The Age of The Age of ReformationReformation

Ari KazanjianAri Kazanjian

Mark MarkarianMark Markarian

Raffi BoghossianRaffi Boghossian

The Protestant ReformationThe Protestant Reformation

► Interconnected to the renaissance and Interconnected to the renaissance and spurred on by rise of the spurred on by rise of the merchant/middle class, the growth of merchant/middle class, the growth of individualism, and more activity in individualism, and more activity in Biblical scholarship from original texts.Biblical scholarship from original texts.

►Urged a return to a stronger Christian Urged a return to a stronger Christian faith faith

►Had distinct political overtones and Had distinct political overtones and reflected the growth of nationalism.reflected the growth of nationalism.

Popular Religious Movements Popular Religious Movements and Criticism of the Churchand Criticism of the Church

► Reformation could not have happened Reformation could not have happened without the earlier challenges to the without the earlier challenges to the Church’s authorityChurch’s authority Avignon papacyAvignon papacy The Great SchismThe Great Schism The Conciliar PeriodThe Conciliar Period The Renaissance papacyThe Renaissance papacy

► Lay criticism of the church was growingLay criticism of the church was growing Many sought a more egalitarian (equal) churchMany sought a more egalitarian (equal) church

Underlying Causes: Underlying Causes: ReligiousReligious

►Religious abuses were rampant and Religious abuses were rampant and Catholic reforms were too little, too Catholic reforms were too little, too late.late. Sale of church officesSale of church offices Immoral behavior of the clergyImmoral behavior of the clergy Sale of indulgencesSale of indulgences Sale of fake sacred relicsSale of fake sacred relics Index of prohibited booksIndex of prohibited books

Underlying Causes: Social Underlying Causes: Social and Politicaland Political

►Humanism Humanism ►Many political rulers saw the Church as a Many political rulers saw the Church as a

foreign (Italian) imposition on their growing foreign (Italian) imposition on their growing political control and hated the fact that the political control and hated the fact that the church had its own courts, owned much church had its own courts, owned much land, and was exempt from local taxes. land, and was exempt from local taxes.

►N. German princes saw religious reform as N. German princes saw religious reform as an excuse to pursue nationalistic desires to an excuse to pursue nationalistic desires to break away from the HRE.break away from the HRE.

Underlying Causes: Underlying Causes: EconomicEconomic

►Papal taxes were a hated burden on Papal taxes were a hated burden on European nations and the rulers, the European nations and the rulers, the merchants, and the peasants all merchants, and the peasants all resented the payments.resented the payments.

►Thought they were getting very little for Thought they were getting very little for their money.their money.

►Popes, Cardinals, and bishops lived Popes, Cardinals, and bishops lived lavishly at the expense of other lavishly at the expense of other Europeans.Europeans.

Martin Luther & Martin Luther & LutheranismLutheranism

► 1517: Luther, a monk, posted the 95 Theses 1517: Luther, a monk, posted the 95 Theses on the door of the church in Wittenberg to on the door of the church in Wittenberg to protest the sale of indulgences and its abuse protest the sale of indulgences and its abuse by John Tetzel.by John Tetzel. The printing press soon spread his ideas all The printing press soon spread his ideas all

over Germany.over Germany.► ““justification by faith alone:” salvation justification by faith alone:” salvation

achieved by faith in God rather than by doing achieved by faith in God rather than by doing good works to “earn” one’s way to heaven good works to “earn” one’s way to heaven or by the purchase of indulgences.or by the purchase of indulgences.

Martin LutherMartin Luther

Controversy and SupportControversy and Support

►Although Luther was quickly opposed Although Luther was quickly opposed by the pope and other church officials, by the pope and other church officials, he gained support from many German he gained support from many German humanists and princes who resented humanists and princes who resented the control of the church and the HR the control of the church and the HR emperor.emperor.

►Protected from Charles V by Frederick Protected from Charles V by Frederick the Wise of Saxonythe Wise of Saxony

More ControversyMore Controversy

► Charles V ordered Luther to withdraw at the Diet Charles V ordered Luther to withdraw at the Diet of Worms. He refused and was again protected of Worms. He refused and was again protected by N. German princes.by N. German princes.

