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Chapter 23, Section 1 A Pacific Empire What early steps did the United States take toward expansion in the Pacific? What were the causes of imperialism? How did the United States take over Samoa and Hawaii? How did Americans protect their trade with China?
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The American Nation
Chapter 23Becoming a World Power,
1865–1916
Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
The American Nation
Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Section 1: A Pacific Empire
Section 2: War With Spain
Section 3: The United States in Latin America
Chapter 23: Becoming a World Power, 1865–1916
Chapter 23, Section 1
A Pacific Empire
• What early steps did the United States take toward expansion in the Pacific?
• What were the causes of imperialism?• How did the United States take over Samoa and
Hawaii?• How did Americans protect their trade with
China?
Chapter 23, Section 1
United States Expansion in the Pacific
• Americans continued George Washington’s policy of isolationism—having little to do with other nations. Yet, the United States had also followed a policy of expansionism—or extending its national boundaries—by pressing westward across the continent. The United States began to look toward the Pacific.
• Americans wanted Japan to open its ports to trade. In 1853, President Millard Fillmore sent Matthew Perry to Japan with four warships. Perry returned in 1854 with seven warships. Impressed by this show of strength, the Japanese emperor signed the Treaty of Kanagawa, agreeing to help shipwrecked sailors and open two ports to American trade.
• In the 1860s, Secretary of State William Seward wanted the United States to dominate trade in the Pacific. He persuaded Congress to annex, or take over, Midway Island, in the middle of the Pacific Ocean.
• Seward saw Alaska as a stepping stone for trade in Asia and the Pacific. He agreed to buy Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million. Many Americans thought the purchase foolish, but in time, its resources proved valuable.
Chapter 23, Section 1
Imperialism
The period between 1870 and 1914 has been called the Age of Imperialism. Imperialism is the policy of powerful countries seeking to control the economic and political affairs of weaker countries or regions.
Reasons for the growth of imperialism• Industrial nations of Europe needed raw materials and new
markets. They found both in Africa and Asia.• Racism, or the belief that one race is superior to another, played a
role in imperialism. Many Europeans felt it was their duty to spread their religion and culture to other parts of the world. They ignored the fact that Africans and Asians had rich cultures of their own.
• Competition between nations led to imperialism. A European nation might take over an area just to keep rival nations out.
Chapter 23, Section 1
Imperialism
The United States competed with European nations for foreign markets.• Many people believed that the American economy would collapse
unless the United States found new foreign markets.• American expansionists also argued that Americans had a right and
duty to spread western culture.• Other expansionists said that since the United States had no new
land to settle, it should take new land overseas.• Naval captain Alfred Mahan wrote an influential book, The Influence
of Sea Power Upon History. He argued that the United States needed a bigger navy to protect its merchant ships, and for this, the United States would need naval bases throughout the world.
• By 1900, a powerful American navy had a number of new, steam-powered, steel-hulled ships all painted white, called the Great White Fleet.
Chapter 23, Section 1
Imperialism
Chapter 23, Section 1
The United States Takes Samoa and Hawaii
Germany, Great Britain, and the United States competed for Samoa, a chain of islands in the South Pacific.
• As the three nations competed, it looked like a military clash was likely. German ships fired upon Samoan villages friendly to the Americans.
• With tensions at their highest, a storm sank ships of both countries.• The three nations arranged a peaceful settlement. The United States and
Germany divided Samoa, while Britain received other Pacific territories.Americans had long been interested in Hawaii.
1820 American missionaries began to arrive in Hawaii, eager to convert the Hawaiians to Christianity. They became valued advisers to the rulers of Hawaii.
Mid-1800s Americans had set up large sugar plantations. They imported thousands of workers from China, Korea, the Philippines, and Japan.
Chapter 23, Section 1
The United States Takes Samoa and Hawaii
1887 The now wealthy and powerful American planters forced the Hawaiian king, Kalakaua, to accept a new constitution that reduced royal power.
