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The Agricultural Revolution
Revolution=change
New farming Techniques
Iron Plow
Throughout the early 1700s new technologies helped improve farming and increased food production
Iron Plow Seed Drill Turnip Townshend
The wooden plow was useful in the sandy Mediterranean soil where it was invented, but did not work well in the dense wet soil of Europe. The Iron plow was heavy and strong enough to easily break Europe’s soil.
Jethro Tull created a seed drill to plant seeds in straight lines. These crops could be weeded easily.
Instead of leaving fields fallow, Townshend urged farmers to plant turnips, which restored exhausted soil.
Population ExplosionMore food=bigger population
Estimated population statistics:Britain in 1700: 5 millionBritain in 1800: 9 million Almost Double!!
What other time period does this population increase remind you of?
Neolithic Revolution
The Industrial Revolution1750-1850
Revolution = CHANGE
Industrial Revolution
• The Industrial Revolution is the name given to the massive social, economic and technological change in 18th and 19th century Great Britain. It commenced with the introduction of steam power, fueled primarily by coal.
Industrial ChangeThe Industrial revolution refers to the shift from simple hand
tools to complex machines AND from human & animal power to steam power.
Before
After
People live and work in small farming villages
DuringPeople move from farming villages
to new city centers based on industry- urbanization
Cities become overcrowded with working families
Causes of Industrialization
1. Availability of natural resources for fuel (coal)
2. Capital (money surplus to invest)
3. Technological inventions and energy
Capital
Capital (money for investing) allowed for new inventions:
Steam Engine- powered machines without needing to be next to a moving water source. Heats
water by burning coal.
Spinning Jenny- Quickly produces thread.
Transportation SystemsInventions allowed for the production of large quantities of product but transportation was slow.
Turnpikes- private roads that charged $$ to transport on. Example I-90
Steamships- ships powered with steam could move faster and reliably without wind.
Railroads- steam powered locomotives could carry large loads quickly across vast distances. The first major line laid in 1830. Within 40 years lines crossed Europe and America.
Effects of Industrialization
1)Urbanization
2)Loss of Traditional way of Life
3)New Economic Systems
4)Doomsayers
1. UrbanizationMovement of people to cities to find work.
What do you already know about the conditions in these factories and cities?
Child Labor
Dark, unsafe factories
Long hours and little pay
Poor living conditions
Origin of textile factory workersBefore
• Cotton was sent to farm families who would spin cotton into cloth.
middle
• Cloth was sent to artisans to dye and weave
end
• Dyed cloth was sent to small factories to weave
What is wrong with this process?
Too slow and too expensive. Only small quantities could be produced keeping cost high
Origin of Textile Factory WorkersNew inventions were bought by rich capitalists. The machines turned out cheaper and better products than the farm workers.
Thus the workers become disposable.
2. Loss of Traditional Way of life
The customs and traditions of the farms and past are replaced by the “new” city ways. Traditional ways are blended or lost as a result
ReviewWhich condition is most necessary to the process of industrialization in a society
1) Dependence on subsistence agriculture2) Creation of a one-crop economy3) Availability of investment capital4) Capture of foreign lands
ReviewBefore a nation can begin to industrialize, that nation must first develop
1. A democratic government2. A rigid class structure3. A strong religious foundation4. An adequate food supply
Review-Europeans sought new markets for their goods.-Many Europeans migrated to the cities in search of jobs.-European middle class gained political power.
What was the major cause of these changes in Europe? 1. Industrial Revolution 2. rise of feudalism 3. Congress of Vienna 4. French Revolution
3. New Economic Systems
-Capitalism
-Utopianism
-Communism
Shift from a traditional economic system based on bartering and trade to mostly money based exchanges.
Capitalism
Wealthy people (entrepreneurs) and companies will invest money, capital, into factories
Entrepreneurs believed they would make money off of the growing demand.
The idea is it takes money to make money
Capitalism In a Capitalist society the factories are owned by private investors who’s goal is to make money.
Adam Smith believed in Laissez Faire economics based on supply and demand. If the demand is high and the investors are making money, they will make more supply.
