- K77

RIDAriC A'E( y" G'EQGCL' Fop D~ 3RD FARR c A cpOM'W-r~l4 ortor-Cu u8eRwD.

PREVIOUS NAVAL EXPE=DITIONS AGAINST SPAIN

r The history of Spain furnishes many

precedents for the expedition whichCommodore Watson in to take aeriss

the Atlantic. It sam in the hartora ofSpaia that Sir Francis Drake performedhis most valiant exploits. and wc rulehis name indelibly upon the records of ihis country. In these waters alue. Ad-mairal Rodney did heroic service, and iKthe sandy stretches oft Cape' Trefaiegar

Lord Nelson surpassed the viectry ofthe Nile. Here, toe. fame may awaitthe achievements if the Newark, theOtegon, the Yankee and the other shipsof Watson's fleet.

Watsoncc ships Ai Ii he the first hoe-tile vessels that have ever AptmailtceiSpaln from acriss the Atlantic. Bir'iksenas she Is. a certain sentiment must s t-tach Ito her snores, for it tias f-ries

them that Columbus put to ses touhundred years ago. Amereia mx igiithave slept another century sr ter. hadthose ships never put to sea. The gillegs of the P'inseniiians were the first toseek the coast cif Spain. These caie

fisTyre in $yria untuumbecee csei

ties before the Chrlstian era. Thenicians were adventurous satlima.

y are the peoplee spoken of in theBible as Canaanltes. They were 1:15ratesas well as traders. and they ticd teotscrtpte to kidnap the crews of the- gai-leys, they chanced to iccelinti-r. 'Tiheprisoners thus taken they scid intoslavery.

(arthage thought to eialt the lossof Sardinia and .ielly, .% hiit itonie hadtaken from her, icy fteereig .c gereitmilitary province in Spattic. c he. c shecould recruit her arie ose ti he-rie incitisens and thus di-peense- iiti themercenaries che had leftec employe- I.

It was the success of Hannitsit's armyin Spain that first week- Itnee to asense of the valuee of the peninsula.Rome was the first nation Ic ielokade:a Spanish port.

Scipie left Rlime with a ftiS e andblockaded I'artagenn. on the Miediter-raneen coast. attacking the city frcsm

the land and water seimultaneeusly.After a short and fierce resistance .May-go, the Carthaginian governor, curren-dered to the Romans.& Many captives and an iesmnenseamount of plunder fell to the victors.Scipto filled the places of the soldiersslain In battle with the eeoung men ofCartagena. After this letiry It.e-became absolute master of $pain

The next invasion by s-a Has that of

the Moors. tho c roied fromt Africa ticSpain.

Pour ships w ire loaned them h%

COunt Jutian, a Svani-h traitor. and in

these vessels Tarif, a iMoorish chief.crossed the narrow strait. landint nearGibraltar at a place since talled Tar-

Ifa. Thus he gave his name to a tortwhich, by its policy of exacting dutiesea Important merchandise. gave theword tariff to the world.

Taruf landed his 510 men a ithout op.position, and their su'cuess. etimtlsd-esed Musa to send efl .r anothtr .axpe.

dI en of .,0011 men.When the first Saratens had landed

Theodimir. the governor of Andalutsa.wrote to Rtoderick. the t:.thk king.warning hint of the danger. saying:

*8end me more troops without ielay;collect all who can bear arms.

Cadiz. whis h has since wittneised 'omany conflicts. wess but too teague,.east of the battldtlstl. The Moors wirl

victorious. From hit day they wirethe virtual mtasts I- of Spain until cin-tures after.

Sir Francis Beak' . on, of the great' tadventurers %%". .%.1 --ailed the s.e-.

took an expt.dit inii to Sti11 in IFi..ut i-

had under hi- . wo"nitmi _.:io1 men. em-barked itt ,-hip- "' -tl :i l pinnac.s.He did some 1t iti . ong the coast

and then s:.. r, d 1- t1 Canary isl-

ands.Again in 1.i.7, viet r hi- return from

the West ttle- . and Ii. talt to the

Amertran ,..loni""s. Q~u." i tiliz.iabt h ap-petinted I)rak t , .nn n ti. i aniohsr i t-

Y asion of the Spani- I . i t- II. took

with him four hiiip. of I:. . v it navy.

the ltmnaventura tlt. It. tin leteas-naught and the ftaintoa. two of the

queen's pinnac. a and *"s t 11,3 till .hitsN

fron the s ty -f Liiont in all t!sarmament niumttrt d i ns :ti -ails.

