanva. 3.8.

on t h e o t h e r hand , . l oca t e s t h i s adga i n a s i t u a t i o n where

~nasii~a' proposes t h a t t h e curse by DurvhsC towards i akun ta l a

should be kept wi th in themselves only, i e , no t t o be t o l d

t o her . CP S a s t r l a l s o f inds t h i s a k a i n t h e same p l ace

a s noted by RBe3 WLK S a s t r i , again, no t i ce s t h i s ariga i n

t h e speech of p r i y d v a d g f o r iakunta la , who pmposes t o

ca r ry a l ove l e t t e r f o r t h e king Secre te ly .

I n Vikrana KV l o c a t e s t h i s Sddhyadga i n t he ' speech of

c i t r a l e k h h towards LJrvaLi whom she t ea ses spor t ingly by

saying t h a t t h e king i s enjoying with h i s beloved (which i s

not e f a c t a t a l l . ) Kale and S a s t r i a l s o not ice t h i s ahga

i n t h e same s i t u a t i o n a s located by K V . ~

I n Mala KV located t h i s ~ d d h ~ a d g a i n a s i t u a t i o n

where t h e Vidiisaka t e l l s t h e king t h a t he has planned some

means t o achieve 14alavikZ and so he ( t h e king) should compose

himaelf . R!j Pandit a l s o r e f e r s tha; t h i s s i t u a t i o n has been

marked a s t h e ca se f o r t h i s ~ d d h y a r f & ~ . ~

V . 2 . G r g a

Ord ina r i l y t he word I-' means way, but I-'

a s a Saidhy&a means t h e speaking ou t t h e co r r ec t t h i n e

o r t h e exac t t m t h . Almost a l l t h e rhetoricians a r e a t one

with t h i s sense of -MZr&a.'.

p e f i n i t ions

1. ~atvErthavacan& caiva mgrga Jtyabhidhfyate.

(N$. X U . 83. p. 47)

2 . M;~-g~s _tat tv~rthakIr tanam. (DR. I . W . p. 24)

3. Xargas $attv&rthagaisanam (N2. I. 55. 3. 90)

4. ~ a t t v C r t h a k T r t k n G -? (BP. V I I . 200. p . 306)

5. TattvCrthanukfrtanam mgrga?. (PR. 14. p. 133)

6. Va'stava'rthakathg &a. (HS 111. 5?. p . 1 % )

7. Tattvhrthakathana? ?1Crga. (SD. V I . 96. p. 431).

8. Tattvgrthakathanam phrgah. (NLR. D. 74)

Analysis

A s may be not iced, Bharata takes i t as the statement

of f a c t s which brings the correct way. Excepting t h e ND

PR, DR and o ther text-books follow Bharata's meaning. The

ND seems t o go against Bharata's view and understands i t

a s a general statement of t ru th , which becomes appl icable

t o p a r t i c u l a r case a t issue. He i l l u s t r a t e d from the MR.

where the king describes the hardship of kings hi-^.

I l l u s t r a t i o n s and Application - 1 . ( P r i yaivadL: 3 : y a n t e n a i t a i t e j o dadhgngi bhutaye

bee, avehi t a n a y i , e t c . ) ysthgr thakathanln

ma'rga iti saidhyaigam uktan. (RV on gak. IV.4.81.4).

2 . =a: . . . etgvad a p i mgi sukhgyat i ) i h a mCrgo

n%a garbhasaidher a!igam uoanyas tam. - (Klshorakel i on 4ak. 111. 14. 165.19)

3.(Citra-mugdhe kZ punar any5 cint: priyZsarnSganasya) a s

ya thsr thakathanena mlrgo nnma saidhyahgan uktad bhava t i .

(KV on Vikrama. 111. 9. b l . 2 )

/

4. ( G j z : ... vacobhir asgjananai ... e t c . ) atra - t a tvaka t ' l ans t m 3 g 3 n s a garbhasaidhyatiga u k t a i

bhava t i . ) ( K a l p a l a t z on Vikrama. 111. 9.116.13. j

I n i a k KV l o c a t e s t h i s ,Sa ibhya iga i n t h e voice of

t h e b o d i l e s s s a c r i f i c i a l f i r e , of which PriyGvadH informs

AnascyS and t h r o u ~ h which,as Pr iyaivadg t e l l s , K a y a comes

t o know about t h e marriage of i a k u n t a l i with t h e king

Du?yanta and h e r c a r r y i n g s t a z e , F3 and G.P. S a s t r i a l s o

f i nd t h i s ahga i n t h e same s i t u a t ~ o n . ~ NKK S a s t r l l o c a t e s

t h i s a k a i n t h e speech of t h e king, who f e e l s happy t o /

know only t h a t Sakuntal: l oves him.

I n Vikrama KV l o c a t e s t h i s Saidilyahga,in a s i t u a t i o n /

where C i t r a l e k h g a s s u r e s Urvasi -. t h a t she should no t t h ink

o f h i s ( t h e King's) union with a beloved o t h e r than

urvaki h e r s e l f . Kale a l s o no t i ce s t h i s ariga i n t h e same 7

s i t ~ t a t i o n . ~ But S.N. S a s t r i l o c a t e s t h i s atiga i n a

s i t u a t i o n h e r e t h e king,who i s pinning f o r t h e union

of u r v a : ~ and consoled by t h e Vidh?aka wi th t h e hope of

t h e same a t n e a r f u t u r e , f e e l s so w i th t h e throbbing o f

h i s r i g h t arm.

The term '=aa' means mental p i c t u r ~ n p , and a s a n

' a i g a l it would sugges t a conjec ture where d i v e r s e rn3t ters

a r e mixed up. Th i s s ense of con jec tu re o r doubt f o r 'Hcoa'

i s ~ c c e p t e d by a i l r h e t o r i c i a n s .

1 . Citr%rtbasamavgye t u v i t a r k o riiparn i s y a t e .

( ~ 2 . X I X . 83. p . 4 8 ) .

2. 3GPai -- vitarkavadv&kyam. (DR. 1.39. n. 24)

3. ~ 3 ~ ~ 4 nZnZdhasai6ayah. (ND. I . 53. p . 83;

4 . RGp& sandehakrdvacah (BP. V I I . 200. n. 3%) - .- 5. ~ i t a r k a ~ r a t i p Z d a n a v & y a r h r;ipaln. (?R. 14. p. 133)

6. Rhpai sandehakfd vaca:. (%. I'tI. 52. 2. 1 % )

7 . RGp'pam vhky& v i t a r k a v a t . (SD. V I . 96. 3 . 432) -- - -- 3 . CikrZrthasarnbyukto v i t a r k a - G p a i - (1JLR. p. 74.)

Ana lys i s

A s noted , a l l t h e textbook w r i t e r s a r e a t one i n

unde r s t and ing t h i s 'a&& a s ' conJec tu re t where doubt

o r u n c e r t a i n t y p r e v a i l s . The DR wants it t o be a s imp le

guess . The ND h a s i n t e r p r e t e d it a s 'ngnzr tha sa&ayal

t o mean guess r e l a t e d t o var ious o b j e c t . The ND quo te s

t h e view o f t h e DR a l s o . He r eco rds a t h i r d view

acco rd ing t o which i t i s a scene having some s t r i k i n g .J

desc r ip t ion .B The NLR ~ n d e r s t a n b ' ~ ' ~ w o n d e r f u 1

d e s c r i p t i o n s whereas a l l o t h e r s have followed t h e DR i n

understandingq&al F by dropping t h e q u a l i f i c a t i o n ' c i t r a ' ,

I l l u s t r a t i o n s and Appl ica t ion

1 . (Ra-JH: k i i tEvad vratinzm uupdhatapasS* v ighna i s - -- - tapq d$ita< dhannsrapyacare :~ e t c . ) anena v i t a r k e n a

e p a m it1 samdhyaligam uktam, bhava t i . Tad uktaii 6 p a m

y i t a r k a vakyam, i t i . (KV on i a k . V . 9. 102.7).

2. (Ubhe-yadi s a rKjC eratyabhi j&~amantharo. bnavet $adE1sma1 e t c . ) anena nipa1aksar;la;n &? upalyiptam.