1891 Kalakaua died. Liliuokalani became queen. She rejected the new constitution and tried to reduce the influence of the planters and foreign merchants.
1893 American planters rebelled against the queen’s attempt to limit their power. The American ambassador called for the United States marines to stand by the Americans. Faced with guns, Liliuokalani reluctantly gave up her throne. American planters hastened to set up a republic and ask the United States to annex Hawaii.
1898 Congress annexed Hawaii.1900 Hawaii became a United States territory.1959 Hawaii became the fiftieth state.
Chapter 23, Section 1
The United States Takes Samoa and Hawaii
Chapter 23, Section 1
Protecting American Trade With China
• Britain, Germany, Japan, and other industrial nations were competing for colonies in Asia, especially in China. Once the most advanced empire in the world, China had been weakened by years of civil war. In addition, China had refused to industrialize in the 1800s.
• In the late 1800s, Britain, France, Germany, Russia, and Japan carved out spheres of influence in China. A sphere of influence was an area, usually around a seaport, where a nation had special trading privileges.
• The United States feared that the other industrial powers would keep American merchants out of the China trade. Secretary of State John Hay wrote a letter to all the nations with spheres of influence in China. He asked them to keep an “open door,” allowing any nation to trade in the spheres. The powers reluctantly accepted his Open Door Policy.
Chapter 23, Section 1
Protecting American Trade With China
• Many Chinese resented foreign influence. Some formed a secret society called the Righteous Fists of Harmony, or Boxers. In 1900, the Boxers attacked westerners in China.
• Foreign governments organized an international army and crushed the uprising, known as the Boxer Rebellion.
• Several nations saw the rebellion as an excuse to seize more land in China, but Secretary Hay stopped them with another Open Door letter. The United States was ready to defend its interests in the world.
Chapter 23, Section 1
Section 1 Assessment
In the late 1800s, European nations followed a policy of imperialism, which meansa) having little to do with the political affairs of other nations.b) extending national boundaries.c) powerful countries seeking to control the economic and political affairs of
weaker countries or regions. d) one nation permitting all other nations to trade in its ports.
The United States gained control of Hawaii whena) Hawaiians wrote a new constitution and asked to be annexed by the
United States.b) Hawaii’s queen tried to limit the power of American planters, and the
United States sent the marines to help them.c) Asian laborers rebelled against their low wages and asked for American
help.d) the United States Navy built a naval base on one of the islands.
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Chapter 23, Section 1
Section 1 Assessment
In the late 1800s, European nations followed a policy of imperialism, which meansa) having little to do with the political affairs of other nations.b) extending national boundaries.c) powerful countries seeking to control the economic and political affairs of
weaker countries or regions. d) one nation permitting all other nations to trade in its ports.
The United States gained control of Hawaii whena) Hawaiians wrote a new constitution and asked to be annexed by the
United States.b) Hawaii’s queen tried to limit the power of American planters, and the
United States sent the marines to help them.c) Asian laborers rebelled against their low wages and asked for American
help.d) the United States Navy built a naval base on one of the islands.
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Chapter 23, Section 2
War With Spain
• Why did tensions in Cuba lead Americans to call for war with Spain?
• How did Americans win a quick victory in the Spanish-American War?
• How did the United States gain and rule its new empire?
Chapter 23, Section 2
Americans Call for War With Spain Over Cuba
By the 1890s, Spain’s empire in the Western Hemisphere had shrunk to two islands in the Caribbean, Cuba and Puerto Rico.Rebellion in Cuba
• In 1868, the Cuban people rebelled aainst Spanish rule. The revolution was crushed, and some revolutionaries fled to New York.
• In New York, Puerto Rican-born Lola Rodríguez de Tió wrote poems, and José Martí raised funds, gave speeches, and published a newspaper in support of Cuban independence.
• In 1895, Martí returned to Cuba. Rebels launched a new fight against Spain. Soon, they won control of much of the island.
• Spain sent a new governor, who used brutal tactics to crush the revolt. In a policy known as reconcentration, his men moved about half a million Cubans into detention camps so they could not aid the rebels.
