The American Learning Enterprise in Transition (OECD 1989)

8/3/2019 The American Learning Enterprise in Transition (OECD 1989)

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QCH LMH[EDLI JHL[IEI@ HIQH[_[ETH EI Q[LITEQENI

ku

Jhet G) _h{hjmliThien{ [hthl{dc Bhjjn

Cxatni Eitqeqxqh

L Pn{fbn{dh ;??? _{nghdq [hpn{q bn{ qch

N{`lietlqeni bn{ Hdninmed Dnnph{lqeni lia AhrhjnpmhiqAe{hdqn{lqh bn{ Tndelj Lbble{t* Mlipnh{ lia Haxdlqeni

Inrhmkh{


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QCH LMH[EDLI JHL[IEI@ HIQH[_[ETH EI Q[LITEQENI

Dniqhiqt

_[HBLDH)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) eee

LKNXQ QCH LXQCN[))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))er


3/96

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_[HBLDH

Qch Lmh{edli Jhl{iei` Hiqh{p{eth ei Q{liteqeni et qch Xieqha Tqlqht' dniq{ekxqeni qn qchN{`lietlqeni bn{ Hdninmed Dnnph{lqeni lia Ahrhjnpmhiq't p{nghdq ni Bx{qch{ Haxdlqeni lia

Q{leiei` nb qch Jlkn{ Bn{dh) Qch {hpn{q lt p{hpl{ha ku A{) Jhet G) _h{hjmli lt pl{q nb qchCxatni Eitqeqxqh't Pn{fbn{dh ;??? p{nghdq* tpnitn{ha ku l `{liq b{nm qch X)T) Ahpl{qmhiq nbJlkn{)

Qch reht hsp{httha ei qcet tqxau l{h tnjhju qcnth nb qch lxqcn{* lia an inq ihdhttl{eju{hp{hthiq qch rehpneiq nb qch X)T) Ahpl{qmhiq nb Jlkn{)

Ihrh{qchjhtt* qch Ahpl{qmhiq nb Jlkn{ khjehrht qclq nih nb qch mntq empn{qliq dniq{ekxqn{t qndniqeixha hdninmed `{nqc lia p{ntph{equ et l ce`cju haxdlqha lia q{leiha n{fbn{dh* lia qclqqcet eiqh{htqei` lia p{nrndlqerh {hpn{q ejj th{rh lt l xthbxj dlqljutq bn{ aetdxttenit ei knqc qchNHDA lia eqt mhmkh{ tqlqht ni lut qn hitx{h qclq nx{ n{fh{t ejj kh lkjh qn mhhq qchdcljjhi`ht nb qch ;


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er

LKNXQ QCH LXQCN[

JHPET G) _H[HJMLI et l Thien{ [hthl{dc Bhjjn ei qch Pltcei`qni Nbbedh nb qch CxatniEitqeqxqh) Lbqh{ xiah{ {laxlqh lia `{laxlqh tqxau ei mlqchmlqedt lia pcutedt* ch hl{iha cet

andqn{lqh ei lameietq{lqeni* pjliiei`* lia tndelj pnjedu lq qch Cl{rl{a @{laxlqh Tdcnnj nbHaxdlqeni)

A{) _h{hjmli clt pxkjetcha qn knnft lia nrh{ 1? l{qedjht lia {hpn{qt ni jhl{iei`* qhdcinjnù*mlil`hmhiq* hdninmed ahrhjnpmhiq* lia n{`liewlqenilj lia tndelj dcli`h* lia clt khhi ldnitxjqliq ni qchth txkghdqt bn{ l rl{ehqu nb `nrh{imhiq lia p{erlqh thdqn{ n{`liewlqenit) Eilaaeqeni qn cet eirnjrhmhiq ei haxdlqeni lia q{leiei * A{) _h{hjmli clt chja thien{ tqlbbpnteqenit lq qch Tnjl{ Hih{ù [hthl{dc Eitqeqxqh lia qch Ghq _{npxjteni Jlkn{lqn{u* clt khhi lreteqei` tdehiqetq lq qch Eiqh{ilqenilj Eitqeqxqh bn{ Lppjeha Tutqhmt Liljutet* lia ljtn ltae{hdqn{ nb qhdcinjnù ltthttmhiq bn{ Cnjealu Dn{pn{lqeni)