( R 3 on 5ak IV. 18. 146.6)

3 . m-: . . . rahah ,pra ty&sat t im yadl suvadang e t c . ) -- . Btra v i t a r k a ~ ~ a > ~ J a k a v ~ y o ' pany.?sZd fipad- &a

Garbha ~ a i d h ~ a 6 ~ a . n . (!!ishorakeli on i a k . 171. 14.

165.19).

4 . (9-: . . . ida; tasy* r a thaksobh~da i senEi sa i - -. - niur?itam, eka@ k r i ti ; a f i r e1 smig, e t c . ) ' a t r 6 i s a s y s

k r t s r tha tvasya tarkyamanatvgt i h a 'riipamlnEma -. --.-- Garbha Samdhyariaam ~ k t & bhavati . ( K a l p a l a t l on

Vikrama. 111. 1 1 . 12'. 22.)

I n i a k KV l o c a t e s t h i s sahdhyaig? i n a s i t u a t i o n where

t h e king ponders a s t o w - y t he d i s c i p l e s of kmva %eve come - whether t h e i r penance has been i n t e r m g t e d by any o b s t r i c -

t i o n . RB, on t h e o t h e r hand, l o c a t e s t h i s a k a i n t h e

saeech of t h e two f r i e n d s towards Sakunt2lg, whom they

adv i se i f t h e king becomes slow t o recognise he r , she should

show him t h e r ing narked with h i s own name. NKK 3 a s t r i

f i nds t h i s a k a i n a s i t u a t i o n where t h e kin? f e e l s t h a t /

he has l o s t t ime f o o l i s h l y even meeting Sakuntala

p r i v a t e l y .

I n Vikrama, S.N. S a s t r i no t i ce s t h i s saidhynnga i n

a s i t u a t i o n where t h e king Pumravas guesses t h a t h i s

shoulder i s fo r tuna te enough ~ i l e o t h e r l imbs a r e not

SO, 9

V . 4 . Ud~aarana

The word 'UdaYaranal rneans i l l u s t r a t i o n or an

I

exam* As a ~ a 4 d h y a i g a . Bhara ta unde r s t ands t h i s a s . pre-eminent o r s u p e r n - l t u r a l e x c e l l e n c e . The I)R means it

a s t h e impres s ion of e x c e l l e n c e whlch i s a l s o accen ted

by t h e ND. T h e same i d e a i s mainta ined and f ~ l l o w e d b y

t h e l a t e r t e x t book w r i t e r s .

D e f i n i t i o n s

1 . Y a t s5 t iLayavadv~kyam tarlud&arnnaG smr taa .

( i 6 . XIX. 9 4 . :. 48.)

2 , j o tka r sam s y l d udznytain. (Dln. 1.39. p . 25.)

3. U d h r t i samutkarsah. ( l i t . I. j 4 . .). 8 5 ) --- --. ;i. Y a t t u shti:aya;l va?cyai t a d 'Jd&:?ranam bhavr t

(a?. v i r . 20d. p . 306,

5. P r a ~ t u t o t k a r s ~ h i d h g n a n Udznrtih. (lh. 1L. p . 133. ) -- . - -. - . -- - . 6 . Sotkarsam vacana; y a t t u t a d Uda'nnarai;la?l matam-. -

(PS. 171. 53. p . 136 )

7. Uda7laranam utkarsayuktam Vacanam u c y a t e . ----.-.-- - - (SL). VI. 97. p . 4 3 2 ) .

3. ~ h t i g a ~ a m . - -- vacanan UdZ9aranfl. - . - ( 1 i i i . D . 74. J

I l l u s t r a t i o n s and Aan l i c3 t ion

1 . (Rsayah: Xu-!? dha rmakr iy5v igh fna~ sa tg l l ra&lc! t - 2 ~ ; . .--. t - v z l e t c . ) at_ra v ~ k ~ a r ~ o t k s r s ~ g r a y a t v ~ t JdGharanni

ngma sanidhya.iga I u k t a ~ . (:',V. on gak. . 114. 105 .2 ) --

2 . (DvitZyah: Ksaumai kenacid indupg?:? =+ mLtigalyam

~xi?~?~rn e t c . ) ' p r av igyop~yanahas t au ' i t yad ! n a i t ~ d

an tenodaa ranam upakf ip t an . /

( R 8 on 3ak. I V . 4. 131. 15.)

3. (l-ja" pa r ig rahqbahu tve t ? i dve p r a t i s t h e

ku la sya me e t c . ) a t r a c o r v i t u l a n a y 5 i a k u n t a l i i y ~

ut&rsaahidhlnad ud&aray%hidham Garbhasaijldhyarigan . (Kishorakel i on i a k . 111. 23. 190. 18)

4 . (b&: a y a i t a s y a rathaksobhiid arhsenZhso n i p f d i t a h ,

eL+ Ifft_r L a r ~ r e ' s m i n e t c . ) atra vEkyasyotkar?avatvld

U d a a r a n d nKma Samdhyarigarn u k t a i bhava t i . --- --

( K V on Vikrama. 111. 11.63.1).

5. (%@: a~mantamoul ima?i ra~; j i tas '$~- ikan ekztapatram I

e t c . ) _atra Uda'haranan nzma Garbha 5a.<dhyariga,n.

( K a l ~ a l a t a on Vikrana. 111. 19.144.18)

I n 6ak KV l o c a t e s t h i s saririhyaiga i n a s i t u a t i o n

where t h e a s c e t i c s t e l l t h e king t o h i s enquiry t h a t

he be ing t h e p r o t e c t o r , t h e r e can be no obs t ac l e t o t h e

r e l i g i o u s observances . RB, on t h e o t h e r hand, l o c a t e s

t h i s Sa&dhy?Aga i n t h e speech o f t h e ascet ic-boy, who

e n t e r s wit:, many deco ra t ing m a t e r i a l s a s a p r e s e n t a t i o n

from t h e t r e e s , where he f i n l s t h e exce l l ence o f speech.

NKK S a s t r i , aga in , n o t i c e s t h i s a j ~ i n t h e speech of t h e

king towards ,inasCyE, who expresses h e r a n x i e t i e s a t t h e

polygamy of t h e k ings an0 a t t h e i n secu red n o s i t i o n o f /

SakuntalH, who may f a c e t r o u b l e s caused by it a f t e r h e r

s a r rViage wi th him.

I n Vikrama KV l o c a t e s t h i s saidhyaAga i:) t h e soeec 3

of t h e k ing who t e l l s t h e 'lidcsaka t h a t h i s s'?ocilder i s

t h e only b l e s sed l lmb o f h i s body as it has obta ined t h e

touch o f ~ n r a k . Kale a l s o notes t h i s atiga i n t h e same - s i t ua t ion . ' 1 ° SN. s a s t r i , on t h e o t h e r hand, n o t i c e s t h i s

ahga i n a s i tua t ion , , where t h e king t e l l s t h e VidCs2ka

t h a t h e i s b l e s sed t o o much with t h e a t t a inmen t o f ~ r v a s / ~

and t h a t t h e supreme sovere iznty i s a n i n f e r i o r t h i n g t o

The term 'Krama' means ' t o prove e f f e c t i v e o r t o g a i n

foo tho ld which may s i g n i f y a Sold manner o f proceeding.

However, Krama, a s a ' s a idhya iga l means a knokledge o f /

t h e f e e l i n g s of o t h e r according t o t h e NS and t h e ND.

Ye have d ive rgen t views on the r e a l meaning and on the

l o c a t i o n o f t h i s 'A' Sy var lous a u t h o r i t i e s a s quoted

below:


2. %a saiicintyam E p t i r bh%vaj;~nam a thgpa re .

(DR. I . 39. p . 25)

3 . Kramo bhivasya c y a v . I. 54. p. 8 5 )

4 . Kramah -- s a f i c i n t i t z r t h g p t i r bhgvaj%namaparq.

(BP. VI . zoo. ,. 306)

5 . Sarncinti tZrthaprZptl; K x ? . (PR. 14. p. 131)

6. ~h&vajG&nam kramo yadvg c in tyam~n+hasa&at i f t .