• Americans worried about the revolt. Americans had money invested in plantations, railroads, tobacco, and iron mines in Cuba.
• American opinion split over whether or not to intervene in Cuba.
Chapter 23, Section 2
Americans Call for War With Spain Over Cuba
Business leaders opposed American involvement. They didn’t want to do anything that might hurt foreign trade. Other Americans sympathized with Cuban desires for freedom.
Americans Call for War• The press whipped up American sympathies for the people of Cuba.
Joseph Pulitzer’s World and William Randolph Hearst’s Journal competed to print the most grisly stories about Spanish atrocities, or wartime acts of cruelty and brutality.
• To attract readers, Hearst and Pulitzer used yellow journalism, or reporting that relied on sensational stories and headlines. Often, these reports were biased or untrue. When a photographer told Hearst there was no war, Hearst supposedly replied, “You supply the pictures. I’ll supply the war.”
• President Grover Cleveland and his successor, William McKinley, tried to keep the country neutral.
Chapter 23, Section 2
Americans Call for War With Spain Over Cuba
• In 1898, fighting broke out in Havana, the Cuban capital. President McKinley sent the battleship Maine to protect American citizens and property there.
• On the night of February 15, as the Maine lay at anchor in Havana harbor, a huge explosion ripped through the ship. It killed at least 260 American sailors.
• The real cause of the explosion remains a mystery. But Pulitzer and Hearsts’s papers clamored for war. “Remember the Maine!” they cried.
• In the end, McKinley gave in to war fever. On April 25, 1898, Congress declared war on Spain.
Chapter 23, Section 2
The Spanish-American War
The Spanish-American War lasted only four months. The battlefront stretched from the Caribbean to the Philippine Islands.
The Philippines• Assistant Secretary of the Navy Theodore Roosevelt instructed
Commodore George Dewey, commander of the Pacific fleet, to prepare for war with Spain. As soon as war was declared, Dewey sailed his fleet to Manila, the main city of the Philippines. In the darkness on April 30, 1898, the fleet slipped into Manila harbor.
• The Spanish fleet was surprised. The Americans bombarded the Spanish ships. By noon, the Spanish fleet had been destroyed.
• By July, American ground troops had landed in the Philippines. Local people had been fighting for independence from Spain for years. With the help of Filipino rebels, led by Emilio Aguinaldo, the American forces quickly captured Manila.
Chapter 23, Section 2
The Spanish-American War
War in Cuba• American troops landed in Cuba. The expedition was badly
organized. • Theodore Roosevelt organized a volunteer unit, later called the
Rough Riders. The Rough Riders joined regular troops in a battle to gain control of the San Juan Heights overlooking the Cuban city of Santiago.
• African American members of the 9th and 10th Cavalries, nicknamed Buffalo Soldiers, also played a role in the victory.
• Two days later, the Americans destroyed the Spanish fleet in Santiago Bay. The Spanish army in Cuba surrendered.
• In a separate action, American troops claimed Puerto Rico.
On August 12, Spain and the United States agreed to end the fighting.
Chapter 23, Section 2
The American Empire
In a peace treaty signed in Paris, December 1898, Spain agreed to grant Cuba its freedom. Spain gave Puerto Rico and Guam to the United States. Spain gave the Philippines to the United States in return for $20 million. Americans debated the treaty and ways of ruling the new territories.
Cuba The United States let the Cuban people write their own constitution. However, Cuba had to accept the Platt Amendment, which allowed the United States to intervene in Cuba and gave the United States a naval base at Guantanamo Bay. The amendment made Cuba an American protectorate, a nation whose independence is limited by a more powerful country.
Chapter 23, Section 2
The American Empire
Puerto Rico
The United States set up a new government under the Foraker Act of 1900. The act gave Puerto Ricans a limited say in their affairs. In 1917, Puerto Ricans were made citizens of the United States.
