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The Americas: Pre-Columbian Empires to Colonies
MONDAY, NOVEMBER 11
TURN IN HOMEWORK
Scavenger Hunt “The Americas” (14 clues)
“Horrible Histories” Video (The Americas)
Renaissance HW 1-4 (due Friday)
Benchmark Test is Wednesday
The Americas: Pre-Columbian Empires to Colonies
This Power Point presentation goes with the Mastering the TEKS in World History book by Jarrett, Zimmer, and Killoran.
Unit 4, Chapter 12
Essential Questions
What were the major social, economic, political, and cultural characteristics of the Maya, Inca, and Aztec civilizations?
What were the major achievements of the Maya, Inca, and Aztec civilizations?
The Kellogg Institute
Background: Early Americans Nomadic Asians followed
herd animals into the Americas.
American Peoples experienced their own Neolithic Revolution.
Pre-Columbian (before Columbus) CivilizationsGrew maize (corn)Did not live in river
valleysDeveloped complex
societiesUCLA.edu
How did the Ice Age effect the population of the Americas? What if it had not occurred?
The Maya (1500 B.C. to 1546 A.D.) Present day Guatemala
Each city had a chief who was half man and half god
Social Structure
Hereditary nobility (performed sacred ceremonies and assisted ruler)
Craftsmen (made goods for nobility)
Farmers (most people)
Warlike people who
practiced human sacrifice
Harvard.edu
Based on the information above, what type of religion did the Mayans have?
Built magnificent cities with palaces,
temples, and pyramids
Developed a system of
hieroglyphics or picture
words
Mayan Achievements
Complex system of
math with use of zero, 365
day calendar
Created colorful
murals and created a
popular ball game
What similarities does this civilization have to the Egyptian civilization?
The Aztecs (1200-1521)Present day MexicoGrew crops in “floating gardens” in wet,
marshy landsComplex Social Structure:
Emperor who was all powerfulNobility served in government, army officers, and
priesthoodCommoners who worked as
farmers, fishermen, craftsmen, and warriors
SlavesReligion: Polytheistic Warlike group that conquered all
surrounding tribes Wku.edu
Built complex temples that were aligned based on the
movements of the sun and
moon
Created accurate calendars
based on the sun
Aztec Achievements
Built a large empire with a
complex government
structure and large cities
Sacrificed humans to their
main god, the Sun god. Sacrifice
was need to keep the universe in
motion
UNM.edu
wikimedia
wikipedia
Calendar SFA.edu
Compare the Aztecs to the Maya
The Inca Empire (122-1535)Present day Peru,
Ecuador, Bolivia, and Chile
Terrace farmed and grew potatoes and other root crops
Raised llamas and alpacas for food, wool, and transportation
Uncp.edu
Built thousands of miles of roads to connect the
empire
Excellent engineers that built buildings
out of fitted stones
Built a large empire that
covers present day Peru, Ecuador,
Bolivia, and Chile
Used a system of knotted and colored ropes
(quipu) for communication
instead of writing
Inca Achievements
Machu Picchu
Inca Quipu Larco Museum Collection
How are the Incas different from other Neolithic Civilizations you have studied?
Pre Columbian Art
La balsa Muisca (The Muisca raft), a pre-Columbian gold sculpture representing the Muisca´s offerings of gold.
Aztec jade mask depicting the god Xipe Totec
Carved Mayan flint dagger.
Mayan jade maskInca Jar
The Aztec goddess Coatlicue, mother of earth.
Describe Pre- Columbian art based on these works of art.
Women’s Roles in Mesoamerica
Women:
Harvested grains
Prepared food (made maize into flour)
Cared for livestock
Cared for children and home
Some sold goods in markets
Some were artisans
Some worked as priestesses
Does this suggest a strictly patriarchal society? Explain.
Americas Scavenger Hunt Objective: Students will use images to determine the impact of the civilizations of the Americas. Directions: Students will work in groups of four to six (a total of 6-8 groups) to correctly match
images and clues related to the Americas. Procedures: Groups will elect one representative to go to the front of the room. The teacher will hand each representative one clue to the various pictures posted
around the room. Each representative will receive a different clue, so groups will start at different images around the room. (color coded clues work best to keep groups separate)
Students will remain at the front of the room with their clue until the teacher says “go”.
Once the teacher says “go”, the group reps can meet with their group members and find the image that corresponds with their clue.
Once they have matched the clue with the picture, they bring the clue back to the teacher.
If they have matched the clue correctly with the picture, they can move on to the next clue. If they have matched the clue incorrectly, they must go back to their source and rethink their answer.
The steps are repeated until all clues have been matched correctly by each group. Once the class has finished the scavenger hunt, students will use the clues to answer
the big picture questions about the civilizations of the Americas. Groups must be prepared to explain their answers to the class.
The Columbian Exchange
Jarett Publishing
Why the Interest in Exploration?
Asia Marco Polo’s writings
sparked European interest in Asia
Asian goods, especially spices and silk, were sought after in Europe
The Silk Road was cut off by the Ottoman Turks
Renaissance: A new spirit of inquiry
arose Europeans wanted to
explore the oceans New technology allowed
for better navigation, especially the compass and triangular lateen sail
Caravel: TAMU.edu
What impact did the Ottoman Empire have on European Exploration?