Capitalist Cycle
Capitalism
Growing Demand
Investors buy machines to
produce large quantities
Supply increases, prices fall
Lower prices fuel
more demand
Utopians
Some believed that the goal of society was “the greatest happiness for the greatest number” of citizens.
Utopians want to achieve this by creating communities where everything is shared and everyone works together to produce necessary items, food, supplies, etc.
CommunismForm of socialism advocated by Karl Marx; according to Marx, class struggle was inevitable and would lead to the creation of a classless society in which all wealth and property would be owned by the community as a whole.
What you need to know:a communist society has no class structure because everyone is equal and all property is shared.
Karl Marx Known as the father of communism
Teamed up with Friedrich Engels to write, “The Communist Manifesto”.
Marx believes that history is just a history of class struggles: between the “haves” and “have-nots”
Haves and Have-nots
Bourgeoisie: they own the means of production and control society
The Entrepreneurs and investors
The bosses
Haves Have-notsProletariat: they own nothing and work for the bourgeoisie
The proletariats will struggle against the bosses
Bourgeoisie= BossYou tell me:
Who are the Bourgeoisie?
Proletariat= WorkersYou tell me:
Who are the Proletariat?
ReviewWhich revolution inspired Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels to express their ideas in The Communist Manifesto?
1. Industrial 2. Scientific 3. Glorious 4. Neolithic
ReviewAccording to the theories of Karl Marx, history can be viewed as a
1. succession of famines that result in the destruction of civilizations
2. repeating cycle of imperialism and colonialism
3. listing of the accomplishments of the ruling classes
4. continuous struggle between economic classes
ReviewA major result of the Industrial Revolution was the
1. concentration of workers in urban areas 2. increased desire of the wealthy class to share its
power 3. formation of powerful craft guilds 4. control of agricultural production by governments
Stages of CommunismAccording to Marx, history has been the story of the struggle between the workers and bosses.
1) Capital
2) Factories are built
3) Factories need workers
4) Conflict
5) Communism
#1 Capital
Remember one of the causes of the Industrial Revolution is capital, or surplus money used for investment.
#2 Build Factories
#3 Factories need Workers
#4 ConflictProletariat vs. Bourgeoisie
#5 Communist RevolutionThe proletariat will rise above the bourgeoisie and set up a
communist society: class less and shared property.
Karl Marx: Father of Communism
Communist Nations in History
• USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics)
• China• North Korea• Vietnam• Cuba
DoomsayersSome saw the new industrialization as a negative for society.
Thomas Malthus believed the growing population would outgrow the food supply.
“Poverty and misery are unavoidable because population is increasing faster then the food supply”
David Ricardo felt there was no hope for the working class to escape poverty unless they limit their family sizes. He created the Iron Law of Wages.
Iron Law of WagesHigh wages to appeal to the few available
workers
Families have more children
Wages start to fall because kids are working. Increasing the labor force
Review“The proletarians have nothing to lose but their
chains…Workers of the world, unite!”
This statement was made in response to conditions resulting from the1. Protestant Reformation 2. Counter-Reformation 3. Commercial Revolution 4. Industrial Revolution
“Revolution will occur more and more frequently in the industrialized nations as the proletariat struggles to overcome the abuses of the capitalist system.”
This quotation reflects the ideas of1. Charles Darwin 2. Karl Marx 3. Niccolo Machiavelli 4. John Locke
Review
Review
According to Karl Marx, history is the record of the
1. granting of more political liberties to all people 2. struggle between classes in society 3. wars and conflicts between national leaders 4. increasing prosperity brought about by industrialization
ReviewA main idea of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engles’ Communist Manifesto is that the proletariat
1. would need foreign help to achieve its revolutionary ends 2. had to cooperate with the capitalists to gain economic rewards 3. should allow the capitalists to control the means of production 4. must unite to overthrow the capitalist class
Review
A major result of the Industrial Revolution was the
1. concentration of workers in urban areas
2. increased desire of the wealthy class to share its power
3. formation of powerful craft guilds
4. control of agricultural production by governments