Philippines Filipino nationalists had been fighting for independence since long before the Spanish-American War. When the United States took over after the war, many Filipinos felt betrayed. They had expected independence. They now fought against the Americans. Finally in 1901, Emilio Aguinaldo was captured, and the war came to an end. In 1902, the United States set up a government giving Filipino people a limited say. Finally in 1946, Filipinos were allowed to govern themselves.
Chapter 23, Section 2
Section 2 Assessment
What role did Pulitzer and Hearst’s newspapers play in the Spanish-American War?a) Their editorials persuaded people to be cautious and not take sides in the
war.b) Sensational frontpage articles whipped up public opinion so that many
Americans called for war with Cuba.c) Sensational frontpage articles whipped up public opinion so that many
Americans called for war with Spain.d) Their editorials persuaded people that the United States must go to war with
the Filipinos.
After the Spanish-American War, Spain gave the United States which two islands?a) Puerto Rico and Guamb) Philippines and Guamc) Philippines and Hawaiid) Puerto Rico and Cuba
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Chapter 23, Section 2
Section 2 Assessment
What role did Pulitzer and Hearst’s newspapers play in the Spanish-American War?a) Their editorials persuaded people to be cautious and not take sides in the
war.b) Sensational frontpage articles whipped up public opinion so that many
Americans called for war with Cuba.c) Sensational frontpage articles whipped up public opinion so that many
Americans called for war with Spain.d) Their editorials persuaded people that the United States must go to war with
the Filipinos.
After the Spanish-American War, Spain gave the United States which two islands?a) Puerto Rico and Guamb) Philippines and Guamc) Philippines and Hawaiid) Puerto Rico and Cuba
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Chapter 23, Section 3
The United States in Latin America
• Why did the United States want to build a canal across Panama?
• How did Theodore Roosevelt use his “big stick” in Latin America?
• Why did a crisis erupt between the United States and Mexico?
Chapter 23, Section 3
A Canal Across Panama
• When Theodore Roosevelt became President in 1901, he was determined to build a canal through the Isthmus of Panama. An isthmus is a narrow strip of land connecting two larger bodies of land.
Roosevelt’s Plan• A canal through the isthmus would benefit American commerce
and military capability. Ships could shorten their journey from New York City to San Francisco by nearly 8,000 miles.
• To build the canal, Roosevelt had to deal with Colombia, which owned the isthmus at the time. He sent Secretary of State John Hay to offer Colombia $10 million cash plus $250,000 a year to rent a strip of land across Panama.
Chapter 23, Section 3
A Canal Across Panama
Taking the Canal Zone• Colombia refused Roosevelt’s offer. • Roosevelt knew that some Panamanians wanted to break
away from Colombia. On November 2, 1903, the American warship Nashville dropped anchor in the port of Colón, Panama.
• The next day, Panamanians rebelled against Colombia. American forces stopped Colombia from crushing the revolt.
• Panama declared itself an independent republic. The United States recognized the new nation at once.
• Panama agreed to let the United States build a canal on terms similar to those it had offered Colombia.
Chapter 23, Section 3
The “Big Stick” in Latin America
Gradually President Roosevelt and succeeding Presidents established a policy of intervening in Latin America, especially when disturbances threatened American lives, property, and interests there.
Theodore Roosevelt
• In 1902, when several European countries sent warships to force Venezuela to repay its debts, Roosevelt announced a corollary, or addition, to the Monroe Doctrine. To keep European nations out of Latin America, he claimed that the United States had a right to intervene in Latin America to preserve law and order. The United States would use “international police power” to force Latin Americans to pay their debts.
• For the next 20 years, Presidents used the Roosevelt Corollary to intervene in Latin America.
Chapter 23, Section 3
The “Big Stick” in Latin America
William Howard Taft
• Taft wanted to “substitute dollars for bullets.” He urged American bankers to invest in Latin America. His policy of building economic ties became known as dollar diplomacy.
• American investors helped build roads, railroads, harbors, and other improvements.
• However, American businesses often meddled in the political affairs of host countries. Sometimes, the United States used military force to keep order.
