The American Journey - Weebly...The Pilgrims and Plymouth Colony Plymouth Colony was founded in 1620 and resulted from the growing religious disputes in England that gave rise to the

The American JourneyA History of the United States, 7th Edition

By: Goldfield • Abbott • Anderson • Argersinger • Argersinger • Barney • Weir

Chapter

•Transplantation and

Adaptation

•1600-1685

2

Transplantation and Adaptation

1600–1685

The French in North America

The Dutch Overseas Empire

English Settlement in the Chesapeake

The Founding of New England

Competition in the Caribbean

The Restoration Colonies

Conclusion

Learning Objectives

What role did the fur trade and fur traders play in the

success of the French colonies?

How did conflict between the English and the Dutch affect

Dutch colonization in the Americas?

How did tobacco cultivation shape the development of

Virginia society?

Learning Objectives (cont'd)

Why were the English colonies in New England so different

from those in the Chesapeake?

What was the connection between sugar cultivation and

slavery in the Caribbean?

How did the proprietors of the Restoration colonies shape

their development?

The French in North America

The Quest for Furs and Converts

The growing trade in beaver pelts and fish stimulated the

founding of the colony of New France in North America.

Samuel de Champlain established the first permanent

settlement at Quebec in 1608.

The fur trade created a partnership between the Indians

and the French based on trade.

The Quest for Furs and Converts (cont'd)

Missionary activities to convert the Indians to Christianity

was a major colonial motivation.

Coureurs de bois

French for “woods runner,” an independent fur trader in New France.

MAP 2–1 New France, c. 1650

The Development of New France

King Louis XIV and his minister Jean-Baptiste Colbert

strengthened colonial administration, improving defenses

and promoting migration.

Population growth in New France was slow and the

population reached about 15,000 in 1700.

The Development of New France(cont'd)

Most colonial families developed farms along the St.

Lawrence River.

French traders and missionaries reached the Mississippi

River and the Gulf of Mexico, expanding the French

colonial empire.

The French in North America (cont'd)

Indentured servant

An individual—usually male but occasionally female—who contracted to

serve a master for a period of four to seven years in return for

payment of the servant’s passage to America. Indentured servitude

was the primary labor system in the Chesapeake colonies for most of

the seventeenth century.

FIGURE 2–1 European Populations of New

France (Quebec) and English Colonies in 1650 and

1700

The Dutch Overseas Empire

The Dutch East India Company

By 1600, the Dutch were the leading European economic

power.

The Dutch East India was the instrument of colonial

dominance, establishing Dutch possessions in present-

day Taiwan, Indonesia, India, Sri Lanka, and Africa.

The West India Company

and New Netherland

The Dutch established the West India Company to expand

into the Americas.

New Netherland was founded in present-day New York and

extended from Fort Orange (Albany) to Manhattan island.

Population growth was slow but New Netherland attracted a

diverse population of religious refugees and Africans.

The West India Company

and New Netherland (cont'd)

Good relations were maintained with the Iroquois but were less friendly with the Algonquian peoples around New Amsterdam.

Quakers

Members of the Society of Friends, a radical religious group that arose in the mid-seventeenth century. Quakers rejected formal theology and an educated ministry, focusing instead on the importance of the “Inner Light,” or Holy Spirit that dwelt within them. Quakers were important in the founding of Pennsylvania.

English Settlement in

the Chesapeake

The Ordeal of Early Virginia

Sponsored by the Virginia Company, the Jamestown colony

was founded in 1607 but often teetered on the brink of

failure due to disease, an an inability to produce food

supplies, and poor management.

The Ordeal of Early Virginia (cont'd)

Relations between the Jamestown colonists and the

Powhatan Confederacy were generally poor due largely

to the effects of European diseases on the Indians and

the unfriendly actions of colonists that led to violence.


In 1622, a war erupted between the Jamestown colonists

and the Powhatan Confederacy that lasted 10 years.

Joint-stock company

Business enterprise in which a group of stockholders pooled their money

to engage in trade or to fund colonizing expeditions. Joint-stock

companies participated in the founding of the Virginia, Plymouth, and

Massachusetts Bay colonies.




Headright system

A system of land distribution during early colonial era that granted

settlers fifty acres for themselves and another fifty for each “head” (or

person) they brought to the colony.