(RS. 111. 53. p. 1%)

7. BhEvatattvopalabdhis t u kranah syg t . (b3. VI. 97. 0.433)

8. I3havisyattatvopalabdhil;l K*. (NLk . p . 7 5 ) --

From t h e d e f i n i t i o n s quoyedd, it may be no t i ced t h a t

t h e r e a r e a t l e a s t two d i s t i n c t s enses , i n which t h i s 'a&'

i s used and i l l u s t r a t e d . ( 1 ) a knowledge of <ee l ings of

o t h e r s o r an i n s i g h t i n t o o the r s q ind; ( 2 ) the acconol ish-

ment of t h e d e s i r e ? end. Th? f l r s t view i s of 3 h a r ~ t s

and followed by t h e BP, M, SD and t h e hLl,. The dl< i s

t h e exponent of t h e second view fol lov~ed by t h e P.Lj and

?S. The aP and RS ~ l s o records t h e s ~ c o n i view, namely

t h a t o f t h e DR.

I l l u s t r a t i o n s and App l i ca t ion

1 . (Livi t iyah: Ksaumam kenacidindupE?$u t a m n z e t c . ) a t r n - -- sakhfbhygm a3haranocl t - m n i p ~ ~ ai rarnasulabhaih

p ra sEdhana i r v i k s r y a t a ity&haranesv6ka'dksitesu ,

s a t s u s i s y a i s t a rughyo 11bdhSngm ksaumgdhZm

samarpangt k rano nqm? sa idhyajga? e m . -.- - - (KV on 5ak. IV. 5. 8 b . 5 )

~ i s t h 5 b h a r t u r

a n a m -- P --.- -- upaksip tam. (R.3 on s a k . I V . 6 . 1'3.5) -.-

avalokayeimi, e t c . ) a t r a ca n.Zy?kasya n%yikCyn& -

bhgva ta t tvena labdhe? Carb5a Saidheh kramo nFrn6;gaq. -- - . - ( K i s h o r a k e l i on 6ak. 111. 1,3. 175. 76)

4 . ( X E : atigam ana*igalt l ista-n .- sukhayed aqyh ns ,ne

Karasa rLa t e r c . ) atra s & c i n ~ a m ~ n a s y ~ r - t h 3 s i d d n ? e : .-

Krama iti &dhyadga&bhavati.

( K V on Vikrama. 111. 15. 71. 1) .

5. (G3E: -- t vad upal?bhya saaZpsEatari a r i y z i h r d ~ y a m --- u c c h v a s i t a ~ n etc. ) a x - sa:ncintyamEnZrth?sya

--- o r g o t e h Krano n&ma s & d h d m ' u k t a i bhsv ,ti. -. --

(KV 07 44til.a. 111. 6 . 43. 1 )

/

I n Sak K V l o c a t e s t h i s Sanidhyaiga i n a s l t u a t i o n where /

t h e friencls o f Sakunta lg o l , ta in t h e i r des i r ed 7b jec t s f o r /

decora t ing Sakunta la . R 3 , on t h e o t h e r hand, l o c a t e s

t h i s .Saidhyariga. i n t h e b l e s s ings of Kanva tovs rds

s a k u n t a l ~ j u s t be fo re h e r depar ture . C.P. j a s t r i a l s o .

f i n d s t*is&in t h e same s i t u a t i o n a s l oca t ed by m." 3 u t NKK. S a s t r i n o t i c e s t h i s a k a i n a s i t u a t i o n h e r e t h e

k ing observes i a k u n t a l s ' s lovo f o r h in from t h e exp res s ion

on h e r f a c e .

I n Vikrama KV l o c a t e s t h i s 2a<lhyaigg i n t h e s ~ o e c h

o f t h e k ing who enjoys t h e touch of t h e hands of ~ r v a i f

a s d e s i r e d by him previous ly . Kale, ? I s . records t h i s

Saidhysiga i n t h e same s i t ~ a t i o n . ' ~ I t may be f u r t h e r

noted t h a t S..:. S a s t r i a l s o f i nds t h i s a iga i n t h e same

s i t u a t i o n . ' 3

I n &'la KV l o c a t e s t h i s _sarhdhyaiq? i n 7 s i t u a t i o n

where t h e k i n g ' s d e s i r e of see ing MZlavik; i s ' ~ l f i l l e d .

R.S. Pand i t a l s o l o c a t e s t h i s Sa;dhyaAga i n t ho same

s i t u a t i o n . 1 4

V. 6 . SaAgraha:

AaGgraha i s u se o f sweet co r . c i l i a to ry words and r r i f t s

and its purpose i s t o take some person on one's s i d e , winning

him over bv way of appeasement, o r o s i t i a t i o n , inducement e t c .

a s i s he ld by Bhara ta . The l a v e r text-boolr wr i t e r s l g r e e

with aha ra t a . I t may be noted here t h a t the ND defin,?s i t

a s 'szma-dHng?ih' and comaents t h a t sLma a?d dina inc lude

by upalakgana bheda and $=.and d e c e i t , magic, e t c . a r e &a -,)

included by t h e word, namely, adi . l5

Def in i t i ons

1. ~%nadHnandisaivanna$ S&gra..a: ~ a r i k r r t i t *

iN5. X I X . 85. 2 . 4 9 )

2 . Saigrahah s l a d S n o k t i h (DR. I. 40. p. 25) -. 3. Saigraha? s&na-d&6!tih. (-;D. I . 53. p . 82)

4 . 3aigrahai? s ~ m ~ d a n o k t i h (3P. V I I . 200 p. 306)

5. Frastutopayogis%ad&navacanam Sahgrahah . ( 2 K . 15. p . 133.)

7. Sahgrahah m h s~madHnarthasa&pa?nah-.

(SD. VI. 97. o. 433.)

Fi. ,SETmadSnadiyuktan vSkya?l s a j ~ r a h a * ~ . (NLa. o. 75. )

1 l l u s t r a t . o n s and A ? ~ l l c a t i o q

1. (Kanva: __- asm&n sZdhu vic in tya ~a;~arna"hsn&~ u=L?

Cztmana etC.) a t r a asmgn siidhu vic in tyetyadi vhkyaparyg- - I

locanaya i y a m SakuntalC vis /esapra t ipa t tyarhet i sGcitam -.. bhavat i . Anushntvanasya gamyamanatvgt saniqrah?

s&dhyhgam ukta~h bhavati . (KV on 4ak. I V . 17. 92.7)

2. (Kanva: abhi janavato bharbtuh 41grhye s t h i t a qrhin;pade -.- a - -. -- e t c . ) E a Saigrahalaksanaa a&am u2aksintaa.

.L._ - -. (RB on 5ak. IV. 18. 146. 1 )

3. (GautamC: (kntyudakena Sakuntala?! abhvuksya) j a t e --- n i r h a d h a me ciram j iva . e t c . ) a t r a ss?nodaksd6nEt -- Saigraho nzma Garbha a i d h e r aAgarn. (Kishorqkeli on

dak. 111. 37. 224. 17. )

4. ( X j b : anena ks lybni rnrnalakornalam bratena ;:tram - - - -,. e t c . ) atra shntvanasya kathanat Sanigraio nnma saidhy?ngam

u k t a i bhavat i . (KV. on Vikrama. 111. 13., 66.1)

5 . (9 Ki;alayamr,!or v i l i s i n i kat!i inelnihatasya

p~dapaskandhe caranasya na t e e t c . ; a t r a p r a g a k t y ~ -.- -- Samgraho &a sa6dhya;gaq uk ta i bha.jati .

(i(V on :lalo, 11. 19.57.1)

I n i a k KV l o c a t e s t h i s S?~idilyan J y ~ tilT s i t u a t i o n

where h a y ? u t t e r s c o n c i l i a t ~ r y words t o be co~.nul l ica te l

t > t h e king h t y a n t a through h i s d i s c i p l e s . Pi, on the

o t h e r hand, l oca t e s , t h i s SaGd::yn~iga i n t he situatio.1 where

Kanva t e l l s g o k u n t a l ~ t h a t she w i l l n o t g e t t ime t o remem,,er

him as s h e w i l l remain ve.y busy i n d l s c t ~ a r g i n g h e r d - t i e s

a s t h e c h i e f queen o f a k ing o f n o b l e b i r t h . :"l<l< S a s t r i

n o t i c e s t h i s * i n t h e s ~ e e c h o f CautamZ who s D n n k l e s < / - -

' iE.ntyudaka' ( s a c r i f i c i a l wate r on Lakunte la a s i t w i l l

b r i n g h e r recovery .