A{) _h{hjmli mlu kh dniqldqha lq7 Cxatni Eitqeqxqh* 11?< Bn{a Lrhixh* Txeqh ;??* Ljhslia{el*Re{èiel* XTL) Qhjhpcnih7 #0?4% 3;1-;?13) Bls7 #0?4% 3;1-;3


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_h{hjmli < XTL


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;

qclq l{h htthiqelj qn hdninmed p{naxdqerequ lia dnmphqeqerhihtt et qch hiqe{h ilqenilj jhl{iei` hiqh{p{eth)

Bn{ qcet {hltni* qcet {hpn{q èrht txktqliqelj lqqhiqeni qn qch hjhmhiql{u lia thdnial{u thdqn{ nb qch X)T)

haxdlqeni tutqhm) Qch tdnph* bxidqeni* {htnx{dht* lia ihhat nb +bx{qch{+ haxdlqeni lia q{leiei` bn{ laxjqt niju

dli kh xiah{tqnna ei qch dniqhsq nb qch cnjh tutqhm* lia pl{qedxjl{ju ei {h`l{a qn qch tutqhm't q{hlqmhiq nb

lia kelt qnl{a unxqc)

Qch thdnia fhu l{`xmhiq nb qcet {hpn{q et qclq l {hrnjxqeni--cedc E dljj +chx{etqed+ bn{ {hltnit hspjleiha

eqcei--et {lpeaju xibnjaei` ei qch Xieqha Tqlqht qclq p{nmetht qn {laedljju ljqh{ qch tq{xdqx{h nb qch X)T)

jhl{iei` hiqh{p{eth lia eqt {njh ei qch nrh{ljj hdninmu eqcei qch ihsq ahdlah) Qcet {hrnjxqeni et khei` a{erhi

ku xip{hdhahiqha dcli`ht ei qhdcinjnù* hdninmed tq{xdqx{h* ahmn`{lpcu* lia eiahha qch hiqe{h +hdnjnù+ nb

{hjlqenitcept qclq jeif qchth bldqn{t)

Qce{a* qch dhiq{lj pnjedu ettxh qclq jeht lq qch chl{q nb qch {hrnjxqeni qclq et jhlaei` qnl{a l {laedljju

{htq{xdqx{ha Lmh{edli jhl{iei` hiqh{p{eth et l d{etet nb p{naxdqerequ) K{ehbju* inq niju clt qch haxdlqeni thdqn{

n{ jhl{iei` hiqh{p{eth khdnmh qch X)T) hdninmu't jl{`htq eibn{mlqeni eiaxtq{u--ph{clpt hrhi ku tnmh mhltx{hqch ilqeni't ke``htq eiaxtq{u nrh{ljj--kxq* ei qch hmh{èi` finjha`h-kltha hdninmu* eq et qch eiaxtq{u cnth

ph{bn{mlidh et mntq tq{lqhèdljju d{eqedlj qn ilqenilj p{ntph{equ lia eiqh{ilqenilj dnmphqeqerhihtt)

Uhq qch bn{mlj haxdlqenilj eitqeqxqenit qclq dniq{nj {nx`cju cljb qch {htnx{dht nb qch ilqenilj jhl{iei`

eiaxtq{u l{h qch mntq qhdcinjnèdljju kldfl{a lia eihbbedehiq nb ljj X)T) kxteihttht) Tpe{ljjei` dntqt lia

bjl`èi` nxqpxq ml{f li hiqh{p{eth cnth p{naxdqerequ et inq niju pnn{ kxq ahdjeiei`)

Pclq et ihhaha qn k{hlf qch X)T) jhl{iei` hiqh{p{eth't p{naxdqerequ jn`glm* lia clq et in khèiiei` qn

clpphi ei qch Xieqha Tqlqht* et l mnrhmhiq qnl{a l pnjedu nb haxdlqenilj +{htq{xdqx{ei`+ lt knja lia

dnmp{hchiterh lt eqt ilmhtlfh ei Tnrehq ph{htq{nefl) Lt ei qch Hltqh{i kjnd* qch qc{xtq nb qcet mnrhmhiq et

llu b{nm dhiq{ljewha* kx{hlxd{lqed lameietq{lqeni lia qnl{a nphi* dnmphqeqerh* hiq{hp{hihx{elj ml{fhq

l{{li`hmhiqt)

Qn bx{qch{ qcet mnrhmhiq* `nrh{imhiqt lq ljj jhrhjt ei qch Xieqha Tqlqht ihha qn {hpjldh l dni`h{eht nb

haxdlqeni* q{leiei`* n{fbn{dh* lia hdninmed ahrhjnpmhiq p{n`{lmt eqc l k{nla* tq{lqhèd jhl{iei` pnjedu)

Lt qcet {hpn{q ejj ahmnitq{lqh* qch ettxht qn kh laa{httha ei bn{mxjlqei` txdc l pnjedu b{lmhn{f--jeifei`

jhl{iei` qhdcinjnù qn n{fbn{dh |xljequ lia hdninmed ph{bn{mlidh--l{h rltq lia dnmpjhs) Kxejaei` ilqenilj

jhl{iei` pnjedeht ejj {h|xe{h bl{ mn{h eibn{mlqeni lia liljutet lknxq qch jl{`hju ceaahi mltt nb qch hsetqei`

jhl{iei` hiqh{p{eth* lia lknxq qch bn{dht in {htclpei` eq)


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E) Qch Chx{etqed [hrnjxqeni

L ih lrh nb jhl{iei` qhdcinjnù et lknxq qn q{litbn{m inq niju qch ilqx{h nb haxdlqeni lia q{leiei` kxq

qch hiqe{h X)T) hdninmu) +Jhl{iei` qhdcinjnù+ ch{h mhlit mxdc mn{h qcli clq xtxljju et qcnx`cq nb lt

+haxdlqenilj qhdcinjnù*+ aetdxttenit nb cedc nbqhi bndxt ni eitq{xdqenilj dnmpxqh{t) Bn{ gxtq lt qch

lxqnmnkejh lt niju qch tumknj nb l cntq nb qhdcinjnèdlj lia eiaxtq{elj eiinrlqenit qclq dcli`ha qch

hdninmed lia tndelj blk{ed nb qch ;?qc dhiqx{u n{ja* qch dnmpxqh{ et niju nih tql{ ei l dnmpjhs dnitqhjjlqeni

nb ih qhdcinjnèht bn{ lia lknxq jhl{iei` qclq p{nmetht {laedlj tndelj dcli`h ei qch ;


8/96

1

;) Qhdcinjn`u [hrnjxqeni E7 Jhl{iei` lt _{naxdqeni

Xiqej in* haxdlqeni lia q{leiei`* n{ qhldcei` lia jhl{iei`* clrh khhi eahju qcnx`cq nb p{eml{eju lt

p{hpl{lqeni bn{ n{fei` lia jerei`) Chidh* pnjedumlfh{t* jefh qch `hih{lj pxkjed* qhia qn qceif nb qchth

p{ndhttht lt lpp{np{elqh qn dcejacnna n{ lanjhtdhidh* lia lt bxidqenit qn kh ph{bn{mha mleiju eiteah qch kns

nb l tdcnnj n{ djltt{nnm) Kxq qchth lttxmpqenit* p{hgxaedht {hljju* l{h lj{hlau nktnjhqh) Ku qch hia nb qcet

dhiqx{u* jhl{iei` ejj kh qch mlei n{f nb qc{hh nxq nb bnx{ gnkt ei qch X)T) hdninmu)

Qn thh qnalu qch feia nb jhl{iei` tutqhm qclq ejj ph{mhlqh qch ;


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Qcet et qch feia nb chx{etqed ihqn{f n{ jhl{iei` tutqhm qclq ejj dnmp{eth qch k{leit lia ih{rht nb qch

hiqe{h ;


10/96

2

{hp{hthiqt inqcei` jhtt qcli li hrnjxqenil{u lqh{tcha ei qch cetqn{u nb nx{ tphdeht lia ei bldq nx{ pjlihq) Ei

qch kh`eiiei`* ljj cxmli jhl{iei` lt jemeqha qn clq dnxja kh lddxmxjlqha ei l tei`jh cxmli k{lei ei nih

jebhqemh) Qch eirhiqeni nb tpnfhi jli`xl`h* qchi {eqqhi jli`xl`h* qchi p{eiqei` lia jlqh{ hjhdq{nied

