The Allies Turn The Allies Turn

the Tidethe Tide

Ch 14.3Ch 14.3

U.S. At WarU.S. At WarAfter the attack an angry and After the attack an angry and united America entered WWII united America entered WWII determined to crush the Axis determined to crush the Axis

powers.powers.

The Global ConflictThe Global Conflict

The Asia Co- Prosperity SphereThe Asia Co- Prosperity Sphere– Japan justifies its actions with anti-Japan justifies its actions with anti-

imperialismimperialism– ““Asia for Asians” –mission: help Asians escape Asia for Asians” –mission: help Asians escape

western colonial rule.western colonial rule.– Real goal was a Japanese empireReal goal was a Japanese empire– By 1942 Japan's empire stretched from Southeast By 1942 Japan's empire stretched from Southeast

Asia to western Pacific OceanAsia to western Pacific Ocean

– Japan treated the Chinese and other Japan treated the Chinese and other conquered people with great brutalityconquered people with great brutality

– Civilians were tortured and killedCivilians were tortured and killed– Food and crops were seized and local people were Food and crops were seized and local people were

turned into slave laborers.turned into slave laborers.

Allied War EffortAllied War Effort Total WarTotal War

– Democratic governments increased their Democratic governments increased their political power.political power. Rights of citizens are limited Rights of citizens are limited

– censored press, propaganda, ethnic groups loss of censored press, propaganda, ethnic groups loss of freedomfreedom

Governments ration consumer goods Governments ration consumer goods – shoes, sugar, fuel, regulated prices & wagesshoes, sugar, fuel, regulated prices & wages

– Factories focus on making war materialsFactories focus on making war materials Women replace men in factoriesWomen replace men in factories

Allied Drive to VictoryAllied Drive to Victory

North Africa/El Alamein ~ Oct. 1942North Africa/El Alamein ~ Oct. 1942– British and American forcesBritish and American forces

first major campaign in North Africafirst major campaign in North Africa

– Erwin Rommel (German Field Marshal, Erwin Rommel (German Field Marshal, “Desert Fox”)“Desert Fox”) pushes British forces east toward Egypt.pushes British forces east toward Egypt.

– Oct. 1942 Oct. 1942 Allied Campaign begins pushing German Allied Campaign begins pushing German

forces west toward Tunisiaforces west toward Tunisia

North Africa

Africa/El Alamein cont.Africa/El Alamein cont.

– American General Eisenhower pushing American General Eisenhower pushing from the west & Montgomery from the from the west & Montgomery from the east, Rommel is pushed out of Africa.east, Rommel is pushed out of Africa.

– May 1943 May 1943 British & American Troops push E. Rommel British & American Troops push E. Rommel

out of Africa out of Africa killing 60,000, destroying 500 tanks, 400 killing 60,000, destroying 500 tanks, 400

large artillery and capturing 250,000 troopslarge artillery and capturing 250,000 troops

Soviet FrontSoviet Front StalingradStalingrad

– Over 2 yrs. German army is halted by bitter Over 2 yrs. German army is halted by bitter cold winterscold winters

– Battle of Stalingrad begins in August of Battle of Stalingrad begins in August of 19421942 Brutal house to house fighting (knives, guns, Brutal house to house fighting (knives, guns,

bayonets & clubs)bayonets & clubs)

– Soviets were able to gain control after Soviets were able to gain control after another winter set in.another winter set in. Soviets roll in fresh tanks in a counter attack Soviets roll in fresh tanks in a counter attack

– Jan. 31 1943, German troops surrender Jan. 31 1943, German troops surrender 91,000 of 280,000 troops become POW’s91,000 of 280,000 troops become POW’s

Fascist Rule Crumbles in ItalyFascist Rule Crumbles in Italy

July 9th, 1943 160,000 allied troops July 9th, 1943 160,000 allied troops invaded Sicily.invaded Sicily.

Sicily falls in August (39 days of Sicily falls in August (39 days of fighting).fighting).

– July 25, 1943 (due to military losses) July 25, 1943 (due to military losses) Italian people force Mussolini to resign Italian people force Mussolini to resign and placed him under arrest.and placed him under arrest.