I n Vikrama KV l o c a t e s t h i s ~ a 4 d h ~ a A ~ a i n t h e s i t , i h t i o c

where t h e k i n g t e l l s t h e ouee? t h s t s h e i s givir lg milch

t r o u b l e s t o h e r body o n l y .

I n :,l?ila KV l o c a t - s t h i s ~ a ; l & y a ~ & a i n t h e speech o f

t h e k i n e towards " Z l a v i k a r.<io<th<nS a s k s very a f f e c -

t i o n a t e l y i f she does-not n e t pain h e n she s t r i l t e s t h ~

nsm>ka-tree w i t t i l e f t f o o t . 5 i rEr t5adrp ik : a l s o n o t i c e s

t h i s a h s a i l l t h e s a n e s i t u s t i o n . 1 6

AnumEna i s an i n f e r e n c e ( o f t h e l inpin>, from i t s

c h a r a c t e r i c t i c s s l y (i.iny,a o r h&u). j h a r a t a t a l t ~ s /-

arumzna a s d z f i n i t e and t r u e i:nowledge. it seems t h a t

S h a r i ~ t a c o n n e c t s t h i s & wit? t i l e 9 h i c h i s a n

i n d e f i n i t e i d e a based on t h e v i t a r k a . If t t ! i s i s so,

t h e anumhna should be take!? a s t h e c o n f i r n a t i o n o f

t h a t v i t a r k a - it i s a r e a l i s a t i o n o f t h a t t r ~ t h . I t ,

may be no ted h e r e t h a t t h e t a k e s ' n i scaya ' i n t h e

lace of 'abh-a' o f t h e DR. iiowever, a l l t h e l a t e r

r h e t o r i c i a n s t a k e it a s in fe rence wi thout r e fe rence t o

t h e


1 . KiipsnuGpagamanam anumgnam Ei s n r t a n. -- . - ( ~ 5 XIX. $35. n. 493

2. Abhyu?lo l i i igato'nurnh (DR. 1 . 40. n. 2 5 . )

3. 5 . 5 ni&ayo l i f i R B t . ~ N I J . I . 53. p . @ 4 ) .

4 . Ab',~y&o l i n g a t o ' n u a z . (B?. 'JII. 200. o . 7 0 5 ) -- -- 5. ~ i n g ~ d & h y u # a n a ~ anumsnam. (~'ti. 15 . p. 133.)

6 . Arthasy&hy&ana$ lingEd anumhnai p racaksa te .

(FcS. 111. 54. 0 . 1373

7. LingCdiiho'numCnat~. (Sb VI. 98. .?. 4 % )

8. Riipasygnugamanam Anunharn. (IQLI:. 7 . 75. ; . --


1 . ( ~ h g ~ a ~ a h : . . . (hoki lasvanan s i icayi tva: anunatagsmanb --• -A- -- - . . - . -

s a k u n t a l ~ t a m b h i r i y ~ s o b a n d h u b h i h -. e t c . ) =g < seya4 y h t i sakuntala p+~rham s a r v a i r a 1 u j ; ~ y a t ~ n

i t y u k t e s a tyanan ta ra i y a t k o k i l a 6 t a i tena 6akuntalE- -- -. - -- gananZnumatih t a rvbh ih krtetyanenSnunZnarn iti . - - sa&dhya*a.n uktarn. ( K V on sak. I V . 11. 87. 3 )

2 . @&el ramyantarah L imminrna r i t a i sarobhig , e t c . )

pEisula tvena - rgj?kanyEigZnum5nSd a n u m E n a l a k ~ ~ ? ~

arigarn upaksiptam. (RE on 2ak. IV. 1% 156. 19).

3. (~5s: sa&dastaltusuma~ayan%y<~ukliintavisabhaiga-

surabhfni e t c . ) t 3 t h a s&dastakusumagayanasya

v i m a r ~ t a m m ~ a v a l a y a s v a r u o a l i ~ g a d v n y e n ~ ~ g e s u -.- e u ~ t ~ p a v a t t v o p a l a i b h ~ d anum&ai n&n Jai-bha-

saidhyaigam, (h i sho rake l i on zak. 111. 21. 182. 16)

4. ( G j E : (nirnitta; sCca>~ i tvg ) . . . vacobhir a&jananai r

bhavan i v a guruvyactha.'n e t c . ) atra bahusnandasyo- -- V

rvag i? ra t ihe tu tvad anumZna6 n e a ~ s & ? ~ y a ~ ~ a m ukta;

bhava t i . (KV on Vikram?. 1'1. 9 . 59. 5 )

5. (Raja: anyat katham iva pul3kaih ks l i tam mms ggtrakam __ ___ I __- karasparG~i t et,c. ) anmZ nZqa snid?yaligaln a lya t r f l

k r amey sa+sr,3yate.

(Kalpala tz on Vikrama. 111.16.139.11 .)

I n jak K l i l o c n t e s t h i s &ajdhyiAga i n tha>&feren+

Of ;(a?va about t h e note of a cl!ckoo i n t hp form of a

respgnse t o h i s seeking a u ~ m v a l f o r Bartuntalc's depa r tu re

from t h e &rams t r e e . But iiil l o c a t e s t h i s ?a;dhyaAga i n

t h e vo ice coming from t h e sky i n res-Jonse t o t h e announce-

ment o f K a y a ( t o t h e $r?ma t r e e s ) about i a k u n t a l h ' s

depa r tu re and f o r i t s a p ~ r o v a l from them. iIKX S a s t r i no t i ce s

t h i s & i n a d i f f e r e n t s i t u a t i o n , t h e r e t h e r e i s t h e

i n fe rence from t h e desc r ip t ion of t h e king t h a t 4akunta l5

s u f f e r s a l o t from t h e bodily hea t .

I n Vikrama KV l o c a t e s t h i s sa;dhyahgq i n a s i t u a t i o n

where t h e king f e e l s t h e throbbing o f t he r i g h t hand and

so hopes (on in fe rence ) f o r t he union nth+-*ale

a l s o n o t i c e s t h i s Sa&dhyanga i n t h e same s i tua t ion .17 But

S.N. S a s t r i , n o t i c e s t h i s S&dhyariga i n the speech of

t h e k ing, namely, anyat Katham i v a e t c .

V. 8. ?m-rthan:

The word 'prErthongf aeans a ' r eques t ' o r a Drayer

'PrErthanZ' a s an 'aliga' a l s o means t h e same. According

t o t h e NS it i s a reques t o r i ? v i t a t i o n f o r t he e?Joyment

o f l ove . The SD and VG agree with Bharata ancl t h e ND

d i s t i n g u i s h e s i t on Rat i oGthanZt , ~ t ~ a ~ ~ n d /--

p g r t h a n h simply. l8 The hXR wants i t a s a d q i e s t .

The DR, t h e B? and t h e 2 R do not a d ~ i t t h i s aha.

I n favour of h i s i nc lus ion of t h i s -a2iga t h e Sc remarks

t h a t those who do not accent 'era;asti' wi l l have no

problem a s t o the number of the a&as, namely, s i x t y four 1

f o r t h e inclusion of p G r t h a 6 .

Defini t ions

1. ~ a t i h a r s o t s a v g n Z i 2 p6r thanZ 7rZrthanH bhavet.

( ~ 5 . X I X . 86. p. 50)

2 . r'rhrthanii bhavaygcanam. (NU. 1. 53. p. 149) (Delhi

University publ icat ion, 1961.). --

3. !+tihar~otsav~n'nfim _tu pm-rthanam prarthang bhavet . (SD. VI. 98. p . 312)

4 . Abhyarthangyuktarn vacanam prHrthanH (I%K p. 75). -

I l l u s t r a t i o n s and Application.