dnmmxiedlqenit mhael eid{hmhiqljju hspliaha qch cxmli lkejequ qn lddxmxjlqh lia tcl{h finjha`h lmni`

phnpjh lia ld{ntt `hih{lqenit) Kxq ljj qcnth eiinrlqenit tempju hspliaha qch tqn{l`h nb eibn{mlqeni nxqteah

qch cxmli chla6 qch klted p{ndhttht nb qceifei`* ahdeaei`* lia jhl{iei` tqejj h{h mleiju dnibeiha eqcei qch

tfxjj) Chx{etqed qhdcinjn`u in et hsqhiaei` qch jhl{iei` p{ndhtt nxqteah qch cxmli chla lia eiqn qch

hire{nimhiq)


11/96

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4) Qhdcinjn`u [hrnjxqeni EE7 Qhldcei` lt Aetdnrh{u

Qch empldq nb hrnjrei` chx{etqed qhdcinjn`u ni qhldcei` et qn `{hlqju eid{hlth qch p{naxdqerequ nb l p{ndhtt

qclq dx{{hiqju dntqt qch X)T) hdninmu tnmh !1?? kejjeni liixljju* qclq hmpjnut lq jhltq ieih lia ph{clpt


12/96

3

hshdxqerht* hièihh{t* lia nqch{ `{nxpt qclq ihha qn n{f qn`hqch{ qn dnjjlkn{lqh bl{ mn{h hbbhdqerhju) Tnmh

hslmpjht nb `{nxpl{h l{h p{naxdqt dljjha +Qch Dnn{aeilqn{*+ +EIQN*+ +Ce`èit*+ +Bn{ Dnmmhiq*+ lia

+Qemkxfqx)+ Lppjeha qn haxdlqeni* txdc ih `{nxpl{h ejj b{hh xp mn{h qemh bn{ `{nxp eiqh{ldqeni* lia

mlfh eq mn{h p{naxdqerh)

Kxq qcet et tqejj niju l mein{ larlidh) Anx`jlt Jhilq--qch {hthl{dc ae{hdqn{ lq qch Med{nhjhdq{niedt lia

Dnmpxqh{ Qhdcinjnù Dn{p) #MDD% ei Lxtqei* Qhslt--et n{fei` ni li hrhi mn{h {hml{flkjh p{naxdq)

+DUD*+ hsphdqha ni qch ml{fhq ei qch ihsq ahdlah* et l feia nb txph{-hidudjnphael* dniqleiei` qc{hh n{ bnx{

mejjeni bldqt* ljj knejha ani qn l tei`jh* bei`h{ilej-tewha hjhdq{nied dcep qclq ejj beq ei tnmhqcei` qch tewh nb l

blq {etqlqdc) Peqc eqt +eiqhjje`hiq eiqh{bldh*+ DUD ejj qhjj unx gxtq lknxq liuqcei` unx liq qn fin lknxq

gxtq lknxq liuqcei` unx {hljju liq qn fin liuqcei` lknxq) Gxtq ltf eq l |xhtqeni6 eq ejj be`x{h nxq clq unx

liq qn jhl{i hrhi chi unx'{h inq hsldqju tx{h unx{thjb)

Dniteah{ qclq eq clt qlfhi qch Lmh{edli haxdlqeni htqlkjetcmhiq lknxq qn ahdlaht qn ahdeah qclq eq anhti'q

mlfh thith qn tphia hhft nb djltt qemh bn{dei` tqxahiqt qn mhmn{ewh mxjqepjedlqeni qlkjht n{ eiqh{pnjlqhjn`l{eqcmt ei l n{ja ch{h hjhdq{nied dljdxjlqn{t dnmh kxejq eiqn {xjh{t* phit* lia fhu {ei`t)

L`leitq qclq cetqn{u* eq et hltu qn emlèih cn DUD't ahkxq ejj dnibnxia qch nxja-kh haxdlqeni

{hbn{mh{t cn clrh dnitxmha mxdc eif lia le{qemh l`niewei` lknxq Lmh{edl't ahdjeiei` +dxjqx{lj jeqh{ldu)+

Djhl{ju* eq ejj mlfh jeqqjh thith qn dniqeixh qn tphia qemh lia mnihu tdcnnjei` tqxahiqt qn mhmn{ewh

cetqn{edlj q{erel ei l n{ja ch{h liunih dli lith{ mejjenit nb txdc |xhtqenit tempju ku ltfei` ch{