– New Prime minister declares “to fight the New Prime minister declares “to fight the Germans everywhere, and all the time.”Germans everywhere, and all the time.”

Allied invasion of FranceAllied invasion of France Operation Overlord, “D-DAY”Operation Overlord, “D-DAY”

American invasion led by General American invasion led by General Dwight D. EisenhowerDwight D. Eisenhower

– led a force of 2 million British, American, led a force of 2 million British, American, & Canadian troops& Canadian troops

– To keep secrecy Allied forces sent To keep secrecy Allied forces sent phony radio transmissions and phony radio transmissions and established a phony armyestablished a phony army

– Hitler was deceived as to where and Hitler was deceived as to where and when the Allied attack would beginwhen the Allied attack would begin

Toward VictoryToward Victory

Invasion began June 6, 1944.Invasion began June 6, 1944.– included 5,300 ships, 13,000 air born included 5,300 ships, 13,000 air born

troops, thousands of sea born soldiers.troops, thousands of sea born soldiers.– largest amphibious attack in historylargest amphibious attack in history– with in five days Allies held a strip of with in five days Allies held a strip of

France 80 miles longFrance 80 miles long

Victory in Europe and the Victory in Europe and the Pacific Pacific

Chapter 14.4Chapter 14.4

Victory in EuropeVictory in Europe Victory in EuropeVictory in Europe

– Battle of the BulgeBattle of the Bulge Dec. 14, 1944 Allied forces advance Dec. 14, 1944 Allied forces advance

into Belgiuminto Belgium Germany launches a massive Germany launches a massive

counter attack counter attack – Both sides suffered terrible lossesBoth sides suffered terrible losses

Germans drove the allies back in Germans drove the allies back in several places but were unable to several places but were unable to break throughbreak through

Victory in EuropeVictory in Europe

Soviet FrontSoviet Front Soviets move west Soviets move west

– ousted Nazi governmentsousted Nazi governments– helped anti-German forces throughout eastern & helped anti-German forces throughout eastern &

central Europe in 1944 & 1945central Europe in 1944 & 1945

Soviet forces cross into Poland as British & Soviet forces cross into Poland as British & U.S. troops seep into northern Germany.U.S. troops seep into northern Germany.

Nazi resistance still existed (most Nazi resistance still existed (most dangerously in the form of mined bridges).dangerously in the form of mined bridges).

By March of 1945, U.S. troops cross the By March of 1945, U.S. troops cross the Rhine RiverRhine River

Victory in EuropeVictory in Europe

Yalta Conference Feb. 1945Yalta Conference Feb. 1945– Meeting with “Big Three” Meeting with “Big Three” (Churchill, (Churchill,

Stalin & Roosevelt) to plan the end of the Stalin & Roosevelt) to plan the end of the warwar Agreed to: divide Germany into four Agreed to: divide Germany into four

sectorssectors Soviets would enter the war against Soviets would enter the war against

Japan in 3 mo. & occupy part of Korea Japan in 3 mo. & occupy part of Korea & hold free elections in Eastern Europe& hold free elections in Eastern Europe

Victory in EuropeVictory in Europe Roosevelt DiesRoosevelt Dies

April 12, 1945 President Roosevelt April 12, 1945 President Roosevelt dies unexpectedly from a cerebral dies unexpectedly from a cerebral hemorrhagehemorrhage

Vice Pres. Harry S. Truman takes the Vice Pres. Harry S. Truman takes the oath of officeoath of office

– Germany CrumblesGermany Crumbles Even as allied troops advance into Even as allied troops advance into

Germany, Hitler declares, “We shall Germany, Hitler declares, “We shall never capitulate-never”never capitulate-never”

Victory in EuropeVictory in Europe

– On April 30th as Soviet tanks stood On April 30th as Soviet tanks stood outside Berlin, outside Berlin, Hitler commits suicide.Hitler commits suicide.

