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The Agrarian Revolution:
Selective Breeding = Giant Cows!
The Industrial Revolution
• I. Definition from David S.
Landes’s The Unbound
Prometheus
– “The Industrial Revolution was
a sustained period of economic
growth and change brought
about by the application of
mineral and hydraulic energy
and technological innovation in
manufacturing.”
Coal and Industry
in England in the
19th Century
Diagram of Newcomen’s Steam
Engine (1712)
Watt’s Steam Engine, 1774
The Middle Phase:
Cottage Industry
• Some landless farmers stay in the countryside
• Cottage Industry to make up for lost agricultural work
– Spinning and Knitting
– The Wool Merchant’s Circuit
– Homespun clothes become marketable goods
• New innovations in textile production spells DOOM for cottage industry
What killed cottage industry?
The Spinning Jenny
1764
Arkwright’s Water
Frame Loom, 1768
British Textile Mill in the 19C
The Railroad Boom spurs
Industrialization, 1830-1900
The Railroad Boom in
Europe
Green=RR lines in 1850
Red=RR lines added by 1870
Consequences of the
Industrial Revolution
• Changes in Everyday Life: Good times and Bad Times
• Literary and Cultural Change
– Romanticism
• Economic Change
– Adams Smith’s Free Market
– Karl Marx’s Socialism
• Political & Social Change
– Power shifts to factory owners
– Ireland’s “Great Hunger” 1844-50
– Abolition in the United States
– Women’s Suffrage
Consequences of the
Industrial Revolution
• Changes in Everyday Life:
Good times and Bad Times
Child Coal Puller in a Welsh Coal
Mine
19C Working Class Tenements in
London
Social Hierarchy during the Industrial
Revolution
Consequences of the
Industrial Revolution
• Literary and Cultural
Change
–Romanticism
–Social Realism: Charles
Dickens, Emile Zola
Vincent Van Gogh’s view of 19th
Century Factories
And did those feet in ancient time
Walk upon England's mountains green?
And was the holy Lamb of God
On England's pleasant pastures seen?
And did the Countenance Divine
Shine forth upon our clouded hills?
And was Jerusalem builded here
Among these dark Satanic mills?
Bring me my bow of burning gold:
Bring me my arrows of desire:
Bring me my spear: O clouds unfold!
Bring me my chariot of fire.
I will not cease from mental fight,
Nor shall my sword sleep in my hand
Till we have built Jerusalem
In England's green and pleasant land.
“Jerusalem” William Blake (1757-1827)
First Published 1885
First Published 1861
Consequences of the
Industrial Revolution
• Economic Change
–Adams Smith’s Free
Market
–Karl Marx’s Socialism
Adam Smith
• AN INQUIRY INTO THE
NATURE AND CAUSES OF
THE WEALTH OF NATIONS
(1776)
Marxism 101
Consequences of the
Industrial Revolution
Political & Social Change
–Power shifts to factory owners
–Methodism
–Ireland’s “Great Hunger” 1844-50
–Abolition in the United States
–Women’s Suffrage
John Wesley, Founder of Methodism
Preaching at an Outdoor Revival
Irish Family during the Potato
Famine, 1845
The Irony of Industrialization: Eli Whitney’s
Cotton‘Gin Helped Revive the
American South’s Slave
Economy (1793)
Emeline Pankhurst,
Radical British Suffragette
Susan B. Anthony
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
co-founder of NAWSA
Alice Paul, founder of
National Women’s Party
Scientific and
Technological Changes
• New Agricultural Technologies
• New Textile Technologies
• Steam engine
• Railroads
• Steamships
• Mechanization of
Manufacturing
• Assembly Line
Social Changes caused by
Industrial Rev.
• Urbanization
• Real Wages rise
• Standard of Living Changes – Overcrowding
– Tenements
– Child Labor
– Pollution
– Unsafe Work Environment
– Diet of Processed foods
• Pace of work changes: shift labor
• Rise of an Industrial Working class
• Wealthy factory owners edge out old landed aristocracy
Economic Changes caused by
Industrial Rev.
• Economy based upon
manufacturing replaces agrarian
economy
• Britain becomes #1 manu-
facturer in world (until 1900)
• Britain becomes world banker
• Free Market replaces protective
economic policies of past
• Marxist theory
• Rise of “Big Business” in USA
Political Changes caused by
Industrial Rev.
• 1832 Reform Bill: Parliament falls into hands of wealthy industrialists
• 1840 Work Reform Laws “end” child labor
• 1846 Corn Laws repealed
• Marxism as political theory and foundation of Socialist and Communist Parties
• US: 1902 Pure Food and Drug Act
Cultural Changes
• Culture wars: Town vs. Country
• Romanticism
• Methodism
• US: Progressivism
• Pace of life accelerates