The exptditnit le'.rs' :h" hiarbor ofPlymouth eat :y in April. tin the 16th

two Middleburg ships~ met. -tghte dThey reportei t hat mans ' . es. i. were

in Cadis loading with jittvsi ontt which

were to be transported to Li-'ion i rthe ships .f the Atmatia

Hearing this. Irake tmade all hi-',

southward t".'tadiz. a hi. h h trio h d

tan the 19th of AltilIn the iathtor .1f i'atiz 'iii Oiptt ini

many small .- 'aae s wt sr. at ant hor. u i-suspecting and unpretpa-'id f-r an at-tack.

The fartree- above the .. y and tI.

wat gailey' atte iiptet 1i teti Ithl.

harbor. bht it itheut stues- tint the

EnglIsh entering were 5stsn masters ofthe situation.

Early in the acltitn .t iarge ltagueanaitp 0f 1.010 t..n., airn' te40 oguns and

very rnetily lad-iit. sitas sui k t itetoet

trig tifall all resis. It. se .ei titak.

a il laQ0 U.Ulaike WMILL the: niorn-

Ing of the 31st. Nis l.lsse' s a.1.e " in.ig -nithe ant.

Si great was the Hunenunt of ti ln tetaken that the English salles a.lglad to see Ihe Nputniortds setting Ill-,tie the shlijs they were powereess in ' l t e-fend. Fort- Ch'.' is the e Ierk if te -e

teeoting the terlzea continued. Atont t:sehils were turned r eeunk ct kaken

I)recke h(1teete Ithat he had 'eeizeld tLieheard of the king if Spulin.

ttill, eag tin In the f'e4ello ing yere rllrake'. ccIth Nr Jeelet Neerrlt. ftltled celtan ex Ieditl en for the iSpaenlsh eett cc

Eleven the ucecnd t ree.es were leadted 41n

the vessels. TheIr "elstinatlion wes ce lertugeti. wh re" they aere te11 ie In "ttine-

tilshing ie e '. king utten the IterlneThere were '-I0 e sealnene. Settms andhentdwlnds el Iey .d the det-peectlre f the-

1et.t ler1t more thent ne emth T'hr'eI etelsand m1teel t ith tIe. stiles that hellthetnt ceere- turned eack by tI.e tIe-ee-geles aneel Pe'Ur ttleI eiecetregee to eng-

T1'hlse w1'te ie' ell c i 14. a lene ingc.1t $leeelel'I t"l II evie t'eertU sIC

id i u u

f-- r

,'l~# ~J4~~tr

' 4%i; jAA.

4s'-'~ .~

~ 4~:

4' -

' -~

-ht~m'j-~

WI

~PeA1~-LNG Jj~j i~D~gog?~~'S

.I-, hits, itl i ' l I II t l'r. *ii. ' i, il-

tI ttt1 it t Ih lt,.\ . "Itill.l titi' t tlt.. It iii t

1.1. f ?t1" t i tt is i . .. lil 9.: . 1 ,t

Ig t\ .i "~ ti. N

IlltI~g 1h " ,v. t. ( I ut r

rrNi~k5 )TNF;r N R

LAR E7

--- S'-t

lt.riaMing .o hie coerced. thi" king otfPIi.it tusI imomdi'ateiy &.l.lIar'- wair.Ig.inti~ Splainl atnd F'rance anid appliedto Iiig Ii it.! fur suppoirt.

hI re-.Deists. an I nglIsh liii." and alI.]na .1:0I nii i':igiinh ajiiiv ;ta Pi ent

1uhs.lid and the S~panish fo Irtt' ieiehA .11 "out lif Portugal.