House of Burgesses

The legislature of colonial Virginia. First organized in 1619, it was the first

institution of representative government in the English colonies.

The Importance of Tobacco

Tobacco provided the Virginia colony with a profitable

commodity and shaped almost all aspects of colonial

development from land settlement patterns to recruitment

of colonists.

The Importance of Tobacco (cont'd)

The need for labor led to the development of the indentured

servant system that promised free passage to America in

exchange for a fixed term of labor.

Indenture did not serve as a ladder to a better life as most

servants died and those who survived often found

freedom brought a life of poverty.

Map 2–2 English and Dutch Mainland Colonies in

North America, c. 1655

FIGURE 2–2 The Supply and Price of

Chesapeake Tobacco, 1620–1700

Maryland: A Refuge for Catholics

Maryland was founded in 1632 as a proprietary colony

owned by George Calvert, Lord Baltimore.

Calvert was catholic and wanted to establish a colony for

others of his faith, but most colonists were Protestants.

Maryland: A Refuge for Catholics(cont'd)

Maryland’s development was connected to the struggle in

England between the monarchy and the Puritans, leading

to reforms such as the first law calling for freedom of

worship for all Christians.


Maryland developed as a tobacco colony.

Proprietary colony

A colony created when the English monarch granted a huge tract of land

to an individual or group of individuals, who became “lords proprietor.”

Many lords proprietor had distinct social visions for their colonies, but

these plans were hardly ever implemented. Examples of proprietary

colonies are Maryland, Carolina, New York (after it was seized from

the Dutch), and Pennsylvania.



Puritans

Individuals who believed that Queen Elizabeth’s reforms of the Church of

England had not gone far enough in improving the church, particularly

in ensuring that church members were among the saved. Puritans led

the settlement of Massachusetts Bay Colony.



Act for Religious Toleration

The first law in America to call for freedom of worship for all Christians. It

was enacted in Maryland in 1649 to quell disputes between Catholics

and Protestants, but it failed to bring peace.

This seventeenth-century engraving

shows a fashionable European woman

indulging in a pipe of tobacco.

Life in the Chesapeake Colonies

Labor needs determined that the population of the Chesapeake

colonies were largely young and male.

Disease limited population growth and family size reduced life

expectancy for men and women. Immigration was the primary

means of increasing the population during most of the 17th

century.

Life in the Chesapeake Colonies (cont'd)

Death and immigration often created unusual households

containing various combinations of stepparents and

children from different marriages.

Indian populations declined from disease and war, leading

to increasing isolation from colonial contact.

The Founding of New England

The Pilgrims and Plymouth Colony

Plymouth Colony was founded in 1620 and resulted from

the growing religious disputes in England that gave rise to

the Puritan faith.

Separatists founded Plymouth Colony in an area that had

been recently depopulated by disease.

The Pilgrims and Plymouth Colony(cont'd)

An alliance between the Plymouth colonists and the

Wampanoags was based on misunderstanding, the need

for allies against enemies, and trade.

Plymouth remained a small, weak, and poor colony.

Anglican

Of or belonging to the Church of England, a Protestant denomination.



Separatists

Members of an offshoot branch of Puritanism. Separatists believed that

the Church of England was too corrupt to be reformed and hence were

convinced that they must “separate” from it to save their souls.

Separatists helped found Plymouth Colony.



Pilgrims

Settlers of Plymouth Colony, who viewed themselves as spiritual

wanderers.

Massachusetts Bay Colony and

Its Offshoots

Puritan merchants founded the Massachusetts Bay Colony

to set up a colony in that area.

Massachusetts Bay Colony was established along religious

lines using the covenant agreement to define colonial

duties and relations. Representative government

enhanced colonial stability.

Massachusetts Bay Colony and

Its Offshoots (cont'd)

Colonial expansion led to the Pequot War in which the

colonists allied with the Narragansetts and Mohegans to

defeat the Pequots.

Religious dissent led to the establishment of Rhode Island

by Roger Williams and the expulsion of Anne Hutchinson.

Covenant

A formal agreement or contract.

The Founding of New England (cont'd)

Religious dissent led to the establishment of Rhode Island

by Roger Williams and the expulsion of Anne Hutchinson.