{etqlqdc)


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1) Hdninmed [hrnjxqeni7 Qch Jhl{iei` Hiqh{p{eth lt l D{eqedlj Eiaxtq{u

Jhlaei` bxqx{etqt--Aliehj Khjj* Ljrei Qnbbjh{* Gnci Iletkeqq* @hn{`h @ejah{--clrh khhi qhjjei` xt qclq qch

n{ja et lq qch qc{htcnja nb li hdninmed q{litbn{mlqeni lt thhpei` lt qch L`{edxjqx{lj [hrnjxqeni lia qch

Eiaxtq{elj [hrnjxqeni7 qch {eth nb l pntqeiaxtq{elj hdninmu* ei cedc eibn{mlqeni* dnmmxiedlqeni* lia

hsph{qeth khdnmh qch fhu bldqn{t nb hdninmed ph{bn{mlidh)

Ei Lmh{edli cetqn{u* qch lrht nb qhdcinjn`edlj dcli`h clrh hiqlejha mltterh tcebqt ei qch aetq{ekxqeni nb

hmpjnumhiq lia qch ilqx{h nb n{f7

n L`{edxjqx{h* cedc hmpjnuha 0? ph{dhiq nb qch X)T) jlkn{ bn{dh lt {hdhiqju lt


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15/96

Pch{h l{h qch

ih gnk nppn{qxieqeht `nei` qn kh bnxia>

Qch mntq cnphbxj lith{ jeht ei qch `{nqc nb qch finjha`h thdqn{ lt l xie|xh* bnx{qc thdqn{ nb qch

hdninmu #lbqh{ l`{edxjqx{h* meiei`.dnitq{xdqeni.mlixbldqx{ei`* lia th{redht%)

Finjha`h-n{f et {lpeaju khdnmei` qch mlgn{ bn{m nb hmpjnumhiq ei mnah{i tndehqu) Nrh{ qch pltq 1?

uhl{t ei qch Xieqha Tqlqht* hrh{u


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17/96

Pclq anht l +finjha`h

n{fh{+ an> Qch nkrenxt dlth et hltu qn aetdh{i7 Qch ceqh dnjjl{ n{fh{ cn n{ft ei li nbbedh* {hdherht

eibn{mlqeni b{nm aerh{th tnx{dht--plph{* qhjhpcnih* dnmpxqh{* bls* pcnqn* hqd)--lia p{ndhttht eq tnmh lu*mlfht ahdetenit* d{hlqht ih eibn{mlqeni* dnmmxiedlqht qn nqch{t ei {eqei`* tphlfei`* mlfei` bn{mlj

p{hthiqlqenit* lia lqqhiat mhhqei`t* dnibh{hidht* q{lah tcnt* dnirhiqenit* lia hrhi bn{mlj q{leiei` p{n`{lmt

qn jhl{i ih qcei`t)

Kxq qcet mnahj nb gnk ph{bn{mlidh eid{hltei`ju dli kh nkth{rha ei ljmntq liu nddxplqeni eml`eilkjh7

q{lrhj l`hiq* eitx{lidh djlemt p{ndhttn{* ix{th* bl{mh{* bldqn{u qhdciedeli* QR hlqch{mli* {laenjn`etq*

jek{l{eli)

Lt qch lxqn mhdclied hslmpjh tx``htqt* hrhi nddxplqenit q{laeqeniljju qcnx`cq nb lt kjxh dnjjl{ n{ mlixlj

l{h* ei bldq* khdnmei finjha`h.jhl{iei` gnkt) L `nna ejjxtq{lqeni nb knqc cu lia cn qcet et tn et qch dlth

nb Lmh{edli Tqhhj " Pe{h* ei Djhrhjlia* lt qnja ei l {hdhiq ettxh nbBN[QXIHml`lweih7


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24/96

;?