It itins I uring this1 peri..! that Auiror-,ii l.I 'tiy I ~feated and annihilated a

t,.iniit. fli",t of Hluperlor" furil off t 'api'

111 iiiii"t Onliy four if I ht $i~ipifslI

v" "s.Is ii quajit ti the sht1-i iif t adiz

( i. 17 lhit octsitt n t+t tl' ifl.'ur

liI n I' it., N i ii il.t on l., tit. fho i till lilte o

I.,ll n of 1 1 ra ee .1?itlit. titttitiiitgle inl

711 Iit li""t . Iti2 hl5I Frew h ii l list. I

t Ii -;-.nig li. i a.t 111.0)na 'f.. 11 ther

I' -.11111.1 ttto th itttl ti tvg d l itsil tiff gh

t 1"a lst 1 111: i ~ hi- ad beent fl ti his \iti-t

1.. I l \t lt u full. tiiit lw tl 111 t tt Enr

t ri~ll III nl h 'rn h .iii ifs hit V

Il. t I t hi t. uI." itat h -utlt,. itefir hein l t ii I i ttiti to ~ 5 tlitn. in Ilte d g i~to

li. In- 11 l Itnu. li hlllt'. " N 'I

I, 9n't .Kl ~ t i ; 1 n . l

1 ua . 11.1 hVIng Il o11,s f t eall Sl:in.,.n..1e S hir t" enter

4,

- WA

I'.s

THE LADRONE AND SULUISLANDS WON FROM SPAIN

The Mariena or Ladrone islands are

a group of come 17 islands lying in theWestern Pactifie. about a thousandmiles east ef the Philippines. They lie

a little to ehe north of the Philippinesand a little to the south of the Ha-waiian islanis. The Caroline istlands

are their n wrest neighbors. They areformed in 1 long row, running almostdue north aenl south. stretching thusfor several !.undired miles.

The lapture of the Ladrones by thecharlesteen ti the 21st of June affords

ene of the fece touches of comedy which

the war ha': furnished.The ('hareston, with the transport

:teameers st'y of Pekin. Australia andSydney, arrived off Ihe Island of (luaeion the nmer.eing of June 20. As therewas nothing to oppose' her in Agauaharbor, the C'harleston stetitmed awayto Sen Loui?. wehere she fired 12 shotsat tih fort of Santa t'ruz. The tire weasnot returne I. Presently. howe cr, aleat appree:.e hid the Charleston fromthe shore r nd the Ameriecn mant-of-war was boarded by Spanish officials.who camne to offer the governorrsthanks for what he supposed was thesalute of a friendly power.

The Sieanieh represented themselvesas entirely lgnorant ef the war exist-ing between the United States andSpain. They were permitted to leavethe ship on parole to inform the gov-ernor of the :eflnds. Juan Marine byname, of the conditions, and to ecure

4--

/r -

/41

'N c1j

its,

his presence on the Charleston. Thegovernor del'yed. He sent excuses. Onthe morning of June 21 an officer with

a single beat went ashore and deliveredto (Governor Marina an ultimatum de-

M manding the immediate surrender ofthe iadron islands.

Having no choice, and being at last

fully convinced that war existed, thegovernor surrendered. lie was taken

t on hoard the Charleston with his staff.

R In all. 419 prsifoners were made. This in-(luded the standing army of the isi-

e ands. The nitive soldiers were released4 upon giving up their arms. The Amer-h lean flag w a" hoisted over Fort Fanta

t'ruz. and the Charleston. with the

t transports, sailed on to reinforce Ad-I nmiral Dew ev at Munila. leaving the

n only Ameriiitn resident of the Ladronese in charge. The Chaileston had done a

1 go I days Y ork out in the big Pacific.

y Information regarding the few pos-

5 .essions is "'cant and dlificult to obtain.4 The islands win.i discovered by Magel-a Ian on the nth of March. 17,1. a fewn days before his ships first sighted the- 1iiilippines. Magellan rtaled the gratip

he had discovered the islands of the

s Lateen Ral'.. Owing to the thievishe character if the natives, Magellan's

sailors caiii* then[ the lklas de las La-s drones, the :elands of the thieves, i

- name which has (lune to them, de-d spite the fact that they are ofiiiallye known as th Marlana islands. This

lust name was given them by the Jesuity missinarie'" who came to the islands

in the niidd e of the 17th century and

r- 7

il(

LAJRJ C1GLAflI'meehristened them in honor of the queenof Spain, M:trla Anna of Austria. wifeof King Pht':p IV.

The Ladro'es have an area of about420 square miles. They are divided bya channel fnto two groups. The five

islands of the southern group areEGuam. or 'uajau. Rota. Aguigan, Ti-nian and Su pan.

Guam lying furtherest to the suthis the largest of the islands. It has itcircumference of 90 miles. Upon it issituated the capital. an la Igt s. d.