1. (s . . . apargdham i m a m ta tah sahisye yadi.. . e t c . )

t a t h a ' t r a rat iprHrthan~prak~LanHt prgrthanahidha I

Garbhasahdhyarigam pradarsitan . (Kishorakeli on Jak. 111. 24. 193. 11)

pGnram Lataguniteva

g a t s n m a triyZmH e t c . ) przrthanz n&a Carbha-

sddhyaAgam ukta i bhavnti, yadueynte - " ra t iharso t sav&~&i prar thanai prarthana bhaved

iti" (Kalprllata on Vikrama. 111. 22. 147. 10) -

I n s ak NKK S a s t r i l o c a t e s t h i s samdhyatiga i n t h e

speech of t h e k ing who expresses h i s d e s i r e f o r t h e c l o s e

company of gakuntala ' (ratiprZrthana-)

I n Vikrama S.N. S a s t r i l o c a t e s t h i s SGdhyaiga i n t h e

speech of t h e k ing who exprasses h i s p raye r t o ~ r v a k t h a t

i f h i s n i g h t i s extended t o t h a t equal hundred-fold l e n g t h

which h e f e l t b e f o r e a t t a i n i n g h e r , he would cons ide r

h imse l f t h e b l e s sed one.

convuls ion o r u a l p i t a t i o n . However, a s a SaHdhyaAga

Bhara ta wants it t o be : a sudden bu r s t i ng of the b i J a . i n t h e Garbha s t a g e . Thoueh t h e major i ty o f t h e t e x t -

book w r i t e r s accep t t h i s view o f Bhqrata, s t i l l we have

a t l e a s t f o u r s e n s e s o r ca ses f o r l o c a t i n g t h i s 'ariga9

by d i f f e r e n t a u t h o r i t i e s .


1. Carbhasyodbhedanan y a t s a7 t s lp t i r i t yabq idh iya t e ,

(*.ii'. X I X . Rb. 1. 50;

2 . Garbhabr ja samutk-tepZd a7tsepa; ~ a r i k T r t i t a 2

(DR. I . 41. p. 2 7 )

3 . iiksepo, bx jap rak~sanam. ( t 0 . I . 5 4 . p. 88)

4 . G a r b h a b ~ j a s a ~ u t k s e p ~ d . 7 ( ~ ~ . e p ~ i t* k r r t i t * .

(n?. VlI. 200. p . 307)

5. I_stErthopCyEnusaranarn axsepah. . - - . (PR. 15 . D. 1 3 4 )

6. Carbhabrjasamutksepam 37taepam p a r i c a k s a t e .

(RS. 111. 57. D . 1 3 )

7. _Rahasygrthasye tadbheda; 3 s ; p t i h @. (SG. VI. 99. 3 . 4 3 5 )

8. i3i jodbhedanaa ~ t k s i v t a r n (NLR. p. 76)

Ana lys i s

We h3ve j u s t noted t h a t i n fou r d i f f e r e n t cases , t h i s

'ariga' i s l o c a t e d implying four d i f f e r e n t conno ta t ions - o f t h i s ' a & a t . They a r e :

1. Stldde~a emergence o f t h e 'w i n i t s garbha s t a g e

2 . a s i t u a t i o n where t h e fbi3a' i s seen i n t h e

~ r g p t y H s h : t h a t i s i n t h e mrddle s t a g e . - 3. t a k i n g a p p r o p r i a t e measures f o r t h e des i r ed e n d ,

4 . t h e r e v e l a t i o n o f a Sec re t .

The f i r s t view is proposed by a h a r a t a and suopor ted

by t h e DR, J P , iiS and i L R . , h e r e a s t h e r e s t t h r e e views

a r e h e l d by t h e NL, ?R & 3L r e s o e c t i v e l y . The ND a l s o

sugges t s t h a t 'a_ksepal may a l s o be bu r s t i ng out of

t h e sent iment hidden i n t h e h e a r t . I n favour o f t h i s

view h e quotes from t h e RV.'~

I l l u s t r a t i o n s and Application

1. (a: ~&nari@ pratygdistam sma6mi na parigrah& .--- muneatanay&m. Ba lava t tu dEyamCna e t c . ) a t r a muhur

anva?i tasya brasya jo jangt &!epa iti saidhyatigam

u k t a i bhava t i . (KV on 4ak. V. 31. 117. 3) .

2 . (HaisapadikE: abhLnavamadhulolu?as tvarb tatha'

paricumbya e t c . + sgrupyanimittayg p - p Q ~ s a y i i

rC3zo Dusyantasya S a k u n t a l ~ v i s r n a r ~ a s y a p ra s tu t a sya

gamyatvgd &epan%nEfigam upaksipta?.

(RB. on 4ak. V. 1 . 151~1)

E 3. (iakuntala ' : sakhi yat? p rak f t i mama da rganaDa t9am~~a ta s

t a p o v a n a a k ~ ~ i ~%jar!i) a ira$a e t c . ) a t r a gvhyir-

thasyodbhedangd carbhasaidheh k s i p t i r n&naAgam. 4--

(Kishorakel i on dak. 111. 13.162.13)

4 . (w devygdatta iti yadi vygpgram. e t c . ) atra bfdasya ounaryo janhd

axsepo n&a Saidhyaligam ukta ibhavat i .

(KV on Vikrama. 111. 17. 72.1)

5. (%I: adya p r a v F i hryaputra yZi s t r i y a i prSthayate ,

y i a ryapur t r a sya samEigamaoranayin2 ... e t c . )

sddhyazigam u k t G bhavati ~ i G v a n ~ t h a m a t e n a .

c a ... it1 vacanEt DhananjayamatenEk~epo nGma - ~ a a i d h ~ a & & proktam. AsyErigasya v igesa tah pedhznyam

A-

a s t i vastuparipos&yetyavadheyam. (Kalpalata on - Vikrama. 111. 13. 132. 1 5 ) . @*

6. (h-J&: manye p r i y%*amana's tasya? pranipZtal&ghana; -. sevgm, e t c . ) bTj&usa~dhEnZd Zksepo nEma - -. _* saridhyarigam u k t a i bhavat i . i K V on-;. 111. 23.61 -66)

I n gak K V l o c a t e s t h i s saidhyaige i n t h e speech of t h e

king, who f e e l s t h a t h i s hea r t i s so moved a s t o b e l i e v e

t h a t h e has married S a k u n t a l ~ (who i s now removed), though

he does n o t remember anything about t h e marriage. a, on

t h e o t h e r hand, l o c a t e s t h i s d g a i n t h e song of -'iaisa-

padiks , where it i s h in t ed t h a t t h e repudia t ion o f i a k u n t a l ~

i s very nea r , because t h e nature o f t h e iting i s l i k e t h a t

o f t h e bee, who, once making love with t h e blossoms o f t h e

mango-tree, fo rge t s i t next moment when it ( t h e bee) s i t s

on t h e l o t u s . But NKK S a s t r i f i nds t h i s & sti l l i n a

d i f f e r e n t s i t u a t i o n , 1. e . i n t h e speech o f 4 a k u n t a l ~ , where t h e r e i s t h e revelation of t h e s e c r e t connected wi th

h e r a i lment . C.P. S a s t r i , again, records t h i s a& i n a

s i t u a t i o n a s l o c a t e d by RB, a s t h e r e i s a r e v e l a t i o n

of some sec re t . 20

I n Vikrama KV l o c a t e s this.Sa6dhyaliga i n t h e speech

o f t h e k ing , where t h e r e i s remmergence o f t h e b f j a , /

ncrmely, t h e d e s i r e f o r UrvasI. Kale records t h i s

saAdhyariga i n t h e same s i t u a t i o n with a reference t o

KV.*' Sh S a s t r i r eco rds t h i s _Saidhyaiga a f t e r v i L v a n ~ t h 7

i n t h e speech o f t h e queen, where t h e r e i s t h e b u r s t i n g of

t h e s e c r e t o f t h e k ing. He a l s o z u s t i f i e s t h e l o c a t i o n