– May 8, 1945 Germany surrendered, May 8, 1945 Germany surrendered, ending the war in Europeending the war in Europe Proclaimed V-E Day (Victory in Europe)Proclaimed V-E Day (Victory in Europe)

Occupied Germany Post Occupied Germany Post WWIIWWII

Pacific TheaterPacific Theater Bataan Death MarchBataan Death March

– May 1942 Japan takes control of PhilippinesMay 1942 Japan takes control of Philippines– American & British soldiers forced to march American & British soldiers forced to march

65 miles across Philippines65 miles across Philippines Described as “a macabre litany of heat, Described as “a macabre litany of heat,

dust, starvation, thirst, flies, filth, stench, dust, starvation, thirst, flies, filth, stench, murder, torture, corpses, and wholesale murder, torture, corpses, and wholesale brutality that numbs the memory”.brutality that numbs the memory”.

Pacific TheaterPacific Theater

Major turning pointsMajor turning points– Coral Sea and MidwayCoral Sea and Midway

Coral Sea is a “push” but stops Japan’s advancement Coral Sea is a “push” but stops Japan’s advancement in to Australia in to Australia

Midway – U.S. successfully stops Japanese Midway – U.S. successfully stops Japanese advancementadvancement

– Allies begin Island hoping after Midway to win Allies begin Island hoping after Midway to win back territory from the Japanese back territory from the Japanese

– Feb. 1945 Philippines were taken back by the Feb. 1945 Philippines were taken back by the AlliesAllies

– Iwo Jima Iwo Jima (Feb. 1945, 750 Miles from Tokyo)(Feb. 1945, 750 Miles from Tokyo) After one month of fighting was also takenAfter one month of fighting was also taken

Pacific TheaterPacific Theater– Ryku Islands & Okinawa (took one month & Ryku Islands & Okinawa (took one month &

45,000 American lives)45,000 American lives) Invasion of Japan was now openInvasion of Japan was now open would involve huge casualties be a desperate struggle would involve huge casualties be a desperate struggle

Atomic Bomb Atomic Bomb Manhattan ProjectManhattan Project

– U.S. project to develop the atomic bombU.S. project to develop the atomic bomb– July 1945 first successful test in Alamogordo, New MexicoJuly 1945 first successful test in Alamogordo, New Mexico– Secret weapon: U.S. warns Japan to surrender or face Secret weapon: U.S. warns Japan to surrender or face

“prompt and utter destruction”. “prompt and utter destruction”. – Japan refuses to surrender.Japan refuses to surrender.

Defeat of JapanDefeat of Japan

– August 6, 1945 U.S. drops bomb on August 6, 1945 U.S. drops bomb on Hiroshima (2/3 city was destroyed, Hiroshima (2/3 city was destroyed, 70,000+ killed, 40,000 injured 70,000+ killed, 40,000 injured seriously).seriously).

– August 9, 1945 second bomb is August 9, 1945 second bomb is dropped on Nagasaki (40,000 killed)dropped on Nagasaki (40,000 killed)

– September 2, 1945 Japan signed for September 2, 1945 Japan signed for surrender.surrender.

War’s AftermathWar’s Aftermath

Alliance breaks apartAlliance breaks apart– Differences grow between the AlliesDifferences grow between the Allies

Differences over reparations & fate of Differences over reparations & fate of governments in E. Europegovernments in E. Europe

Allies favor free electionsAllies favor free elections 1948 pro-Soviet governments est. in E. 1948 pro-Soviet governments est. in E.

Europe.Europe.– Stalin wants to spread communism & create a Stalin wants to spread communism & create a

bufferbuffer

Cold War beginsCold War begins

Truman Doctrine Truman Doctrine

– President Truman outlined a policy of resisting Soviet expansion President Truman outlined a policy of resisting Soviet expansion

– Policy of “containment”Policy of “containment”

Marshall PlanMarshall Plan

– To help keep communism from taking hold in Western Europe, the To help keep communism from taking hold in Western Europe, the

U.S. sent billions of dollars in aid to help rebuild U.S. sent billions of dollars in aid to help rebuild

Stalin declined aid for both U.S.S.R & E. EuropeStalin declined aid for both U.S.S.R & E. Europe

NATO and the Warsaw PactNATO and the Warsaw Pact

Tensions grew over the split within Germany, and distrust fueled the Tensions grew over the split within Germany, and distrust fueled the

establishment of two alliances:establishment of two alliances: