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ENE 5714: Análise Política da Questão Energética
Programa Interunidades de Pós-Graduação em Energia Instituto de Eletrotécnica e Energia - IEE
Universidade de São Paulo - USPProf. Célio Bermann
19/set/2005 - 2a. aula
Graduate Program on Energy - PPGEInstitute of Energy and Environment - IEE
University of Sao Paulo - USP
The Amazon under construction: Towards Sustainability?
Prof. Dr. Celio BermannInstitute of Energy and Environment-IEE
University of Sao Paulo-USP/Brazil
UT Austin Fulbright Visiting Professor
All Infrastructure Projects in Amazon region have a common point:
Initiative for the Integration of Regional Infrastr ucture in South America - IIRSA
The IIRSA is a bold effort by the governments of South America to construct a new infrastructure network for the continent, including roads, waterways, ports, and energy and communications interconnections. Many of the projects seek to provide road and river outlets to ocean ports, with the goal of providing incentives to increase exports of commodities such as soybeans and other grains, timber, and minerals.
The South American governments are currently proceeding with the implementation of 31 "priority" projects, with a total cost of $4.3 billion. In all, 335 projects have been identified as part of IIRSA, with an overall budget of $37.4 billion. The initiative has received technical and financial support from the Andean Development Corporation, the Inter-American Development Bank, Fonplata, the United Nations Development Program, and others.
* Amazon
Corridors roadsRiver axes
Deposits
Oil fields
Gas fields
Mining areas
Esmeraldas
Guayaquil
Callao
Pisco
Buenaventura
Cartagena
Santa MartaBarranquilla
Pto. Bolívar
Caracas
BelenSao Luis
Fortaleza
Recife
Salvador
Vitoria
Rio de Janeiro
Santos
Porto Alegre
Rio Grande
Bahía Blanca
Buenos Aires
Sepetiba
TalcaguanoConcepción
S. Antonio
Valparaiso
Antofagasta
Iquique
San JuanMatarani
Ilo
□ Ports
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IIRSA’s INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS IN AMAZON
AirportsAirportsAirportsAirports
RailwaysRailwaysRailwaysRailways
PortsPortsPortsPorts
Bridges Bridges Bridges Bridges
Border crossingBorder crossingBorder crossingBorder crossing
Others3Others3Others3Others3
Gas pipelineGas pipelineGas pipelineGas pipeline
GasGasGasGas
Others2Others2Others2Others2
OilOilOilOil
OthersOthersOthersOthers
RoadsRoadsRoadsRoads
South AmericaSouth AmericaSouth AmericaSouth America
RiversRiversRiversRivers
Plata basinPlata basinPlata basinPlata basin
U
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î
Amazon Hub
Source: Planificación Territorial Indicativa – Cartera de Proyectos IIRSA 2004 en www.iirsa.org.
Bolivia - Peru – Brazil Hub
Source: Planificación Territorial Indicativa – Cartera de Proyectos IIRSA 2004 en www.iirsa.org.
Source: KILLEN, Thimothy J. A Perfect Storm in the Amazon Wilderness. Conservation International, January 16, 2008.
Source: KILLEN, Thimothy J. A Perfect Storm in the Amazon Wilderness. Conservation International, January 16, 2008.
Source: KILLEN, Thimothy J. A Perfect Storm in the Amazon Wilderness. Conservation International, January 16, 2008.
Source: KILLEN, Thimothy J. A Perfect Storm in the Amazon Wilderness. Conservation International, January 16, 2008.
Source: KILLEN, Thimothy J. A Perfect Storm in the Amazon Wilderness. Conservation International, January 16, 2008.
Raw materials used for Biodiesel production in Brazi l
Source: ANP (Brazilian Oil National Agency), October 2009.
Soybean oil
Other fatty materials
Livestock fat
Cotton oil
Source: CONAB, 2008.
Soybean Production in Brazil
Amazon Tropical Rain Forest
Biodiesel from soybean in AmazonSource: http://www.socioambiental.org/esp/soja.brSoybean in Amazon forest
Source: http://www.socioambiental.org/esp/soja.br
Source: http://www.socioambiental.org/esp/soja.br
Source: Field Research, 09/26/2009.
Biodiesel from soybean in Amazon
Source: KILLEN, Thimothy J. A Perfect Storm in the Amazon Wilderness. Conservation International, January 16, 2008.
Source: KILLEN, Thimothy J. A Perfect Storm in the Amazon Wilderness. Conservation International, January 16, 2008.
Map of South Gas
pipeline
Amazon Rain Forest
Source: KILLEN, Thimothy J. A Perfect Storm in the Amazon Wilderness. Conservation International, January 16, 2008.
► 63% of the potential to be explored is placed in Am azon Region (Basin of Madeira, Tocantins, Araguaia, Xing u and
Tapajós rivers)
Current Installed Capacity: 85,950 MW (Feb, 2014), wich represents “only” 35% of the Brazilian total hidraulic
potential (243,361 MW)
Hidropower in Brazil
► 26 hydropower plants are planed or are underconstruction in Amazon Region
- Santo Antonio and Jirau Dams (Madeira river)
- Belo Monte Dam (Xingu river)
- 5 hydroplants in Tapajos river
Source: MME/EPE - PDE 2021.
Still lifes in the artificial lake produced by Balbina hydroelectric plant, which flooded 2.6 thousand kilometers of native forests. Photo: Ed Ferreira/AE
Source: Glenn Switkes – IRN, 2008.Available in: http://salsa.democracyinaction.org/o/2486/images/Climate/BalbinaJunglenewsFlickr.jpg
First Xingu River’s Indigenous People Meeting (February 1989), in Altamira (PA).
Source: http://apatrulhadalama.blogspot.com.br/2012/06/parem-belo-monte-usina-enfrenta.html
Source: http://www.ips.org/TV/rio20/belo-monte-e-uma-ferida-aberta-na-amazonia/
“STOP BELO MONTE DAM”
Source: http://www.ips.org/TV/rio20/belo-monte-referencia-internacional-do-movimento-contra-barragens/
Xingu Riverside Settlement’s Demonstration, June 2012
Tapajós basin
Hydropower plants location in Tapajos basin
Reservoirs in Tapajos basin (in blue) and Conservation Units (in green) and Mundururuku’s Territory (in yellow)
Alter do Chão beach, in Tapajós river
Source: KILLEN, Thimothy J. A Perfect Storm in the Amazon Wilderness. Conservation International, January 16, 2008.
Source: KILLEN, Thimothy J. A Perfect Storm in the Amazon Wilderness. Conservation International, January 16, 2008.
Large infrastructure projects:
- Forced ressetlement
- Accumulation by dispossession
► Loss of culture and lifestyles of traditional indigenous people
The main issue:
Energy for what?
Energy for whom?
Source: EPE/MME – Brazilan Energy Plan (PDE 2021).
Brazilian Energy Plan 2021 (PDE 2021)
Electricity Consumption by Sector: Brazil – 2012
Industry: 48,5%
480,12 TWh/year
Source: MME/EPE (Energy Research Company). Brazilian Energy Balance 2012/year 2011, 2012.
SECTORS Electricity Consumption(on %)
Energy sector 4,9
Mining/Pelletization 2,5
Agriculture and Livestock 4,5
Heavy Industry* 23,9
Light Industry 17,2
Transportation 0,4
Residential 23,3
Commercial/Services 15,4
Public 7,9
Total 100,0
* Heavy Industry sector includes cement industries, pig-iron and steel, iron-alloys, non-ferrous/other metallurgical (aluminium), chemical, paper and pulp.
Brazil’s GDP Growth Rate (estimated): 4,4% per yearElectricity Consumption Rate: 5,7% per year
Grow Prediction of the production of minerals and p rimary goods in Brazil
Iron ore: 319 Mt (2008)585 Mt (2015)795 Mt (2022)
1,098 Mt (2030) Source: MME – Mining National Plan 2030.
Steel: 33,7 Mt (2008)52,6 Mt (2014)72,3 Mt (2019)
Primary Aluminium: 1,66 Mt (2008)1,67 Mt (2014)2,54 Mt (2020)
Ferro-alloys: 0,98 Mt (2008) Pulp: 12,7 Mt (2008)1,49 Mt (2014) 19,4 Mt (2014)2,06 Mt (2020) 28,0 Mt (2019)
Source: EPE/MME – Brazilian Energy Plan 2019 and 2020 (PDE2019 and PDE 2020).
X 3
X 2.2
X 1.6
X 2.1 X 2.2
These data confirm the way in which the Brazilianindustrial production is entering in the internationaleconomy globalization process, limiting the role ofmere exporter of low value-added commodities andhigh energy content.
The Amazonian territory intensified the appropriation process ofnatural resources and minerals goods for export. Ores such a s bauxitehave been identified in Brazil, Suriname and Venezuela; iro n in Braziland Venezuela; manganese, nickel ans silicon in Brazil; coo per, zinc,tungsten and molybdenum in Peru; lead in Peru and Bolivia; gypsumin Colombia. In addition, precious metals like gold in Peru, Colombia,Suriname, Guyana, Venezuela and Brazil; and silver in Peru.
In this way, the Amazon region is part of the capitalist globalproduction system as a supplier of primary goods (iron ore, bauxite,manganese, zinc, copper, lead), exported in raw form or transformedinto primary metals (aluminium ingots, ferroalloys, steel), all of themproducts with high energy content.
The infrastructure projects in Amazon region play the role to ensurethes economic activities that degrade the environment and d isregardthe cultures and lifestyles of tradicional peoples in the re gion.
THANK YOU !
Contact in Brazil:
Prof. Celio Bermann
Tel.: + 55 (11) 3091.2636
e-mail: [email protected]
Graduate Program on Energy - PPGEInstitute of Energy and Environment - IEE
University of São Paulo - USP
Contact in Austin (Texas, USA):
Tel.: (512) 323-2411
e-mail: [email protected]