a f t e r Dhq-ianjaya on t h e ground t h a t t h e r e i s t h e r e f e rence

of t h e b ~ j x t h e p l ay . He makes a reference t o K V ' s

l o c a t i o n o f t h i s sat%dhya;ga l a t e r , which we have a l r e a d y

mentioned.22

I n Mala KV l o c a t e s t h i s S&dhyahga i n a s ~ t u a t i o n

where t h e k ing ' s p r o p i t i a t i o n i s trodden by t h e angry

i c h t h e king t akes a s a '@ t o him,

more a t t e n t i o n t o MslavikZ with an

e a s i e r conscience. Pandi t a l s o f i n d s t h i s ariga i n

t h e same s i t ~ a t i o n . ' ~

V . 10. Tof.aka

The t e r n ' t o t ? k a l i s der ived from t h e m o t 'x' - t o h u r t o r i n j u r e , which may imply t h a t it is a speech

made i n anger which h u r t s the feel ings of other . According

t o Bharata i t i s a speech i n anger. While cmmenting on

this, hbhinavappta records t h a t t h i s expression may a l s o

be due t o pleasure o r any other cause.24 The text-book

wr i te r s a r e mostly i n agreement with Bharata. The DR and

ND understand t h i s aliga as the soeech of the excited due

t o anger o r joy.

Defini t ions

2. Sathrabdharil totakalh vaca; (DR. 1.40. p. 26)

3. T o t a k d garbhitam vacah. (ND. 1.55. D. 91) -. 4 . 2alhranhbhayuktalh vacanam yattattotakam ucyate.

(3P. VII. 200. n . 3 0 6 . )

5. %:as&bhx&avacanam Totakam . (P.9. 15. p . 134)

6. Sasa i rakbhd t u vacanam sat i~xrante hi Totakam.

( R 5 111. 55. p . 137)

7. T ' (to) taka; punah sa i r sbdhava .

(SD. V I . 99. ,-. 436)

I l l u s t r a t i o n s and A p ~ l i c a t i o n

2. ( i a r a ~ g a r a v ~ : . . . murcchantyami v ikbm5 ?rZyenais/va- - ryamattesu. ) anena Totakai ngmhligam upaksiptam.

(RB. on 4ak. V . 18. 168.4).

3. (%a:. . . bho bho s tapasvinah, 3- bha i s t a , ayam -- z g a t a eva) a t r a ca t r o t a k & nZma garbhasmidher-aligam

s&dha^k.gitam,' . (Kishorakal i on Sak. 111.41.732.5)

/Czr---- 4. (Devi: e t a sya vratasyzyam prabhAvo yadetavad vadatyarya-

s-h) - nayikayg s&rabdhavacasah p r a y u j y a m ~ n a t v ~ t

tozakam nEnagarbha-Saidh~aigan! uktarn bhavat i . (Kalpala ta on Vikrama. 111. 13. 130.14)

5. (DevZ: - Bryaautra : .. na ~ x ~ ~ h i t a p u r v a ~ sznoratam niyama?)

a? mahisyH vacanasya s&nbdhatvat to takam nzma -- sa6dhyahgam. (Kalpala ta on Vikrama. 111.14.135.9)

0 6. ( 1 r z v a t i : ( ~ a h a s o p a s ~ ~ n ) ~ d r a y a pdraya. Aioka;

Kusuma& na darLayat1, ayaA gunah pusyatyeva.) a t r a -- SairabdhavacanKttotkam & jaidhyangam uktam bhava t i . (KV on Mala. 111. 19. 57.5)

I n i a k KV l o c a t e s t h i s T o t a h sanidhyaligam i n a

s i t u a t i o n where j ~ r a i g a r e v a sco lds t h e k ing a n g r i l y

f o r t h e reason t h a t gakunta la i s g iven t o such a bad

person a s h e i s , and t h e sage. is , indeed, t o be i n s u l t e d

by t h e k ing . But Rj l o c a t e s t h i s a i g a i n t h e harsh words

o f Baratigarava towards t h e king, when he d e c l i n e s t o

accep t 4 a k u n t a l ~ a s h i s wife and blames t h e sage. G.P.

S a s t r i a l s o r eco rds t h i s a iga i n t h e snme s i t u a t i o n . 2 5

NKK S a s t r i f i n d s t h e i r a i g a i n a s i t u a t i o n where t h e k ing I

t e l l s t h e a s r ama-asce t i e s ~ ~ 0 u d l y t h a t they should n o t be

a f r a i d o f anything.

I n Vikrama S.N. j a s t r i no t i ce s t h i s s&dhya&a

i n two s i t u a t i o n s ; f i r s t l y , *.ere t h e queen t e l l s t h e k ing

t h a t it i s t h e r e s u l t o f t h e vow t h a t he i s t a l k i n g t o

h e r s o swee t ly ; secondly , where she r e ~ l i e s i n resDonse t o

t h e r eques t o f t h e k ing , t h a t she can no t v i o l a t e t h e

r u l e s ( r ega rd ing h e r observance and t h e r e f o r e cannot s t a y

wi th h im) .

I n *KV l o c a t e s t h i s ?&dhyaiga i n t h e i r o n i c a l

remark o f I r g v a t i towards MalavikZ, whom she t e l l s

t a u n t i n g l y t o f u l f i l t h e k ing ' s l ong ings . YC6r thad fp ikg

26 a l s o f i n d s t h i s a i g a i n t h e same s i t u a t i o n .

V . 11. Adhibala:

T h e term ' adh iba la ' aeans s u p e r i o r i t y of s t reng th and

a l s o may mean s u p e r i o r i t y of wlts . This sense of t h e

term has been kept i n mind by t h e rhe tor ic ians while

def in ing t h i s 'ariga'. See f o r example, the d e f i n i t i o n

of Bharata , who wants it t o be a case where t h e r e i s

t r i u p h over fraud .

Def in i t ions

1. KapatenZtisaidhdnaab bruva te 'dh iba la i b=

( ~ 6 . X I X 87. p . 51)

2 . Adhibalam abhisa idh ih (DR. 1. 40. p. 26) . -- 3. Adhibalm-c& ( b a ) 1Ed.hikya.n. (ND. I . 55. P . 8 9 )

4. CestayZ'nyZtisariidhEnam vadantyadhibald-

(BP. V I I . 200. D. 3 0 6 )

5. ? ta~anhtis&dhdnam adhibalam. (PR. 15. 3. 134)

6. Budhair a t i b a l a i ? r o k t a i kapaten~tivaEcaram . (KS. 111. 55. u . 137)

7. Adhibalam abhisasdhi cchnlena yah.

(SD. VI. 99. ?. 456.)

3. KapatasyEnyatha7taranam adhibalam i iiLit. p. 76. )

Analvsis:

In a l l t h e d e f i n i t i o n t h e idea of super io r i ty

o r winning ove r i s no t i ced . The DR unders tan4s a s a

c a s e o f decep t ion o r a c t l s e d on o t h e r s wi th a view t o

accomplish t h e o b j e c t . He a l s o records aqother view

acco rd ing t o which it i s t h e unrloing exc i t ed speech (wi th

ange r e t c , ) ( t o t a k a s y a anyathgkarana). I n o t h e r words .- i t i s t h e appeasement o r p a c i f i c a t i o n o f anger e t c . The

ND r e c o r d s f u r t h e r view according t o ~ i c h i t i s a c a s e ,

where a t r i c k i s de fea t ed .27 I t a l s o records a t h i r d

view which imp l i e s t h i s 'ajlga' t o be 'taunt' .28 The lJLK

a c c e p t s t h e second view a s a l l o t h e r l i k e t h e Y?, 23,

P.S and 30 understand t h i s a s decept ion by fraud.

I l l u s t r a t i o n s and a p p l i c a t i o n

uB. (KV on Sak. V. 71 . 11.6) .

(R3 on dab. I V . 13. 146. 9) . .

3. (PriyaGvadh: . . . - capalah k h a l v e s e , &a enan sa'oyo-

- 3 a y i t u ~ e k a i n Z p g r a y a s i , t a d aham ap i s a h ~ y a t v a +

k a r i s y K ~ 1 ) . . . sthZnanirjanatvSpCdan~cchay~ mrga?otasarbyojanavysJena sakhrdvavasys ~ r a s t h Z n L 1 .- .