Woodrow Wilson
• Wilson said, “The force of America is the force of moral principle.” The goals of Wilson’s moral diplomacy were to condemn imperialism, spread democracy, and promote peace.
• Nevertheless, Wilson sent troops to Latin America several times. For example, he sent marines to Haiti in 1915, where they remained until 1934.
Chapter 23, Section 3
Crisis Erupts Between the United States and Mexico
By 1912, Americans had invested about $1 billion to develop mines, oil wells, railroads, and ranches in Mexico. Yet, most Mexicans worked the land of a few wealthy families for very low wages.
1910 • Mexicans rebelled against Porfirio Díaz, Mexico’s president from 1884 to 1911. The new leader, Francisco Madero, promised democratic reform.
1913 • General Victoriano Huerta overthrew and killed Madero. Wilson refused to recognize Huerta’s government.
• Wilson authorized the sale of arms to Huerta’s rival, Venustiano Carranza.
1914 • Huerta’s troops arrested some American sailors but released them quickly. The government apologized. Still, Wilson ordered the navy to occupy the port of Veracruz.
• Carranza’s forces drove Huerta from power. The United States naval force withdrew.
Chapter 23, Section 3
Crisis Erupts Between the United States and Mexico
1916 • General Francisco “Pancho” Villa hoped to overthrow Carranza. Villa’s soldiers removed 17 American citizens from a train in Mexico and shot them. He raided a town in New Mexico, killing 18 Americans. He hoped that somehow these actions would cause trouble between the United States and the Carranza government.
• Wilson sent General John J. Pershing with several thousand soldiers into Mexico to capture Villa. Mexico demanded that the troops be withdrawn. Wilson refused.
1917 • After 11 months, Pershing’s expedition returned to the United States without Villa. The United States turned its attention to the war that had been raging in Europe since 1914.
Chapter 23, Section 3
The United States in the Caribbean
Chapter 23, Section 3
The United States Becomes a World PowerC
ause
s
• Western frontier closes
• Businesses seek raw materials and new markets
• European nations compete for resources and markets
Ove
rsea
s Ex
pans
ion
Effe
cts
• United States develops strong navy
• Open Door Policy protects trade with China
• United States governs lands in Caribbean and Pacific
• United States builds Panama Canal
• United States sends troops to Latin American nations to protect its interests
Effe
cts
Toda
y
• United States is global superpower
• Alaska and Hawaii are 49th and 50th states
• Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, and U.S. Virgin Islands remain United States territories
• United States has close economic ties with Latin America and nations along the Pacific Ocean.
Chapter 23, Section 3
Section 3 Assessment
One reason the United States wanted a canal across the isthmus of Panama was because
a) it would make the journey by sea from the East Coast to the West Coast shorter by some 8,000 miles.
B) Panama was a good place for American business leaders to vacation.c) the United States wanted to build military bases in Panama.d) digging the canal would mean jobs for the military and private citizens in hard
times.
Theodore Roosevelt’s corollary to the Monroe Doctrine claimed thata) Latin American nations had to trade with the United States before they could
trade with Europe.b) the United States had a right to build a canal in Panama without permission
from the Panamanians.c) the United States had a right to intervene in Latin America to preserve law and
order.d) Europeans must help the United States keep the peace in Latin America.
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Chapter 23, Section 3
Section 3 Assessment
One reason the United States wanted a canal across the isthmus of Panama was because
a) it would make the journey by sea from the East Coast to the West Coast shorter by some 8,000 miles.
b) Panama was a good place for American business leaders to vacation.c) the United States wanted to build military bases in Panama.d) digging the canal would mean jobs for the military and private citizens in hard
times.
Theodore Roosevelt’s corollary to the Monroe Doctrine claimed thata) Latin American nations had to trade with the United States before they could
trade with Europe.b) the United States had a right to build a canal in Panama without permission
from the Panamanians.c) the United States had a right to intervene in Latin America to preserve law and
order.d) Europeans must help the United States keep the peace in Latin America.
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