► Luther refused to support the Peasant’s Uprising Luther refused to support the Peasant’s Uprising (1524-25) and alienated many peasants, (1524-25) and alienated many peasants, including their leader, Thomas Muntzer.including their leader, Thomas Muntzer.

► Luther initially had sympathy for them, but when Luther initially had sympathy for them, but when they invoked his name in their revolt and called they invoked his name in their revolt and called them “unChristian.”them “unChristian.” For Luther, the freedom of Christianity lay in inner For Luther, the freedom of Christianity lay in inner

spiritual release, not revolutionary politics.spiritual release, not revolutionary politics.

Luther’s IdeasLuther’s Ideas► Separation of church and stateSeparation of church and state► Denied the Catholic Church hierarchyDenied the Catholic Church hierarchy► Bible is the final authority in religious matters Bible is the final authority in religious matters

(not what church officials said)(not what church officials said)► recognized only 2 sacraments: Baptism and recognized only 2 sacraments: Baptism and

Holy communionHoly communion► Rejected Transubstantiation (the change of the Rejected Transubstantiation (the change of the

substance of bread and wine into the Body and substance of bread and wine into the Body and Blood of Christ) in favor of consubstantiation Blood of Christ) in favor of consubstantiation (attempts to describe the nature of the Christian (attempts to describe the nature of the Christian Eucharist in concrete metaphysical terms).Eucharist in concrete metaphysical terms).

Religious WarfareReligious Warfare

►1530: council called at Augsburg by 1530: council called at Augsburg by Charles V to reconcile Catholic and Charles V to reconcile Catholic and Lutheran differences.Lutheran differences. The Augsburg confession was the Lutheran The Augsburg confession was the Lutheran

position, but it was rejected by the Catholics.position, but it was rejected by the Catholics. Protestants formed the Schmalkaldic League Protestants formed the Schmalkaldic League

for protection.for protection.

►1546: War broke out between N. 1546: War broke out between N. Protestant states and the Catholic HRE.Protestant states and the Catholic HRE.

The Peace of AugsburgThe Peace of Augsburg►After a series of stalemates, the Peace After a series of stalemates, the Peace

of Augsburg was signed in 1555.of Augsburg was signed in 1555. only Lutheranism and Catholicism were only Lutheranism and Catholicism were

considered to be legal religionsconsidered to be legal religions provided religious freedom only to the provided religious freedom only to the

princes: everyone else was forced to abide princes: everyone else was forced to abide by the religion of the ruler.by the religion of the ruler.

denied Calivinismdenied Calivinism

►Lutheranism soon spread all over Lutheranism soon spread all over Sweden, Norway, Finland, and N. Sweden, Norway, Finland, and N. Germany.Germany.

Zwingli (1484 - 1531) Zwingli (1484 - 1531) ►Swiss Reformer from Zurich killed in the Swiss Swiss Reformer from Zurich killed in the Swiss

civil war.civil war.►““justification by faith alone”justification by faith alone”►Bible is final authority, not the popeBible is final authority, not the pope►differed from Luther by saying that the differed from Luther by saying that the

eucharist was entirely symbolic.eucharist was entirely symbolic.►War broke out between the 8 protestant War broke out between the 8 protestant

cantons and the 5 catholic ones. They cantons and the 5 catholic ones. They remained divided religiously, but made peace remained divided religiously, but made peace in 1531. in 1531.

Ulrich ZwingliUlrich Zwingli

John Calvin (1509 - 1564)John Calvin (1509 - 1564)

►Frenchman who was forced into exile in Frenchman who was forced into exile in Geneva when his protestant ideas came Geneva when his protestant ideas came into conflict with the catholic monarchy into conflict with the catholic monarchy in France.in France.

►Main ideas were found in his book: Main ideas were found in his book: Institutes of the Christian ReligionInstitutes of the Christian Religion..