Pequot War

Conflict between English settlers (who had Narragansett and Mohegan

allies) and Pequot Indians over control of land and trade in eastern

Connecticut. The Pequots were nearly destroyed in a set of bloody

confrontations, including a deadly English attack on a Mystic River

village in May 1637.

Families, Farms, and Communities in Early New

England

Growth in New England was sustained by migration

between 1630–1642 and by natural increase.

Population growth was stimulated by a balanced sex ratio

and a healthier climate the contributed to improved

survival rates among children and longer life spans.


England (cont'd)

Women in early New England were legally and

economically dependent but made central contributions to

a family’s success, including through household

production and trade.


England (cont'd)

New England settlements centered around towns that

included the meeting house that served as a place of

worship and government. The towns also served as

trading centers.

Competition in the Caribbean

MAP 2–3 Principal European Possessions in the

Caribbean in the Seventeenth Century

Sugar and Slaves

Defying Spanish claims, the French, Dutch, and English

established colonies in the Caribbean.

Sugar plantations worked first by Indian and later African

slaves characterized Caribbean colonial development.

A Biracial Society

The English West Indies developed the first biracial society

in the English colonies.

Comprising the majority of the population, African slaves

living under harsh conditions governed by slave codes

maintained aspects of a normal life and cultural traditions.

A Biracial Society (cont'd)

Slave codes

Sometimes known as “black codes.” A series of laws passed mainly in

the southern colonies in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth

centuries to define the status of slaves and codify the denial of basic

civil rights to them. Also, after American independence and before the

Civil War, state laws in the South defining slaves as property and

specifying the legal powers of masters over slaves.

The Restoration Colonies

MAP 2–4 English North

American Colonies, c. 1685

Early Carolina: Colonial Aristocracy and Slave Labor

Founded in 1663, Carolina was a proprietary colony that

developed a plantation economy after the introduction of

rice in the 1690s.

Because many of its founders had come from the sugar

islands, Carolina society resembled the Caribbean

colonies in that a majority population of African slaves

worked on plantations.


(cont'd)

Poorer settlers were forced to move to the northern part of

Carolina, eventually establishing their own colony. They

raised tobacco and livestock, and produced pitch, tar, and

timber products.


(cont'd)

Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina

A complex plan for organizing the colony of Carolina, drafted in 1669 by

Anthony Ashley Cooper and John Locke. Its provisions included a

scheme for creating a hierarchy of nobles who would own vast

amounts of land and wield political power; below them would be a

class of freedmen and slaves. The provisions were never implemented

by the Carolina colonists.

Pennsylvania: The Dream of

Toleration and Peace

William Penn founded Pennsylvania in 1681 hoping to

provide a refuge for Quakers and a model of justice and

peace.

Penn established good relations with Indians by purchasing

land and signing treaties.


Toleration and Peace (cont’d)

Pennsylvania’s frame of government provided religious

freedom and created a legislature with limited powers.

The population was ethnically and religiously diverse with

most settlers living on farms, though Philadelphia

developed as a major port.


Toleration and Peace (cont’d)

Frame of Government

William Penn’s 1682 plan for the government of Pennsylvania, which

created a relatively weak legislature and strong executive. It also

contained a provision for religious freedom.

English Colonies in the Seventeenth Century

New Netherland Becomes New York

England took over the Dutch colony of New Netherland and

divided it into the proprietary colonies of New York and

New Jersey.

New York’s development was influenced by generous terms

made to the Dutch colonists and the promotion of

immigration from England.

New Netherland Becomes New York (cont’d)

Until 1683, New York was the only colony without a

representative assembly.

Conclusion

Conclusion

During the 17th century, France, the Netherlands, and

England competed for colonies in North America.

New France was characterized by the fur trade, friendly

relations with Indian peoples, and small, scattered

settlements.

English colonization was haphazard, characterized by

colonial charters and largely independent colonial

development.

Conclusion (cont'd)

The planting of French, Dutch, and English colonies ended

Spain’s monopoly of settlement in North America and

strongly challenged the Indians’ hold on the continent.

Documents

The American Journey - Weebly...The Pilgrims and Plymouth Colony Plymouth Colony was founded in 1620 and resulted from the growing religious disputes in England that gave rise to the