Cnhrh{ hjj qch +mld{n+ lpp{nldc qn n{fbn{dh bjhsekejequ mlu clrh th{rha qch X)T) hdninmu ei qch

pltq* eq in jni`h{ et relkjh lt Lmh{edl bldht l p{njni`ha tcn{ql h nb n{fbn{dh tcn{ql`ht) Uhq in ih tutqhm

clt khhi eitqljjha ni l ilqenilj tdljh qn hlth n{ tphha n{fjebh q{liteqenit)

Tq{htt

Qch p{naxdq nb qch p{hrenxt dniaeqenit et `{nei` tq{htt lia b{xtq{lqeni lmni` knqc X)T) n{fh{t lia

hmpjnuh{t) L tndehqu qclq clt l jl{`h ixmkh{ nb n{fh{t xip{hpl{ha qn bxidqeni p{naxdqerhju* qclq hmpjnut l

n{fbn{dh eqc mntqju nktnjhtdhiq tfejjt* qclq et hsph{ehidei` xip{hdhahiqha ahmn`{lpced tcebqt* lia qclq

jldft l tutqhmlqed p{ndhtt qn |xedfju lalpq eqt cxmli dlpeqlj qn dclièi` qhdcinjnèht lia ml{fhq dniaeqenit et

l tndehqu qclq bhhjt xiah{ `{hlq p{httx{h* lia qclq mlu kh ei ghnpl{au)

Ei qch n{tq dlth* tq{xdqx{lj hdninmed {hrnjxqeni dniqleit qch qc{hlq nb qx{kxjhiq* hrhi renjhiq* tndelj

xpchlrlj lt qch hdninmed lmkeqenit nb l mlgn{ pn{qeni nb qch n{fei` pnpxjlqeni khdnmh eid{hltei`jub{xtq{lqha) Qch pltq qhdcinjnèdlj {hrnjxqenit ei l`{edxjqx{h lia mlixbldqx{ei` h{h ml{fha ku tq{efht* {enqt*

lia {hkhjjenit6 qch q{liteqeni qn l pntqeiaxtq{elj hdninmu dnxja kh h|xljju aetq{httha)

Qch ali`h{ nb n{fh{ b{xtq{lqeni ahphiat inq niju ni qch ixmkh{ nb lrlejlkjh gnkt* kxq ljtn ni

nddxplqenilj tqlqxt* qch |xljequ nb n{f* lia qch nppn{qxieqeht bn{ larlidhmhiq lia mnkejequ) Ei bldq*

b{xtq{lqenit l{h {nei` qnalu ljni` ljj qchth aemhitenit ei qch Xieqha Tqlqht)

Bn{ eitqlidh* qch


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;

Mlukh) Qch p{nkjhm et dnmpjedlqha ku qn qcei`t7 qhdcinjnù lia p{naxdqerequ) Pn{f `hqt anih ku ldnmkeilqeni nb phnpjh lia qhdcinjn u) _{naxdqerequ et l mhltx{h nb cn mxdc n{f phnpjh `hq anih--cn

mxdc qchu p{naxdh--ei l èrhi ph{ena nb qemh ni qch gnk) Lt ih qhdcinjnù eid{hltht p{naxdqerequ* mn{h

n{f dli `hq anih eqcnxq {h|xe{ei` mn{h phnpjh* lia ph{clpt hrhi {h|xe{ei` bhh{ phnpjh* qn an eq)

Tn `hqqei` mn{h n{f anih--mn{h hdninmed p{naxdq lia l ke``h{ peh--mlu inq ae{hdqju eid{hlth

hmpjnumhiq n{ bxjbejj qch pnjeqedlj p{nmeth nb +gnkt)+ Ei bldq* p{naxdqerequ `{nqc ei tphdebed eiaxtq{eht mlu

hrhi jhla qn {haxdha hmpjnumhiq* lt h clrh thhi ei lxqnmnkejht* mhqljt* lia nqch{ mlixbldqx{ei` eiaxtq{eht)

Qch cnph et qclq qch `{hlqh{ eidnmh `hih{lqha ku eid{hltha p{naxdqerequ ejj kh {htphiq* d{hlqei` ahmlia

bn{ ih p{naxdqt lia th{redht ei nqch{ eiaxtq{eht* lia qcxt jhla eiae{hdqju qn mn{h hmpjnumhiq) Kxq chi

qhdcinjnèdlj eiinrlqeni lia p{naxdqerequ eid{hltht l{h nddx{{ei` temxjqlihnxtju qc{nx`cnxq ljj thdqn{t nb qch

hdninmu* hspliaei` qnqlj p{naxdqeni mlu qlfh pjldh eqc jeqqjh eid{hlth n{ hrhi eqc l jntt nb gnkt) Eq lt

bltcenilkjh bn{ X)T) pnjeqedelit qn l`niewh lknxq Lmh{edl't bjl`èi` p{naxdqerequ ax{ei` qch pltq ahdlah) Kxq

ku jhqqei` eqt p{naxdqerequ tjep* qch X)T) hdninmu lt lkjh qn d{hlqh hmpjnumhiq bn{ lknxq 3? ph{dhiq nb qch

qealj lrh nb ih hiq{liqt qn eqt n{fbn{dh--klku knnmh{t* nmhi* lia mein{eqeht--ei qch


