The American Presidents of

the New Republic1789-1825

George WashingtonElected by first

electoral college in 1789.

Runner-up, John Adams, became the Vice-President

Inaugurated at Federal Hall in NYC, April 30, 1789

Served two terms, 1789-1797

Washington’s ChallengesSetting precedentThe Courts

John Jay, first Chief JusticeWashington’s Cabinet

Secretary of War Knox Secretary of State Jefferson Secretary of the Treasury Hamilton Attorney General Randolph

A New Government

Notes—What should you write down?

Washington’s Challenges Setting up

government and appointing peopleCABINET=President’s

advisorsFour departments

War, Treasury, State, Attorney General

Washington’s ChallengesEconomic ProblemsRepay war debtsHamilton’s Financial Plan

Pay off debts Raise gov’t revenue Create a national bank

National Bank question shows two interpretations of Constitution

What do you think we should write down on our notes?

Washington’s ChallengesSecuring the Northwest

Territory Issues with other

nations’ claims to the area

Greatest threat from Native Americans American army defeated

1790 and 1791 1794, Battle of Fallen

Timbers, America prevails against confederation of tribes

Treaty of Greenville

Washington’s ChallengesWhiskey Rebellion

Hamilton’s financial plan put a tax on Whiskey

Poor western farmers felt tax unfair Whiskey an important

product West didn’t have easy

access to CASH. Rebellion breaks out 1794

Commissioners sent to discuss terms, first.

Put down by US Army Work with a partner to take some notes!

Compare/ContrastWhiskey Rebellion Boston Tea Party

Washington’s LegacyTwo terms as

PresidentSet precedents in

how a President should behave and work with others

His wife, Martha Washington, set precedent for future First Ladies as well.

Washington’s Farewell Address

Farewell address:“Let me now take a more comprehensive view, and warn

you in the most solemn manner against the baneful effects of the spirit of party generally….It agitates the community with ill-founded jealousies and false alarms, kindles the animosity of one part against another, foments occasionally riot and insurrection….

So likewise, a passionate attachment of one nation for another produces a variety of evils….history and experience prove that foreign influence is one of the most baneful foes of republican government….”

Now take some notes ON YOUR OWN!

Folded Line“[My] worthy fellow Citizens may be easy about me. I

never can forsake what I take to be their Interests. My own have never been considered by me, in Competition with theirs. My Ease, my domestic Happiness, my rural Pleasures, my Little Property, my personal Liberty, my Reputation, my Life, have little Weight and ever had, in my own Estimation, in Comparison of the great Object of my Country. I can say of it with great Sincerity, as Horace says of Virtue—to America only and her Friends a Friend.”

Would you trust this speaker as a leader? Why or why not?

John AdamsElected in 1796; served

one term 1797-1801.Runner-up in election

(and thus Vice-President) was Thomas Jefferson—awKward!

Struggled with Democratic-Republicans as well as fellow Federalists

Served one term, 1797-1801

Election of 1796Political Parties compete for the first time

Federalists Democratic- RepublicansStrong national government Limited national governmentFear of mob rule Fear of rule by one person or a

powerful fewLoose construction of the Constitution

Strict construction of the Constitution

Favored national bank Opposed national bankEconomy based on manufacturing/shipping

Economy based on farming

Supporters: lawyers, merchants, manufacturers, clergy

Supporters: farmers, tradespeople

Election of 1796Federalist John Adams—71 Electoral Votes

(PRESIDENT)Democratic-Republican Thomas Jefferson—68

Electoral Votes (VICE-PRESIDENT)Q: What kind of problems do you think this could

cause?

Foreign Challenges France & Great Britain were at war. French seized

American ships to stop them from trading with Britain Many Americans (FEDERALISTS!) called for War Charles Pickney, Elbridge Gerry, and John Marshall went

to France to TALK and avoid war (Thus begins…the XYZ AFFAIR!) Ignored for WEEKS Then 3 French agents (X, Y, Z) promised talks if the

Americans loaned France $10 million AND bribed the foreign minister with $250,000

American ministers refused; Americans at HOME were outraged!

Impact?

Alien & Sedition ActsPartisan bickering only became worseAdams blamed newspapers and new immigrantsFederalist-controlled Congress passed laws in 1798 to

silence their critics: Alien Acts: increased waiting period for becoming a US

Citizen from 5 to 14 years; Pres. had power to arrest disloyal aliens or order them out of the country during wartime

Sedition Act: Outlawed saying or writing anything false or harmful about the government

About 25 Democratic-Republican newspaper editors were charged under the act and 10 were convicted

Mini-Debate

Your Epitaph

Jefferson’s EpitaphHERE WAS BURIEDTHOMAS JEFFERSON

AUTHOR OF THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE,

OF THE STATUTE OF VIRGINIA FOR RELIGIOUS FREEDOM,

AND FATHER OF THE UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA

BORN APRIL 2, 1743DIED JULY 4, 1826

Election of 1800 Nasty personal attacks between

Federalists and Democratic-Republicans Thomas Jefferson vs. John Adams

Democratic-Republican Jefferson, 73 votesFederalist Adams, 65 votesBUT…Democratic-Republican Aaron Burr ALSO had 73 votes!