►Founder of Calvinism, the basis of what Founder of Calvinism, the basis of what is more commonly known as Puritanism.is more commonly known as Puritanism.

John CalvinJohn Calvin

CalvinismCalvinism►Bible is the final authorityBible is the final authority►Predestination: God has already Predestination: God has already

decided who will be saved (“the elect”) decided who will be saved (“the elect”) and who will not be (“the damned”). and who will not be (“the damned”). The elect will uphold God’s teachings and The elect will uphold God’s teachings and

lead exemplary lives. Their good works are lead exemplary lives. Their good works are only an outward sign of their salvation.only an outward sign of their salvation.

People are saved by faith, not by good People are saved by faith, not by good works.works.

►Purely symbolic communionPurely symbolic communion►TheocracyTheocracy

Calvinism, continuedCalvinism, continued

►Calvin’s ideas spread to other Calvin’s ideas spread to other locations and became popular in locations and became popular in Europe:Europe: France: huguenots (named after Besacon France: huguenots (named after Besacon

Hugues)Hugues) Scotland: John Knox founded the Scotland: John Knox founded the

Presbyterian churchPresbyterian church England: PuritanismEngland: Puritanism Holland: very popular thereHolland: very popular there

The English ReformationThe English Reformation

►English humanists and pre-reformers English humanists and pre-reformers (such as Huss and Wycliffe) called for (such as Huss and Wycliffe) called for an end to the materialism of the an end to the materialism of the church.church.

►Many English nobles strongly resented Many English nobles strongly resented papal dues and church controls.papal dues and church controls.

►England’s remote location gave it more England’s remote location gave it more independence in religious matters.independence in religious matters.

Henry VIII & ReformationHenry VIII & Reformation

►Henry sends Cardinal Wolsey to get Henry sends Cardinal Wolsey to get him an annulment from the pope. The him an annulment from the pope. The pope refused.(Charles V’s troops had pope refused.(Charles V’s troops had sacked Rome in 1527, and the pope sacked Rome in 1527, and the pope was under the control of Charles).was under the control of Charles).

►Henry arrested Wolsey for treason and Henry arrested Wolsey for treason and appointed Thomas Cranmer as the new appointed Thomas Cranmer as the new Archbishop of Canterbury. Archbishop of Canterbury. Cranmer annulled the marriage.Cranmer annulled the marriage.

Henry, ContinuedHenry, Continued

►1534: Act of Supremacy: king replaces 1534: Act of Supremacy: king replaces the pope as head of the English church the pope as head of the English church and monestaries dissolved.and monestaries dissolved.

►Church lands were confiscatedChurch lands were confiscated►Formal establishment of the Anglican Formal establishment of the Anglican

Church (Church of England)Church (Church of England)►After having a variety of wives, Henry After having a variety of wives, Henry

died.died.

The Catholic Counter-The Catholic Counter-ReformationReformation

►The Council of Trent (1545 - 1563): The Council of Trent (1545 - 1563): led by Charles V, this council 1st tried led by Charles V, this council 1st tried to achieve reconciliation with the to achieve reconciliation with the Protestants and then tried to save the Protestants and then tried to save the Catholic church from destruction.Catholic church from destruction.

►Unsuccessful in stopping the Unsuccessful in stopping the reformation, but did encourage reformation, but did encourage internal reform of the Catholic church.internal reform of the Catholic church.

A Catholic portrayal of Martin A Catholic portrayal of Martin Luther tempting ChristLuther tempting Christ

DecisionsDecisions

►Faith and good works were both Faith and good works were both necessary for salvationnecessary for salvation

►Although the Bible was an essential Although the Bible was an essential authority, Church tradition and law authority, Church tradition and law was supreme in interpreting it.was supreme in interpreting it.