The Age of Discovery Both Spain and Portugal wanted to establish trade with Asia and financed overseas exploration
Spain’s Rulers, Ferdinand and Isabella: Captured the Muslim areas of
Spain Expelled Spain’s Jewish
Community Reunited all of Spain under
Christian Rule Sough to spread Christianity
across the world Portugal
Prince Henry developed a lighter sailing ship
He sponsored expeditions along the coast of Africa
Ferdinand and Isabella wedding portrait, unknown artist
Why would European monarchs spend so much money on exploration?
Christopher Columbus (1451-1506)
Sea Captain from Genoa, Italy
Sailed west in 3 ships in hopes of finding a quicker route to Asia
Sponsored by the King and Queen of Spain
Found instead the Americas
This new land brought riches and raw materials to Europe
Why would Columbus risk his life to find a new trade route?
The Columbian Exchange
Goods from America to Europe: Tomatoes
Corn
Potatoes
Peppers
Squash
Pineapples
Chocolate
Tobacco
Turkey
Goods from Europe to America: Wheat
Sugar
Cattle
Horses
Pigs
Sheep
Chickens
Grains
Wikipedia.com
What other items might have been exchanged besides food and animals?
How is this map different from the previous one?
Later Explorers
Vasco de Gama (1460-1524): Portuguese
Discovered an all water route to India
Sailed around the tip of Africa in 1497
Ferdinand Megellan (1480-1521): Portuguese
1st to sail around the world (1519)
What dangers might these men have faced in these voyages?
Other Explorers England:
John Cabot: claimed parts of North America
France: Jacques Cartier: explored
the St. Lawrence River
Samuel Chaplain: explored the Great Lakes area
Robert de la Salle: explored the Mississippi River
Dutch: Henry Hudson: explored
Hudson Bay and Hudson River looking for a “Northwest Passage” to Asia
Lesson Suggestions
Explorers Activity
Nystrom Atlas Activity 44: Europeans Explore and Settle in the Americas
The Conquest of the Americas
wikipedia
The Conquest of Mexico
1519: Hernando Cortez sailed from Cuba to Mexico.
The Aztecs first thought the Spanish were gods
1521 Cortez attacked the Aztecs with the help of other Native Americans.
The Aztecs were defeated mainly because a smallpox epidemic had broke out and killed many of them. The Aztecs surrender to
Cortex, The British Library
The caption means “Now the Mexica (Aztecs) were finished.”
Based on what you know about the Aztecs, why would other tribes help Cortez?
The Conquest of Peru
1530 Francisco Pizarro left Panama to conquer the Incas.
The Incas just had a civil war.
The Spanish pretended to be friendly and ambushed and killed the emperor. Spain won because of their superior technology.
In 1533 Pizarro captured the Inca capital.
The Spanish forced the Inca to become Christian and were used as a labor force.
Conquistador fighting the IncasWhat advantages in technology did the Spanish have over the American natives?
Colonial Latin America Latin America= blend of
European and Native American culture
Government: Viceroys (governor) ruled each Spanish province.
Spanish born citizens filled most positions in the government and military.
Gold and silver from the Americas was shipped back to Spain. This made Spain the strongest European power.
ushistory.com
What problems in governing such a large territory might the Spanish have faced?
Colonial Society
Conquistadors: (Spanish Nobles) owned the land
Native Americans: worked the land
Priests: tried to convert the Indians to Christianity and keep them from becoming slaves
Colonial Society After a while this social
order developed: Noble officials and
landowners born in Spain (peninsulares): head of colonial society
Spanish people born in the New World (creoles)
Mixed Spanish and Native American people (mestizos)
Native Americans (did most of the hard work)
What observations do you have about this social structure?
New France
Canada and along Great Lakes down the Mississippi River
French missionaries tried to convert the Indians
By end of 17th century the territory covered 3/4th of North America
Sent animal skins and pelts back to France to make hats
How might the population of New France create problems for the ruling government?
New Netherlands
Around present-day New York
Traded with native peoples
Colony was controlled by Dutch West India Company
New Amsterdam (New York City) had a good harbor and became the center for trade.
The coastline claimed by New Netherland and some settlements shown relative to modern borders. wikipedia
The English Colonies
1607: English established Jamestown in Virginia
1620: Pilgrims establish colony in Massachusetts
1630: The Puritans settle near the Pilgrims
Eventually 13 colonies arose along the Atlantic coast
The Atlantic Slave Trade
Disease killed many Native Americans
A new labor force was needed in the New World
In Africa conquering tribes sold their captives to the Europeans
Based on the map, which European power acquired the most African slaves?
The Atlantic Slave Trade
15 million Africans were enslaved
11 million went to Spanish colonies
Many died coming across the Atlantic in what has become known as the “Middle Passage.”
Legacy of the Transatlantic Slave
Trade on Africa
Encouraged African Warfare:
captured slaves were traded for guns, rum,
and other manufactured goods
Disrupted African Culture:
destroyed Africa’s culture and heritage and
led to violence, bitterness, and social
upheaval
Increased Cultural Diffusion:
ideas, good, and cultures were
exchanged in Africa and the Americas
How has African culture effected
American society and culture?