Tie was broken in Federalist-controlled Congress Hamilton threw his support to Jefferson;

Burr became VP. Burr never forgot!

Thomas Jefferson Virginia Gentleman—built

his home, Monticello, near Charlottesville

True Renaissance Man Served in Continental

Congress, ambassador to France, Secretary of State, Vice-President

Complex figure in American History

Served two terms, 1801-1809

A True Democratic-Republican

Promoted a common way of life—a nation of small, independent farmers

Believed in a modest role for the central gov’tEnded many Federalist

programs—Alien/Sedition acts, Whiskey taxReduced the number of federal employees and

the size of the military

Marbury v. MadisonSec. of State Madison is sued because he

refuses to give a last-minute Adams’ appointee (William Marbury) a federal position

Under the Judiciary Act of 1796, Marbury took the case to the Supreme Court.

Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that the law under which Marbury sued was unconstitutional Establishing the principle of JUDICIAL REVIEW

over federal laws: The Supreme Court has the final say in

interpreting the Constitution—on all levels.

The Louisiana Purchase, 1803

US farmers/merchants depended on the Mississippi River and the port of New Orleans Negotiations between Spain & France threatened to close the port

Jefferson offered to buy New Orleans; Napoleon countered with an offer to buy ALL of the Louisiana Territory! But…the Constitution said nothing about a President’s right to buy

land!! What to do? Oh well!! $15 million; 3 cents/acre!

New Elbow Room!

Lewis & Clark and The Corps of Discovery

Library of Congress Presentation: Fill Up the Canvas

Impact of the Expedition?

Accurate maps & new scientific knowledge

Growth of the fur tradeTook much of the fear

out of the WestOpened relations with

Native Americans Increased Patriotism

among Americans

The First Lady Formula

First Lady, Dolley Madison

James MadisonDemocratic-

Republican from Virginia

Considered the Father of the Constitution

Served as Secretary of State, Vice President

Served two terms, 1809-1817

War of 1812

5-Finger Summary:MAIN IDEAS go in

the fingersSUMMARY goes in

the palm

The Star Spangled Banner!

“The Era of Good Feelings”

What do you think our country would be like in an “era of good feelings”?

Tea Party!

James Monroe Democratic-Republican

from Virginia Served as Ambassador to

France Jefferson said of him,

'Monroe was so honest that if you turned his soul inside out there would not be a spot on it.’

Served two terms, 1817-1825

Presided over an “Era of Good Feelings” when nationalism and a strong economy swept the country

NationalismThe country became

united under an economic system that encouraged American businesses, promoted a single currency, and improved the country’s transportation systems

Political loyalties shift to National Government and partisanship begin to die out.

Supreme Court cases strengthened the power of the Federal government McCulloch v.

Maryland Gibbons v. Ogden

National boundaries set with other nations 49th parallel to the N. Adams-Onis Treaty

Industrialization Industrial Revolution

sparked by new inventions and technologies Factory system Interchangeable parts Steam power Canals Telegraph Reaper Steel plow Etc.

Encouraged growth of American business and her economy

Industrialization and the new Nationalism also led to increased SECTIONALISM

SectionalismDefinition: Loyalty to the interests of your own region

or section of the country, rather than to the nation as a whole

New technologies encouraged INDUSTRY in the North, and encouraged the growth of AGRICULTURE (especially cotton!) in the South Spread of cotton plantations = growth of slavery!

Sectional economies relied on different things and the interests of each often came into conflict West—settlers want cheap land and good transportation North—wealth based on manufacturing South—cotton and slavery

Missouri Question1817, Missouri applies for statehood. As a slave state

OR as a free state, Missouri would throw off the delicate balance in government (11 free states; 11 slave states)

Could the federal government ban slavery in a state? Southerners warned: “If you persist, the Union will be

dissolved. You have kindled a fire which all the waters of the ocean cannot put out, which seas of blood can only extinguish.” —Thomas Cobb

Missouri Compromise (1820): Missouri enters Union as a slave state; Maine enters Union as a free state; slavery banned in territories north of 36 degrees, 30’.

Monroe Doctrine1823, Monroe gave a statement in

his State of the Union that came to be known as the Monroe Doctrine

Main Points Americas were closed to further

colonization European efforts to reestablish lost

colonies would be considered a threat to the United States

United States would stay out of European affairs

What’s the big deal?

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