Agana. Rata is nfxt in importante.The inhabitants are diviA.d nto the

Chamorras. the dcaeendants of ;he rta-

t.%es. the TNgals from Luzon Ilo t1e

Philippines. and a mixed race of partlySpanish descent.

on the Island of Saypan there existsa colony from the neighboring Carolineislands. These people are active saidindustrious. The rest of the jopulationis said to be slothful in the extreme.There is little encouragement offeredthem to improve their condition. Schoote

have, It is true, been established, butmost of them have fallen into decayand disuse and have finally been aban-doned.

Spanish d a the language generallyspoken. The natives are fast forgettingtheir own speech, which was a dialectresembling that spoken by the Inhabit-ants of the Philippines.

Originally the islands supported anextensive population. Before theirsubjugation by Spain the inhabitantsare supposed to have numbered from40,4)00 to 60.000 souls.

In 1667, the Spanish government es-tablished a regular settlement on Guam.The natives gave the settlers a cordialwelcome, friendly relations prevailedand the natives were progressing rapid-ly when their new friends began the oldsy tem of oppression. As a result warbroke out between the natives and theSpanish settlers. It became almost awar of extermination. In 1741 the popu-lation was reduced to 1.800. in less thana century the population had been re-duced to less than one-fifteenth. C n-fronted by this situation, the Spaniards

l began to colonize the Ladrones from thePhilippines. By 1856 the population hadreached 9.000 or 10,000, but a severe epi-demic breaking out swept away morethan one-third of this number. The pres-ent population of the islands is reckonedin the neighborhood of 9.000 or 10,000.

The governor's residence is at Aguaon (,uam. Here also is the fortified har-bir of t'mata.

The islands are of volcanic origin, andpresent a very rugged aspect front thesea. On Pagan and 1'racees, of thenorthern group. smoking craters exist.Here the highest peaks reach up almost:1000 feet, a considerable height whenthe size of the islands is considered.

The surface of the islands of the south-ern group is more regular, there is lessmountainous formation than on theirnorthern sisters. These southern islandtare, in many instances, surrounded byre.'fs and shoals. navigation is also madedifficult by currents which run betweenthe islands.

Thick woods cover the slopes of theIslands: Farallen and Mangs alone aresparsely wooded. On all the others thevegetation is luxuriant, resembling thatof the Philippines. All the islands arewell watered. Grass grows abundantly.The soil In very fertile. Bananas. co-coanuts. rice. maize, cotton, sugar, to.baceo, indigo and bread fruit all thrivethere.

Yet with every natural advantaga,agriculture is at a complete standstill.Very little land is cultivated by theindolent natives.

European domestic animals have beenImported. Hogs and oxen are permit-ted to run wild in the woods. Whenthey are in want of meat the nativeshunt the animals in the forests on th-mountain sides. The climate is, ofcourse. tropical. It is humid but ni-unhealthy. The heat is tempered h/the trade winds and is less extremethan in the Philippines. The greatestheat occurs in August and September.There is a rainy season and a dry sea-son.

spain derives little or no revenuefrom the Ladrones. A pearl fishery ex-ists on the coast of Saypan. but it i&neither extensive nor very profitable.

These islands must not be confusetwith tin other groups which bear thesame name. One of these is at th'mouth of the Hay of Canton on thecoast of Thins. At one time It was th-resort of pirates. The other group isalso in the Pacifie. It is rituated 10miles off the coast of Colombia.

The Sulu islands have also be-nhrought into prominence by recentevents. It is said that they have be-ncedeid to Germany by Spain in order tosave them from falling into the posses-sion of the United States.

This ihain of Islands, more than 144In number lies between the southernend of M1indano. the second in Impor-tance of the Philippines. and the north-ern shore of Tornem. The most of theislands which form this archipelago aresmall. They are separated into threegroups, named for their principal Isl-ands. Sulu in the center.

Tawi-Tawi to the west and south.while the Baseelan group lies on thenortheast. nearest to Midano. The ex-act area of the Sulu islands is un-known. but it is estimated at a gooddeal above 1.000 square miles. The pop-uiatron is variously calculated at .00and tin0 .1. Many of the smaller isl-ands are uninhabited. The larger arapeopled by an industrious race Whoprofess the Mohammedan religion.These islands. with a portion of 3or-n.". t .rmnerly constituted an independ-cit i..ate. ruled over by a sultan. T'00.t- a powerful nobility devoted chief*).e to plracy.