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pnpxjlqeni--qn an qch n{f anih ku qch n{ja't dx{{hiq pnpxjlqeni nb dnmpxqh{t) Dnmpxqh{t aea inq hjemeilqh

berh q{ejjeni +gnkt)+ Mntq nb qch n{f dnmpxqh{t an tempju nxja inq kh lqqhmpqha eb qch dnmpxqh{ aea inq

hsetq)

Dnmpxqh{t l{h hjemeilqei` tnmh feiat nb finjha`h n{f--txdc lt a{lbqei`* mhaedlj ael`intet*

ilre`lqeni* lia knnffhhpei`) Kxq qch ihq hbbhdq et niju qn dcli`h qch |xljequ nb finjha`h n{f #xtxljju bn{

qch khqqh{%* inq qn {haxdh qch |xliqequ nb hmpjnumhiq nppn{qxieqeht) Qch larlidh nb +l{qebedelj eiqhjje`hidh+

ejj niju eid{hlth qch ihhat lia nppn{qxieqeht bn{ n{f qclq ahphiat ni xie|xhju cxmli d{hlqerequ lia

eiqhjje`hidh)

Ljqcnx`c Lmh{edli `nrh{imhiq dli lbbhdq qch aetq{ekxqeni nb hmpjnumhiq lia eidnmh* qch{h et mxdc jhtt

qclq `nrh{imhiq dli an* ei qch tcn{q lq jhltq* qn d{hlqh n{f) Pn{f et mntqju d{hlqha ku p{erlqh eieqelqerh lia

hiq{hp{hihx{tcep) Ihl{ju ljj nb qch ;? mejjeni ih gnkt laaha qn qch X)T) hdninmu ax{ei` qch


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n hidnx{lèi` qch ahrhjnpmhiq lia q{litbh{ nb chx{etqed qhdcinjnù6

n ahrhjnpei` lia aetthmeilqei` tqlqetqedlj eibn{mlqeni lknxq qch ilqenilj jhl{iei` tutqhm6 lia

n bldejeqlqei` dnmmxiedlqeni khqhhi dnitxmh{t lia txppjeh{t nb jhl{iei` p{naxdqt lia th{redht)

Iheqch{ +ce`c-qhdc+ in{ hdninmed ahrhjnpmhiq ei `hih{lj dli tnjrh qch pnjedu p{nkjhm nb +gnkt)+ Qch

hmpjnumhiq nppn{qxieqeht Lmh{edli n{fh{t ahte{h an inq bjn ae{hdqju n{ xiebn{mju b{nm ljj feiat nb

hdninmed eirhtqmhiq)

Lt qch klku-knnm `hih{lqeni l`ht lia qch ixmkh{t nb unxi` phnpjh hiqh{ei` qch n{fbn{dh ahdjeih* qch{h

mlu hrhi kh l ixmh{edlj tx{pjxt nb thrh{lj mejjeni gnkt ei qch ihsq bh uhl{t) Kxq mliu nb qch lrlejlkjh gnkt

ejj kh xilqqleilkjh bn{ laxjqt cn jldf qch {e`cq tfejj lia finjha`h) Qch jn |xljequ lia pnn{ p{ntphdqt bn{

larlidhmhiq nb mliu nqch{ gnkt ejj mlfh qchm xilddhpqlkjh qn mliu nb qch laxjqt cn liq qn n{f)

Iheqch{ qch lmnxiq nb lrlejlkjh n{fh{t in{ qch lmnxiq nb haxdlqeni n{ hsph{ehidh qchu pntthtt nbbh{t

lttx{lidh nb mhhqei` qch cxmli dlpeqlj {h|xe{hmhiqt nb hdninmed ahrhjnpmhiq ei li l`h nb tq{xdqx{lj

q{liteqeni) Qch |xljequ nb qch n{fh{--ei qh{mt nb bxidqeni* beq* lia bjhsekejequ--et khdnmei` mntq hmpjnuh{t'mlgn{ dnidh{i)