►Reconfirmed the 7 sacramentsReconfirmed the 7 sacraments►ended internal corruptionended internal corruption►ended the sale of indulgencesended the sale of indulgences

Formation of the JesuitsFormation of the Jesuits

►Formed in Spain by St. Ignatius Loyola, this Formed in Spain by St. Ignatius Loyola, this religious order stressed absolute obedience religious order stressed absolute obedience to Catholic doctrine and beliefs, but to Catholic doctrine and beliefs, but combined these ideas with the need for combined these ideas with the need for humanist education.humanist education. Education for youth in schools/universitiesEducation for youth in schools/universities moral influence of the church in religious moral influence of the church in religious

schoolsschools missionary activitymissionary activity winning political influence as advisors to princeswinning political influence as advisors to princes

Religious life in 15Religious life in 15thth Century Century CitiesCities

►The clergy was everywhereThe clergy was everywhere►Daily life was regulated by the Daily life was regulated by the

calendar, with frequent fasts and calendar, with frequent fasts and festivals. festivals.

►Monasteries and nunneries were Monasteries and nunneries were influential institutions.influential institutions.

►Even many Catholic clergy had Even many Catholic clergy had mistresses and children and were mistresses and children and were often resented by lay people. often resented by lay people.

Religious life in the sixteenth Religious life in the sixteenth century citiescentury cities

►There were far fewer clergyThere were far fewer clergy►The number of holidays shrunk by a The number of holidays shrunk by a

thirdthird►Protestant clergy were still resentedProtestant clergy were still resented

EducationEducation

► The reformation had a profound effect on The reformation had a profound effect on education as it implemented humanistic education as it implemented humanistic educational reforms. educational reforms.

► Counter-reformers emphasized the classic Counter-reformers emphasized the classic scholastic writes: Lombard, Bonaventure, scholastic writes: Lombard, Bonaventure, and Aquinas.and Aquinas.

► Some humanists thought that the Protestant Some humanists thought that the Protestant cooption of their curricula narrowed it cooption of their curricula narrowed it however the reformation spread humanist however the reformation spread humanist ideas further then they had been before. ideas further then they had been before.

WomenWomen

► The Protestant rejection of celibacy The Protestant rejection of celibacy accompanied their rejection of a medieval accompanied their rejection of a medieval tendency to degrade women as temptresses tendency to degrade women as temptresses or exalt them as virgins. Instead they praised or exalt them as virgins. Instead they praised women as mothers and housewives.women as mothers and housewives.

► Marriage was viewed as a partnership Marriage was viewed as a partnership between man and wifebetween man and wife Women had right to divorcé and remarry just as Women had right to divorcé and remarry just as

men did.men did. However, wives remained subject to their However, wives remained subject to their

husbands.husbands.

Family life in early modern Family life in early modern EuropeEurope

► Between 1500 and 1800 men and women married Between 1500 and 1800 men and women married later then they had before.later then they had before. Men: mid to late twenties.Men: mid to late twenties. Women: early to mid twentiesWomen: early to mid twenties

► Marriage tended to be arranged however it was Marriage tended to be arranged however it was usual for the couple to know each other and their usual for the couple to know each other and their feelings were often respected.feelings were often respected.

► Families consisted of 2 parents and 2-4 childrenFamilies consisted of 2 parents and 2-4 children► The church and physicians condemned those who The church and physicians condemned those who

hired wet nurses.hired wet nurses.► The traditional family had features that seemed The traditional family had features that seemed

cold and distant. The pragmatic was often stressed cold and distant. The pragmatic was often stressed over the romantic. over the romantic.

LiteratureLiterature

► The reformation did not only bring cultural The reformation did not only bring cultural changes. There were also major innovations in changes. There were also major innovations in literature.literature. Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra was a Spanish writerMiguel de Cervantes Saavedra was a Spanish writer

►His major work was Don Quixote which was a satire of His major work was Don Quixote which was a satire of the chivalric romances popular in Spain. The the chivalric romances popular in Spain. The juxtaposition of idealism and realism in the novel was juxtaposition of idealism and realism in the novel was very innovative. very innovative.

► William Shakespeare was an English playwrightWilliam Shakespeare was an English playwright►He wrote histories, tragedies, and comedies. He wrote histories, tragedies, and comedies. ►His works struck universal human themes many of His works struck universal human themes many of

which were rooted in contemporary religious traditions. which were rooted in contemporary religious traditions.