4 . (= ... aham khalu Ctvanah sukhEvasZnenhryaoutrasya

sukham icchZm1. e t a v a t a c in t aya t a v a t p r i y o na v e t i )

a t r a r6 j fv idusakAyor abhisarhdhgat abhibalam =a - ~arbhasaklhyar igam. ~ u r E ? ; ~ a n E ~ a i asiivanti s a t y a o i

ei svgrthatyggam eenCtrnanah jarhrhbhaa gopayitum

raj:ah sammukhe abh i sa idedhb t i t ya t a? mukhyam -. -- adh iba l akhya i GarbhasGdhyaigam sidrlham. "Adhibalam

abh i sa idh ih" xi ~aLarupake .

(Ka lpa l a t= on vikrana. 111. 13. 134.7.) '

I n i a k KV l o c a t e s t h i s Sa&nhyaAga l n a s i t u a t i o n ,

where t h e k ing , who t a k e s i a k u n t a l f ' s a t tempt r o arouse

h i s memory, t o be a d e c e ~ t l o n , t e l l s h e r t h a t t h e p e o ~ l e

a r e t h u s a t t r a c t e d by +he sweet words of t he l a d i e s ,

d e s i r i n g t h e i r i n t e r e s t s f i l f i l l e d . id, on t h e o t h e r

hand, l o c a t e s t \ i s , Sa4d\yaAga i l l t h s situation where

t h e f r i e n d s o f Sakunts lE cry t o ccrnceal t h e f a c t t h a t

she has been cursed by :hrvEsa, ;n t h e i r ex?ress ion,

namely, mZ b ' l a i s - e x . NKK , a s ? r i n o t i c e s t h i s . ' ~ a i d h ~ ~ r i ~ 3 --IC

i n a s l t u a ~ - w k e r e PriyaivadC l i k e s t o l eave t 5 e ? l a c e

t? he10 t h e ' ~ r g a o o t u k a ' t o g e t i t s mot%er.

I r l Vikrama S.N. 3 a s t r i l o c a t $ s t h i s sa;dhyaAga i n

t h e speech of the queen where she t e l l s t h e CidGsaka

t h a t she wants t o make h e r husband h a p ~ y even a t t h e

s a c r i f i c e Of h e r h a p ~ i n e s s and from h e r statement he ( t h e

~ i d Q ? a k a ) should Judge whether t h e king i s dear t o h e r

o r not . 29

Udvega means a g i t a t i o n ( i n mind due t o some a n x i e t i e s

t o be caused by some o ~ ~ o s i t i o n o r unfnvourable situation)

The d e f i n i t i o n of Bharata understands t h i s wjvega-Sa&dhyariga

f o r a s ~ t u a t i o n where t h e r e i s f e a r a r i s i n s from +be king.

an enemy o r a robber. A11 the text-books agree with

Bharata. The DR t akes ' a r i ' i n h i s d e f i n i t i o n f o r t h e

' h p a k c r i s ' . The NU i n t h e explanatloq t e l l s t h a t any

f e a r coming from t h e th i eves , t he king, t h e enemy and

even from t h e he ro ine i s t he case of Udvega. 30

Def in i t i ons

1. i3haYai nrpbr? -. dasyut$%w U d v e g a ; p a r i k r r t i t a h .

( ~ 6 . X I X . 88. D. 51)

2 . Udvego'rikrtE b h i t i h . (DR. I. 4 1 . 3 . 2 6 . )

3 . Udvego b L h . (ND. I . ( JD. I. 54 . n. 8 5 )

4 . U d v e g o ' r i k ~ t ~ b h r t i h (BP. VII. 200. ?. ?=)

5 . A~akgr i j anHt bhayem udvegah. (PK. 15. P. 1 3 . )

6 . 6 a t r u c h a u 6 d i s d b h ~ t a n i bhayam udvega ucyate . --- (RS. 111. 56. n. 137)

7 . ~ ~ a t i j a n i t a ' h h f t i r udvegah p a r i k z r t i t a h .

(SD. V I . 100. p . 436)

8. Nrpat i jani tabhayam Udveg? ( 1 a R . p. 77) A

Illustrations and Application

1 . ( s a k u n t a l ~ b h f t d vepa te ) anena Udvego +a saAdhyaligarn

uktam. yathoktam b h f t i r udvegakZri?Ei . (KV. on gak. V .

26. 114. 6)

2. is: . .. Vayasya, k g p r a t i ~ a t t i r a t r a . ) a t r a -- bhftergamyamkarthatv~dvego =a SaidhyaAgan

uktam b h a v a t i . ( K V on Mala. 111. 19. 57. 6 )

I n gak KV l o c a t e s t h i s SGdhyanga i n t h e s i t u a t i o n

where i a k u n t a l ~ t r embles ou t o f f e a r f ron s?rarigarava,

who s c o l d s h e r a n g r i l y f o r following theq , l eav ing h e r

husband 's abode.

I n Mala KV has l o c a t e d t h i s S a d ~ ~ a i g a i n a s i t u a t i o n

where t h e k ing h imse l f and a l l o t h e r s p re sen t a r e ouzzl-ed

and ncrvous wi th t h e sudden appearance o f fu r ious

I r E v a t i . Rj P a n d i t a l s o f i nds t h i s ~anidhyahga i n t h e

same s i t ~ a t i o n . ~ '

V. 13. Vidrava:

The term 'Vidraua ' means f e a r o r pan ic and i n t h i s

s e n s e it i s c l o s e l y r e l a t e d w i t h Udbega. A 1 1 t h e t e x t

book w r i t e r s ho ld a lmos t t h e same view on t h i s ariga.

D e f i n i t i o n g

1 . i d k Z b h a y a t 6 s a k f 4 0 Vidrava samud&rdah .-. ( ~ 6 XIX. 8=,. p . 52)

2 . S a h k E t r E s o u c a saibhramah (DK I . 41. n. 27)

3. D r a v e SaAkh. (ND. I. 54. I . 54. c. 8 8 )

4. i a & k ~ t ~ - - a u c a - Saribhramah (BP. V I 1 . 200. D . 306)

5. s a i k E t 6 s a u c s s a i b h r a m a ? . ( P R . 15. p . 1%)

6. d a t r u ~ ~ ~ ~ h 6 d i s a ~ 5 h d t ~ gaikh s y a t s a i v a

SaGbhramah (Rs. 111. 56. p . 138)

7. S / a i k ~ ? h a ~ a t r & s a k r t ~ ~ S a h h r a q o Vidravo - -.. matah.

(SD. V I . 100. p. 436)

13. 4 a ~ k a b h a ~ a t r g s a k p Vidrava;. (NLK. D. 7 7 . )

Ana lys i s

As c a n be seen , t h e DK does n o t accep t t h i s

' v i d r a v a ' and c a l l s i t a s Sasibhrama. As mentioned above

t h e l a t e r t e x t book w r i t e r s a r e unanimous i n a c c e 2 t i n g

t h i s s e n s e . The C?.; 32; PL, 3.5 and t h e SD want i t t o be

f e a r and t r embl ing . A p o i n t wort'l no t ing h e r e i s t 5 e

Word ' G a ~ k z ' and ' t r a s a ' - , u s e d by t h e l a t e r e u t h o r i t i e s .

They would i n u l y f u t u r e dan.er only and not t h e p r e s e n t .

The word 'bhaya' i n t h e d = f i n i t i o n o f Bharata may mean

a resent ca l ami ty , where t h e r e i s a l o s s o r destruction

through f i r e , kin,5. o r t h e f e a r of t hese .