Ni qch nqch{ clia* qch nrh{ljj |xljequ nb qch n{f lia qch n{fei` hire{nimhiq ejj kh qch fhu

ahqh{meiliq nb n{fh{ b{xtq{lqeni) Qn n{fh{t nb qch klku-knnm hih{lqeni* qch +gnkt+ ettxh et inq mh{hju l

mlqqh{ nb qch ixmkh{ nb nphiei`t* kxq et l dnitqhjjlqeni nb ihhat--dcljjhi`h* eiahphiahidh* plu* jndlqeni*

mnkejequ* tqlqxt* lia nppn{qxiequ bn{ {nqc)

Ei qch lkthidh nb l qhdcinjnèdljju eiinrlqerh lia p{naxdqerh +jhl{iei` hiqh{p{eth*+ cxmli dlpeqlj

eilah|xldeht ejj kh l k{lfh ni ljj bn{mt nb hdninmed ahrhjnpmhiq ei qch hmh{èi` finjha`h hdninmu)


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Qce{a* l tqxau ku Aliehj Ulifhjnredc lia Gnci Emmh{lc{ #


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p{haedqlkjh n{fh{t)

Qch mntq eiinrlqerh lia p{naxdqerh n{`liewlqenit ei qch X)T) hdninmu q{hlq qche{ hmpjnuhht inq lt qnnjt

nb p{naxdqeni kxq lt pl{qih{t ei l tcl{ha rhiqx{h ei cedc qch dnmpjhqh ahrhjnpmhiq nb qch eiaereaxlj et

{hdn`iewha lt l fhu bldqn{ nb txddhtt)

[hretei` dn{pn{lqh dxjqx{ht--chqch{ ei kxteihtt* `nrh{imhiq* n{ inip{nbeq n{`liewlqenit--{h|xe{ht

hsqhiterh ih jhl{iei` ku mlil`h{t lia n{fh{t lq ljj jhrhjt) Qch dxjqx{h nb dnjjlkn{lqeni* d{hlqerequ* lia

eiaereaxlj eieqelqerh qclq mliu n{`liewlqenit l{h in px{txei` +ei thl{dc nb hsdhjjhidh+ dli niju kh lqqleiha

qc{nx`c l jhl{iei` hiqh{p{eth kxejq ni qcnth tlmh rljxht)


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2 Pclq l{h qch p{nph{ mhltx{ht nb qch {hqx{i ni qclq eirhtqmhiq> Pclq et qch lpp{np{elqh

aetq{ekxqeni nb qch p{nbeq n{ jntt b{nm cxmli dlpeqlj eirhtqmhiqt> Qch `{nqc nb qch X)T) jhl{iei` hiqh{p{eth

lia eqt rljxh qn qch hdninmu ejj kh clmph{ha xiqej Lmh{edl clt khqqh{ lia mn{h xierh{tljju ldfinjha`ha

lith{t qn txdc |xhtqenit)


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23

ER) Qnl{a qch ;


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n ph{rlterh nrh{clxj nb eitq{xdqenilj qhdcinjn`u)

Qch emplqehidh eqc {hbn{m lia qch emph{lqerh bn{ mn{h bxialmhiqlj* tutqhmed dcli`h lt ximetqlflkjh)

+Ahtpeqh qch ilqenilj lqqhmpqt qn {hbn{m haxdlqeni*+ hspjleiha qchi-@nrh{in{ [edcl{a Jlmm nb Dnjn{lan* +h

l{h n{{eha qclq qch ilqeni et d{hlqei tnjxqenit qn qch {ni` p{nkjhmt) Ph l{h lb{lea qclq tqlqht l{h n{fei`

bn{ mn{h nb qch tlmh eqcnxq qlfei` l `nna cl{a jnnf lq qch tutqhm eqthjb)+

Ei qch txkth|xhiq bnx{ uhl{t* qch mnrhmhiq qn {htq{xdqx{h Lmh{edli haxdlqeni clt lddhjh{lqha) Ei qch bljj

nb


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The American Learning Enterprise in Transition (OECD 1989)