The Age of Imperialism 1870-1914

Imperialism

Domination by One Country of Another

Country and/or Region

Who were Imperial Powers?

Great Britain

France

Germany

Italy

Netherlands

Belgium

Portugal

Spain

Denmark

Russia

Austria-Hungary

United States

Japan

WAYS IN WHICH IMPERIAL

POWERS CONTROLLED OTHER

PARTS OF THE WORLD

1. Colony – Imperial Power Rules Directly

2. Sphere of Influence – Imperial Power has

Exclusive Trading Rights

3. Protectorate – Imperial Power has Influence over

Local Government

REASONS FOR IMPERIALISM 1. Economic – Desire to Acquire New Markets and

Raw Materials $$$

2. Nationalism – To Increase a Nation’s Power and

Prestige

3. Religious and Humanitarian Concerns (Rudyard

Kipling’s “White Man’s Burden”)

SOCIAL DARWINISM

Charles Darwin -

Wrote the Origin of

Species, “Survival of

the Fittest,” “Natural

Selection”

◦ All things Change over

Time (Evolution)

◦ Applying Darwin’s

Theories = “Big Fish

Swallow Little Fish”

IMPERIALISM IN AFRICA

David Livingstone

Scottish Doctor, Founded National Geographic

Presbyterian Minister who wants to Spread Christianity (Missionary)

Sets up Mission and Treats Africans Medically

Henry Stanley

Tries to find Livingstone (Journalist)

Writes Reports about the Interior of Africa

After 2 years, he Finds Livingstone at the Mission

Sparks Interest in further African Exploration

“Dr. Livingstone, I presume”

4 REASONS WHY EUROPEANS

CONQUERED AFRICA SO EASILY

1. Quinine – Treatment for Malaria

2. Transportation – Railroads and Steamships

3. Technology – Maxim Gun (First Rapid-fire Machine

Gun)

4. Africans Lack Unity

Berlin Conference (1884-1885)

Divided Africa into Different European Colonies

Decided Future of Africa No Africans Present at the Meeting

Africans still Lack Unity No Reasoning for Drawn Borders

Gambia-WTH!!!!!!

Two African Nations Remain Free

LIBERIA

Established as a

refuge for former

American slaves

Close ties with the

U.S.

ETHIOPIA

Menelik II, Emperor

of Ethiopia

Turned European

Nations against Each

Other

Menelik II Defeated

Italy at the Battle of

Adowa (1896) to

keep Ethiopia Free

from Colonization

Muhamad Ali Built the Suez Canal

(1869)

Colony of Great Britain (Egypt)

Connects Red Sea to the Mediterranean Sea

SOUTH AFRICA

In 1652, the Dutch founded Cape Town at the tip of South Africa

Dutch Settlers were called Boers

At the Congress of Vienna, Great Britain Gained Control of Cape Town (1814)

The Boers Migrated north into the Interior of South Africa in the 1830s (Great Trek)

The Boers were Brought into Conflict with the Zulu Tribes

Shaka Zulu

Great Chief

of the Military

Powerful Zulu

Nation

Zulu Wars

British & Dutch vs. Zulus

After Shaka’s Death the Zulus are

defeated

Boer Wars (1899 – 1902)

Dutch (Afrikaners/Boers) Established the

Republics of Transvaal and the Orange

Free State in the interior of Africa

Diamonds were found on the Boer’s Land

and the British Miners rushed in to get

them in 1871

Cecil Rhodes

“King of

Diamonds”

Acquired 90% of

the World’s

Diamonds

Was Richest Man

in the World,

World’s first

Billionaire

Boer Wars (1899 – 1902) Dutch vs. British; Guerilla Warfare

Dutch herded into Concentration Camps

In 1910, South Africa was given Independence and Made Part of the British Commonwealth as a Protectorate

The Boers gained Control of the Government and they would Not Allow the Black native South Africans to have Any Rights

Apartheid – Complete Racial Segregation between Blacks and Whites in South Africa

Imperialism in Asia

India

“India Was the Jewel on the British Crown”

Great Britain and France Became Major Trade Rivals in India (British East India Co.)

In 1756, The Seven Year’s War Broke Out In Europe

Robert Clive Used an Army of Sepoys to defeat the French

India Sepoy – Indian

Soldier Trained, Equipped and Led By the British (Trained In 1 Month)

Black Hole Of Calcutta – 146 British Are Imprisoned, Only 18 Survived

RAJAH = BAHA!!!