The N 3 has acceptedSDrava ' f o r 'Vidrava' which i s

a v a r i a n t reading o f Bharata and unders tands it a ';&kgt

and t e l l s t h a t t h e Saibhrama e t c . can be included i n

1 1 ) ~ ' .3*


1 . ( s a k u n t a l ~ : (savis idam Stmagatan) nanu Darinaya eva -- - .- - sarirdehah. Kuto me i d k i - 6 dur%lhirohiny&a) (a>)

:aikzya garnyamgna t v g t sarhbhrano nzma sa~idhyaxigaa . -7 (KV on gak. V . 20. 109. 1 )

2 . ( S a k u n t a l ~ : =kAhau, - anen? saidehena v&n F i a i o i t ~ s a m i . )

a s a saGbhramalaksanarn ari2,am upaksip tan . -- -- (RB. on dak. IV. 18. 146. 8 ) .

3. ( i a k u n t a l ~ : (Karnam d a t t v a ,sasaibhrarnaa . . . &autami, -- - i t a evEgacchat_i . . .. e t c . ) a t r a v i d r a v o &a .garbha.- -- - pam4her arigam upada r~ i t an - .

(K i sho rake l i on dak. 111. 37. ??? . lo )

4 . (-: a l a i hvegena. An ta rh i t e s) &ik&yS gamyam6natvit s3aibhramo nzma, sa6dhyarigan

bhavati (KV on Vikrana. 111. 11. 1 )

5. ( ~ r v a ; l : hal: kim a t r a k a r a s y a m ) h a l h i t y a t r a

devyZgamanajanitabhfter gamyam&'n..tvct 'saibhmmah'

n&a sa&dh anga. upaksiptam . ( ~ r t h a p r s k ~ g i k . 5 -*-- Vikrama I 1 1 . 7 6 . 9 )

6 . ( i * la l_ckE bhayai G p a y a t i ) a t r a b?yakathanEt

S&bhramanarh ngma Sddhyaliga? uktarh bhavati . .- - ( K V on Mala. 111. 17. 56. 2 )

I n gak KV l o c a t e s t h i s Ya6dhya;ga i n a s i t u a + i o n ,

where Sakunta la ex? re s ses h e r f e a r , when t le king h s y a n t a

f a i l s t o r scognise h e r and t h e i r n i r r i a g e . tjut Rd l o c a t e s

t h i s SaAdhyaka i n t h e f r ightened speech of s a k u n t a l ~

when h e r f r i ends t e l l h e r t h a t she w i l l show t h e r i n c t o

t h e k ing i f he f a i l s t o racognise h e r . I ~ K A S a s t r l ,

aga in , f i n d s t h i s S a i d h y a k a i n t he speech of i q k u n t : ? l ~ ,

who f e e l s very f r i gh tened a t t h e h i n t by h e r f r i ends

from some d i s t ance , which t e l l s t h a t Cautami i s c o m i n ~

t o s e e he r .

I n Vikrama KV l o c a t e s t h i s 3amd?yahga i n t h e sueech

o f i i t r a l e k h g where she asks 'JrvasT not t o be s f r a i d of

t h e quee.1 (who i s coming t h e r e ) becausf, they a r e ? O t

v i s i b l e . a u t K:le n o t i c e s t ~ i s SaGdhyshgn in t h e speech

of ~ _ r a & almost i n t h e same s i t u ~ t i o n where ~ r v a g l i s

f r i gh tened when she f i n d s t h a t t b e queen i s c o ~ i n p , t o t n e

king i n the same spot where they are standing. S .N.

S a s t r i a l s o f inds t h i s Samdhyatiga i n the same s i t u a t i o n

as found out by Kale. 33

In KV l o c a t e s t h i s Samdhyariga i n a s i tuat ion

where MalavikS i s frightened when she sees that her

friend $akul.+allkii i s rubuked by the Vldcsaka.

Notes and Reference

1 . See ~ l a i n k a r , S a n s k r i t Theory o . 76.

2. c f . ND. I. 55. s . 91. 1. 8. <

3. Abhinava6jalakqmT on Sak. IV. 1. 237. 3.

4. ~ r t h a ~ r a k g s ' i k a on Vikrama. I I. 51.74, 1.

Ka lpa la t a on Vikrama. 111. 9. 118. 19.

5 , Sz r i i r t had ip ikg on Plaxa 111. 2 . 66. 9.

, a l s o v ide , K a l e on KV. 111. p. 60, 1. 7 ;

DhR on .QR. 11. u . 48. 1. 8.

VR on UR 111. 2. 68.12.

J D on Vs. 111. n. 148. 1. 3.

JD on 141~1. I p. 861. 1. 5.

6 . c f . RB on i a k . IV. 3. 126. 15 ;

c f . ~ b h i n a v g r E j a l e k ~ m ~ on 4ak. IV. 6 . 24'1.".

7. c f . ~ r t h a w r a k 5 ; i k ~ on Vikrlma. 111. 9.74.4.

Vide a l s o JhR. on I4R. 11. 6.5'1. 7 . ;

VR on UH 111. 4. 69. 4.

3. cf. ND. I. 53. n . 83. 1. 10.

9. Vide DhR on MR. 11. J. 52.2. S ~ K L

10. c f . ?.rthaprakaAon Vikrama. 111. 11.76.:~.

-4ide a l s o 2hh. Sn Yh. 11. 8 . 57. 6.

VR on UR. 111. 16. 78. 1 ;

Kale on RV. 111. 4 . 65. 3. I

11. c f Abhinavariijalaksmi on Sak. 12.9. 761.9.

12. c f . ArthaprakEkikii on Vikrarna. 111. 16. 54. 4.

13. c f . Kalpala th on Yikrama. 111. 16. 139. 10

14. c f . S g 6 r t h a d i p i k a sn Gila. 111. 6. 73. 12.

Also vide UhR on MR. 11. 11. 56 . 4. ;

VR on UR, 111. 10.73. 3 ;

J D onMM. V I . D. 239. 1. 4.

Kale on RV. 111. 11. 72.8; i b i d . 73.1 1 .

15. c f . N G . 1 . 53.p. 82. 1. 13.

16. c f . SEm-rthadfpikE on ,"lala. 111. 18. 93.9.

Also vide DhR on MR. 11. 10. 54.8. /

17. c f . Arthaprakzsikg on Vikrarna 111. c i . 72. 13.

Also vide DhH on MR.11. 11.56.6.;

Kale on RV. 111. 15. 77. 9.;

VR on UH. 111. 6.70.8.;

JD on MM. I. 21. 49.8

18. cf. ND. 1. 53. p . 149. 1. 11

Delhi Univers i ty pub l i ca t ion ; 1961.

19. c f . ND. I . 55. p ~ . 88-89.

20. c f . AbhinavaGjalaksrnr on 2ak. V. 8.z03. 10. /

21. c f . Arthaprakzsika on dikrarna. 111. 17. 85.5.

' 2 . c f . K a t p ~ l s t E on Vikrarna. 111. 17. 141. 8.

27. c f . Sa'rbrthadipikC on l*lala. 111. 23. 100. 4.

Also vide DhR. on MR. 111. 15. b0 .R ;

Kale on HV 111. 19. 84. 12.

JD on VS 111. 3. 148. 1. 17.

24. cf. Abhinavabhgratf on ~g X I X . 87. D. = l . 1 . 7 ,

25. cf. AbhinavarZjalaksmf on sak . V . 19 327.2.

76. cf. Shm-rthadfpikg on Mala. 111. 9. 94. 14.

Also Vide DhK on MR. 11. 13. 58. 8 . ;

Kale on RV. 111. 18. 83. 5.

VR on UR. 111. 43. 94.9.

27. cf. DR. 1.40. p. 26.

28. cf. ND. I. 55. p ~ . 89-90.

29. Also v ide DhR on M r . 11. 11.56.6.;

Kale on RV 111. 9.71.2.

V R on UR. 111. 12. 74. 10.

30. ND. I. 54. a. 86. 1. 23.

31. cf. SEGl- thadfpika on Mala. 111. 19. 94.17.;

Also v ide DhR. on M R . 11. 15. 60.

VR on UR 111. 7. 71. 3;

Kale on RV. 111. 19. 94. 3.

32. cf. ND. I. 54. p .

33. cf. Kalpala t i i on Vikrama. 111. 11. 124.2.;

Also v i le DhH on MR. 11. 10. 55. 2;

JD on VS 1. 7. 130. 1. 24.

V R on UR. 111. 10. 73 10.

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