Upload
jennifer-mcnally
View
214
Download
3
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
The Age of Religious Wars and European Expansion
The End of The Hapsburg-Valois Wars
Treaty of Cateau –Cambresis 1559Spain wins Dominates ItalyEnds dynastic and continues religious warsLarger modern armies with gunpowder
Difficulties in France 1515-1559Francis I – Places all French under royal law
French National LanguageThe Habsburg-Valois Wars were expensiveThe Nobility of the Robe – Raised money and made these families tax exemptThe Concordat of Bologna – Supremacy of the Papacy but could appoint bishops and abbots = $$$$ Protestants are growing in number
Religious Riots and Civil War in France
Catherine D’ MediciCharles IX – Mama’s boy – 1560-74Henry III – Wild parties with his boy friends and then drama-queen –1574-1589Catherine wanted peace as long as her sons were ruling
Clashes between Catholics and Calvinists - Huguenots
St Bartholomew’s Day Massacre 1572Henry of Navarre and Margaret ValoisColingy a Huguenot had gained control of Charles IXHenry Guise the night before the wedding attacked the and slaughtered the Huguenot gentry in ParisWide-spread violence erupted
The War of the Three Henry’s
Henry III a Catholic joined with Henry Navarre the ProtestantGuise and Catholic nobles founded the Holy League
The Politiques
After fifteen years of devastation many want to reconcile.Catherine D’Medici dies, Henry of Guise and Henry III are assassinated “The Greatest Frenchman Ever to Live”
Henry Navarre (IV) Drinker, lover and fighter“Paris is worth a Mass” – real politiqueThe Edict of Nantes - 1598
The Netherlands Under Charles V
The Low Countries
The Hub of international commerce – Antwerp The Bourse - exchange
Protestant reform and the Low Countries
A mixed FederationCharles V – responds with mild condemnationCharles abdicates in 1556Philip of Spain takes control of the Low Countries
Revolt of the Netherlands
Militant CalvinismPhilip II appoints sister to quell the disorder – Margaret Her big problem was raising taxesCalvinists revolt in 1566
1568-1578 civil war in Holland
The King sends 20,000 troops to the Low CountriesDuke of Parma appointed to crush revolt William of Orange leads the home team
The Spanish Netherlands and the Union of Utrecht
Ten Southern provinces – Spanish Habsburgs – Landed nobility
Seven Northern – Protestant Union of Utrecht –Commercial aristocracy
The Union asked Elizabeth I for aid
The English Dilemma
Help the Union and anger Philip II
Not Help and await the invasion from the Spanish
The death of WilliamThe collapse of the wool tradeThe fall of Antwerp
Philip and the Armada -1588
The Escorial –Symbol of Philips values
Philip the Man
As a young man was a party animal
After the death of his fourth wife he becomes somber and pious
In terms of religious tolerance he was inflexible
The Armada Sails 9 May 1588
The death of Mary Queen of Scots 130 vessels sail to EnglandDrakes plan and poor sailing – 65 Spanish ships return home
The Thirty Years War 1618-48
Starts as a religious war and ends as way to keep Habsburgs in check and Germany divided
Four phasesBohemianDanishSwedishFrench
Discovery, Reconnaissance and Exploration 1450 -1650
The geography was not understoodMigration and colonizationEconomic exploitation and religious dominanceGold, God, and Glory
Muslim Expansion
Muslims expand toward western EuropeMedieval trade routes interrupted
Spain and Portugal
Spain – Central government provides supportPortugal – Geographic advantage
Other centralized states followed
France
England
On to the East
India… SpicesEthiopia – Prester John
Prince Henry the Navigator
The laboratory – Earth
Cartography
Down the coast of AfricaDiaz –1487Da Gama – 1497 reaches India
The Europeans take over
Ships with powerful gunsBuddha came to China on white elephants, Christ was borne on cannon ballsBegin to control the Indian ocean and Asian trade. Columbus sails 1492, financed by Spain.
Technology and attitudes stimulates exploration
CompassAstrolabeCaravelCannonsThe psychology of the RenaissanceGold, God and Glory
Columbus
Devout CatholicMessenger of GodExcellent sailor Estimated the distance from Portugal to Japan was about 2800 miles ( 12000)Little interest in government
Later Explorers
1493 – News of Columbus’s voyage travels throughout Europe
Natives are Christianized, killed and destroyed by disease
1519 Magellan
The Conquistadors
Cortez – Aztecs - Mexico
Pizarro – Incas - Peru
Economic Effects of Spain’s discovery in the New World
16th century – The Golden Age of SpainSpanish economy could not the meet demand of rising populationPrice increases hampered the international demand for Spanish goodsThe Price Revolution – State debt not paidSpanish inflation spread through Europe Nobles and poor were hurt middle class did OK
Colonial AdministrationSpainViceroyalties
Audiencia Intendants – later
PotrugaL – Corregidores Mercantilist – Strict control of Brazilian
production Slave labor
Status of Women
Arranged unions were discouraged Double standards were discouraged regarding infidelityEmotional and physical attraction were not sound reasons for enduring relationshipsStandards of beauty 1566 pope expels prostitutes, but has to rescind the expulsion due to lost revenue
Women continued
single women in the 16th and 17th centuries worked in many occupationsMarried women assisted their husbandsUpper- class… ex nuns were encouraged to marryFrom one master to another?Marriage the only occupation for upper class protestant women.
Malleus Maleficarum
Why the witch craze
Perhaps the ReformationExplain what is not understoodA way of eliminating non-conformists or rivalsChristian repression of sexualityPerhaps as many 60,000Declines during the Enlightenment
Witches Everywhere?
Smart and stupid alike- believed in witchesIndividuals that could mysteriously harm othersCould cause blindness and impotenceMajority were 50-70 crippled and pockmarked femalesAnd… they talked back to men