India

In 1857, The Sepoy Rebellion Took Place Against The British In India

British Troops Crushed the Rebellion in 1858 and Made India a Colony and Pitted Hindus and Muslims against Each Other

It Was a Vast Source of Raw Materials and a Market for British Manufactured Goods

India

Nationalism Started

To Grow In India =

British Built Schools,

Indians Learned

Quickly

Mohandas Gandhi –

Eventually Led the

Indian Independence

Movement

China

Middle Kingdom –

China Lies

Between Heaven

and Earth

To the Chinese,

the rest of the

World were

Barbarians

DYNASTIC CYCLE OF CHINA

(Occurred For 4,000 Years)

MANCHU (QING) DYNASTY

(1644 – 1911)

In the 1600s and 1700s China Prospered

Under the Manchu Dynasty

China Was Strong Enough to Limit

European Trade To the Single Port City of

Canton

By the 1800s the Manchu Dynasty

Became an Aging Dynasty

THE OPIUM WAR (1840 – 1842)

THE OPIUM WAR (1840 – 1842)

Great Britain vs. China

China Was Defeated and Forced To Sign an Unequal and Humiliating Treaty

Treaty of Nanking – Great Britain Acquired Hong Kong Until For 155 Years

Extraterritoriality

After the Opium War, Other Nations Now Forced Unequal Treaties on China

China Was Divided Into Spheres Of Influence

Open Door Policy – Stopped the Imperial Powers from Carving up China into Colonies (1899)

THE TAIPING REBELLION (1850 – 1860)

Led By Huang Hsiu-Ch’uan of Peasants against the Manchu Dynasty

Rebellion Killed More Than 20 Million People and Further Weakened the Dynasty

British Put down The Peasant Rebellion

Nationalism Grows In China

THE BOXER REBELLION (1900)

Failed Attempt to Expel All Foreigners

from China

“Death to All White Devils.”

REVOLUTION OF 1911

Manchu Dynasty Is Overthrown and a Republic Was Established

Sun Yat-Sen Becomes the First President of China, Founded the Kuomintang

Kuomintang – Chinese Nationalist Party That Wanted To Modernize China

MODERNIZING JAPAN Since 1639, Japan Has

Close Its Doors to Foreigners

Japan’s Isolation Ends When Commodore Matthew Perry Of the U.S. Steamed into Tokyo Bay at the Head of the Great Black Fleet In 1853

In the 1850s and 1860s Japan Signed Unequal Treaties With The U.S. And Other European Powers

MEIJI PERIOD

Japan Became an Industrialized Nation

Meiji Means “Enlightened Government”

Japan Adopted a Constitutional Government Modeled After Great Britain

Japan Borrowed Ideas from the West and Industrialized

Tomomi Iwakura

Visited the West in 1871 to Acquire

Technology

Why would the West just give him

Technical Information???

JAPAN BECAME AN IMPERIAL

POWER BY 1900

Zaibatsu – Wealthy Families Who Owned

Chief Industries in Japan

Got Rid Of the Unequal Treaties with the

West

Gained a Sphere Of Influence in China

Defeated Russia in the Russo-Japanese

War (1904 – 1905)

First Time an Asian Nation Defeated a

European Nation (Modern Times)

IMPERIALISM LATIN AMERICA

(1750 – 1917)

Latin America

Lands South Of the U.S. (Central America,

South America and Islands in the

Caribbean Sea)

What is the most spoken language

in Latin America?

Is it Latin?

SPANISH!!!

LATIN AMERICAN WARS OF

INDEPENDENCE

Haiti

First Latin American Nation to Win Independence (1804)

In 1791, African Slaves Rose Up Against the French

By 1801, Toussaint L’ouverture Has Driven the French Out Of Haiti

LATIN AMERICAN WARS OF

INDEPENDENCE

When Napoleon Put His Brother on the Throne of Spain/Portugal, Many L.A. Countries Declare Independence

Ferdinand VII of Spain Tried To Regain Control of Spanish Colonies

Simon Bolivar Helped Liberate Venezuela, Colombia and Ecuador (North), Known As “The Liberator”

Jose De San Martin Liberated Argentina, Chile and Peru (South)

Bolivar Defeated the Spanish at the Final Battle of Ayacucho (1824)

“THE LIBERATOR”

Simon

Bolivar

LATIN AMERICAN WARS OF

INDEPENDENCE

Brazil

Pedro I Became Emperor and Declared Brazil Independent (1822)

By 1821, Mexico and All of Central America Won Independence from Spain

When Latin America Wins Independence, Slavery Is Abolished

PROBLEMS OF AN

INDEPENDENT LATIN AMERICA

1. Rigid Social Structure – Few Rich, Many

Poor, No Middle Class

2. Catholic Church Was a Conservative

Force

3. No Experience with Democracy • Caudillos = Military Dictators That

Dominated L.A. After Independence

4. Economic Problems – Too Dependent On European Goods

• “Economic Imperialism”

United States Imperialism in Latin

America 1. Monroe Doctrine (1823)

Western Hemisphere to be Free from further Colonization

Latin Americans resent us appointing ourselves “guardian” of the Hemisphere

United States Imperialism in Latin

America 2. Mexican-American War (1846-1848)

Beat the heck out of Mexico and take

half their Land

United States Imperialism in Latin

America 3. Spanish-American War (1898)

America becomes a Colonial Power by acquiring Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, the Philippines, and Guam

Gain Domination over Cuba via the Platt Amendment

United States Imperialism in Latin

America 4. Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe

Doctrine

Theodore Roosevelt said US would exercise “International Police Force” in Latin America to the them pay their Debts.

United States Imperialism in Latin

America 5. The Panama Canal (1903-1914)

Theodore Roosevelt encouraged people living in Panama to Revolt against Colombia.

US Signed Treaty to build the Panama Canal